Gender Dysphoria

1 Introduction.- Terminology.- Overview.- 2 The Origin of Gender Identity.- Terminology.- Animal Studies.- Human Studies.- Conclusions.- 3 Etiology of Transsexualism.- Essential Characteristics of the Syndrome.- Psychosocial Etiology.- Biological Etiology.- Conclusions.- 4 Cross-Gender-Identified Children.- Phenomenology and Diagnosis.- Epidemiology.- Adaptive Functioning.- Treatment.- Long-Term Follow-Up.- Etiology.- Conclusions.- 5 Gender Disorders in Childhood: A Formulation.- General Observations.- The Child.- The Parents.- Theoretical Formulation.- Sexual Object Choice.- Discussion.- Future Needs.- 6 The Spectrum of Gender Identity Disturbances: An Intrapsychic Model.- Derivation of the Model.- Case Presentation.- Discussion.- Summary.- 7 The Meanings of Cross-Dressing.- Gender Roles and Clothes.- Transsexualism and Gender Identity.- Fetishism.- Sadomasochism and Violence.- Narcissism and Egocentrism.- Conclusions.- 8 Research Methods for the Typological Study of Gender Disorders in Males.- Stability of Gender Identity.- Erotic Partner Preference.- Cross-Gender Fetishism.- Descriptive Classification of Transsexual Males.- Early Cross-Gender History.- Limitations of Self-Report Methods.- 9 Cross-Gender Identity in a Broader Context.- Cross Gender Identity and Heterosexuality versus Homosexuality.- Gender Identity and Intersexes.- The Animal Model.- 10 The Management of Patients with Gender Disorders.- The Establishment of Gender Identity Clinics.- Diagnosis of Transsexualism.- Method of Patient Evaluation.- Establishment of Gross-Gender Identity and Role.- Surgical Management of Transsexuals.- Nonsurgical Management of Patients.- Unusual Gases.- 11 Transsexuals, Transvestites, and their Partners.- Homosexual Transsexuals.- Heterosexual Transsexuals and Transvestites.- Unusual Cases.- 12 Gender Dysphoria and Gender Reorientation.- Presurgical Gender Reorientation.- Love and Work.- Sex Reassignment Surgery.- Conclusions.- 13 Medical-Legal Issues.- Medical and Legal Aspects to the Concept of Sex.- Change of Name.- Birth Certificates.- Changing Other Documents.- Matrimonial Issues.- Child Custody.- Criminal-Legal Aspects.- Wills and Inheritances.- The Legality of Sex Reassignment Surgery.- The Right to Treatment of Transsexuals.- Discrimination.- Recent Legal Developments outside North America.- 14 Transsexualism in the Arts.- 15 A Personal Perspective.