Cigarette Smoke Toxicity

David Bernhard gained his PhD degree in microbiology at the University of Innsbruck, Faculty of Medicine, and the Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Austria. After a scientific stay abroad he served as a postdoc at the Institute of Biomedical Aging Research of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, by which time he was already focusing on the effects of cigarette smole on the cardiovascular system. Following another postdoc period at the Institute for Pathophysiology of the Medical University in Innsbruck, he became head of the university's cardiac surgery research laboratory, and expanded his research towards a more application-oriented field. Currently Dr. Bernhard is head of the cardiac surgery research laboratory at the Medical University of Vienna, Austria, where his major fields of interest are the pathophysiological understanding of smoking and metal ion-induced atherosclerosis, as well as the search for natural compounds in the treatment of cardiovascular dieseases, while he has recently started work on tissue engineering projects in the cardiovascular setting.

Preface

FROM DISCARDED LEAF TO GLOBAL SCOURGE - THE EXTRAORDINARY HISTORY OF THE ASCENT OF TOBACCO AND ITS MANY MODES OF CONSUMPTION
Public Health Policy and Commercial Interest - An Uneasy Equilibrium
Blessed Offspring of an Uncouth Land
A Valuable Poison
Sniffing, Chewing, and Smoking
The Development of the Cigarette - A Perfect Nicotine Delivery System
A Century of Growth
An Epidemic of Disease
Tobacco Manufactured Products - Multiple Routes to Addiction
History Revisited or Lesson Learned

PART I: Cigarette Smoking

COMPONENTS OF A CIGARETTE
Introduction
Components of a Cigarette
Generation of Cigarette Smoke
Regulation and Future Perspectives of Cigarette Smoking

THE PROCESS OF CIGARETTE SMOKING
Introduction
Bio-Complexity of Pathogenic Components of Smoking
Multiplicity of Tobacco-Induced Diseases
Topography of Cigarette Smoking
How to Define a Human Smoker?
Will there be Standardized Experimental Models to Study Biological Impact by Smoking?
Summary

SMOKE CHEMISTRY
Introduction
Cigarette Smoke
Factors Influencing Smoke Chemistry

EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE
Active Smoking
Secondhand Smoke
Third-Hand Smoke
Quantifying Tobacco Smoke Exposure
Policy Measures for Reducing Tobacco-Related Exposure

AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPRAISAL OF SMOKING-RELATED OUTCOMES
Introduction
Meta-Analytical Evidence on Active Smoking
Cancer
Cardiovascular
Fractures
Helicobacter pylori Eradication
Fertility
Ocular Damage
Neurological Effects of Smoking
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Prenatal and Postnatal Effects of Smoking in Children
Review of Meta-Analysis on Secondhand Smoke
Mortality, Biological Aging, and Smoking
Conclusion

PART II: Linking Cigarette Smoke Chemicals to Human Diseases and Pathophysiology

SMOKING AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
Introduction
Cardiovascular Diseases
Smoking and CVDs
Summary

SMOKING AND CANCER
Introduction
Facts on Smoking and Cancer
Cancer of the Lung
Tobacco Use and Pancreatic Cancer
Tobacco Smoke Combustion Products: Heterocyclic Amines
Smoking, K-ras Mutations and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Interindividual Variation in the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis by Cigarette Smoke
Summary

SMOKING AND COPD AND OTHER RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Introduction
Pathogenesis of COPD
Molecular Determinants of Protease Activity in COPD
Molecular Determinants of Inflammation in COPD
Molecular Determinants of Oxidative Stress in COPD
Activation of Nrf2 by Cigarette Smoke
Exacerbations of COPD
Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Innate Immunity and COPD Exacerbations
Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Asthma
Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Other Respiratory Diseases
Other Molecular Effects of Cigarette Smoke Exposure
Effects of Individual Components of Cigarette Smoke in Lungs
Concluding Remarks

SMOKING, INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND INNATE IMMUNE (DYS)FUNCTION
Smoking and Susceptibility to Bacterial Diseases
The Needle in the Haystack
Recognition of Infectious Agents by the Innate Immune Response
The Cholinergic Anti-Inflammatory System
Tobacco Smoking and Netrophil Function
Tobacco Smoking and Bacterial Virulence
Nicotine and Cells of the Adaptive Immune System
Conclusions

SMOKING AND REPRODUCTION
Introduction
Smoking and Female Fertility
Reproductive Consequences of Smoking for Men
Consequences of in utero Tobacco Exposure in Later Life of Offspring

SMOKING TOBACCO AND GASTROINTESTINAL PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DISEASES
Introduction
The Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver and Pancreas
Summary

SMOKING AND ORAL HEALTH
Periodontal Disease
Dental Caries
Oral Cancer
Other Oral Conditions
Other Dental Conditions
Conclusion

SMOKING AND EYE DISEASES
Introduction
Smoking and Cataract
Smoking and Glaucoma
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Association Between Smoking and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Smoking and Uveitis
Ocular Ischemia
Smoking and Diabetic Retinopathy
Other Ocular Diseases
Conclusions

PART III: Prevention and Treatment of Smoking-Induced Diseases

SMOKING: PREVENTION AND CESSATION
Strategies for Smoking Prevention and Cessation
Cessation and Risk Reversal: Health Benefits from Giving up Smoking
Smoking Cessation and Gender
Smoking Cessation and Genetics

INTERFERING WITH SMOKING-INDUCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Introduction
Cellular Redox Mechanisms Affected by Cigarette Smoke
Perspectives for Prevention and Treatment of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pathophysiology in Different Tissues
Dietary and Lifestyle Considerations as Related to Pathophysiology in Smokers
Conclusing Remarks

PART IV: Summary

SUMMARY
Cigarette Smoking and Human Diseases - A Critical Concluding
Concluding Remarks to this Book