Major Sex-Determining Genes

I Sexual Dimorphism as a Dispensable Appendage of the Sex-Determining Mechanism.- 1 Why Sexual Dimorphism?.- 2 Man as a Sexually Dimorphic Species.- 3 Male Chauvinism and a Misunderstanding of Sexual Dimorphism.- II H-Y Antigen and Chromosomal Determination of Primary (Gonadal) Sex.- 4 The Number of Genes in the Mammalian Genome and the Need for Master Regulatory Genes.- 5 The Mammalian Sex Chromosomes.- 6 Initial Gonadal Differentiation and the History of H-Y Antigen.- a) Initial Gonadal Differentiation.- b) The History of H-Y Antigen.- 7 Testis-Organizing Function of H-Y Antigen.- a) Normal XO Males of the Mole Vole, Ellobius lutescens, and Fertile XY or Even XYY Females of the Wood Lemming, Myopus schisticolor.- b) Exceptional Individuals among Man and Other Mammalian Species: XX Males and XY Females.- c) Moscona Experiments: Testicular Cells Lysostripped of H-Y Antigen Organize Ovarian-Follicle-Like Aggregates.- d) Polarized Distribution of the H-Y Antigen on the Plasma Membrane of Testicular Sertoli Cells and Underlying Mesenchymal (Basement Membrane) Cells.- 8 The Developmental Strategy of Competitive Displacements and the Role of ?2-Microglobulin-H-2 or HLA Dimers in Organogenesis.- a) H-Y Antigen and the Fate of XX/XY Chimeric Gonads.- b) H-Y Antigen and True Hermaphrodites.- c) ?2-Microglobulin-MHC (H-2 of the Mouse and HLA of Man) Antigen Dimers as the Plasma Membrane Anchorage Site of Testis-Organizing H-Y Antigen.- d) Why So Much Allelic Polymorphism at the Ubiquitously Expressed MHC Antigen Loci?.- e) Identification of Disseminated Human H-Y Antigen in the Daudi Culture Medium.- f) The Specific Receptor for H-Y Antigen Expressed by Gonadal Cells.- 9 Testis-Organizing H-Y Antigen and the Cell Lineage-Specific Antigen of Testicular Sertoli and Ovarian Follicular Cells: H-2 Restricted and Nonrestricted Killing by Female T-Cells of Testicular Sertoli Cells.- a) Pure Sertoli Cells from XX, Sxr/-Male Mouse Testes.- b) Anti-Sertoli Antibodies Generated by H-2 Compatible Females Detect Two Plasma Membrane Antigens.- c) Two Plasma Membrane Antigens and H-2 Restricted Versus Unrestricted Lysis of Testicular Sertoli Cells by Doubly Primed Female T-Cells.- d) Relevance of These Two Antigens to Testicular Organogenesis.- 10 Why Are a Number of Unlinked Genes Involved in H-Y Antigen Expression?.- a) Flexibility in Gonadal Development of Lower Vertebrates.- b) What If the H-Y Structural Gene Is Y-Linked?.- c) What If the H-Y Structural Gene Is X-Linked?.- d) The Origin of H-Y Antigen in Virilized Bovine Freemartin Gonads as an Enigma.- III Nuclear-Cytosol Androgen-Receptor Protein and Hormonal Secondary (Extragonadal) Sex Determination.- 11 The Inherently Feminine Embryonic Plan and Testosterone Induction of Male Secondary Sex.- a) Testosterone and Fetal Development of Secondary Sex.- b) Fetal Synthesis of Testosterone and the Two Means of Its Delivery to Targets.- c) Fetal Versus Postpubertal Response to Testosterone and Mesenchymal Versus Epithelial Cells as Testosterone Targets.- d) 5a-Reductase and the Relative Efficacy of Testosterone Versus 5a-Dihydrotestosterone.- 12 Abolition of All Androgen Target Organ Responses by the X-Linked Tfm (Testicular Feminization) Mutation.- a) Tfm/Y Mice and Rats and Their Fetal Secondary Sex Differentiation.- b) Tfm Mutation and the Neonatal Masculinization of the Central Nervous System.- c) Androgen Target Organs of Adult Tfm/Y.- d) Spermatogenesis and Spermiogenesis by Tfm/Y Germ Cells.- e) Asexual Behavior of Adult Tfm/Y.- 13 The Tfm Mutation Affects the Nuclear-Cytosol Androgen-Receptor Protein.- a) General Properties of the Nuclear-Cytosol Androgen-Receptor Protein.- b) Deficiency of the Nuclear Cytosol Androgen-Receptor Protein Shown in Affected Tfm/Y.- c) Two Tfm Gene Loci on the Mammalian X?.- References.