Echocardiology

I. Echocardiology in Adults.- A. General Applications.- 1. Echocardiography as the diagnostic investigation before cardiac surgery.- 2. Intraoperative applications of two-dimensional and contrast two-dimensional echocardiography for evaluation of congenital, acquired and coronary heart disease in open-chested humans during cardiac surgery.- 3. Long-term control of left ventricular function after aortocoronary bypass surgery by two-dimensional echocardiography.- 4. Evaluation of the St. Jude Medical valve prosthesis in the mitral position.- 5. Echocardiography of the aortic valve.- 6. Two-dimensional suprasternal echocardiography in diseases of the thoracic aorta.- 7. Visualization of the coronary arteries by two-dimensional echocardiography.- 8. Two-dimensional echocardiography and Indium-111 platelet scintigraphy in the diagnosis of left ventricular thrombi — competitive or complementary.- B. Applications in Left Ventricular Function Analysis.- 9. Quantitative two-dimensional echocardiography in coronary artery disease.- 10. Early detection of acute myocardial ischaemia and infarction by cross-sectional echocardiography.- 11. Dynamic exercise cross-sectional echocardiography: comparison with coronary arteriography and radionuclide angiography.- 12. Comparison of regional wall motion determined by two-dimensional echocardiography, radionuclide angiography and left ventriculography.- 13. Detection of transient myocardial ischemia by M-mode echocardiography in man.- 14. Echocardiographic differential diagnosis of congestive cardiomyopathy and advanced coronary heart disease.- 15. Does echocardiography aid in the management of acute myocardial infarction?.- 16. Quantification from two-dimensional echocardiographic images.- 17. Quantitative analysis of the adult leftheart by echocardiography.- 18. Determination of ventricular volume from apical orthogonal two-dimensional echocardiograms.- 19. Echocardiographic changes during a one-year exercise program in previously sedentary normal middle-aged men.- 20. Prediction of coronary artery disease in hypertension.- 21. Left ventricular hypertrophy in patients on chronic hemodialysis.- 22. Determination of quantitative left ventricular function by M-mode echocardiography together with other noninvasive parameters.- 23. Mean velocity of fiber shortening as linear function of heart rate and wall stress: noninvasive measurements.- 24. The evaluation of left ventricular performance by simultaneous recording of two-dimensional echocardiogram and left ventricular pressure.- C. Applications of Contrast Echocardiology and Doppler Echocardiology.- 25. Structure identification by contrast echocardiography.- 26. Contrast echocardiography of the left ventricle.- 27. Contrast echocardiography in valvular regurgitation.- 28. Determination of cardiac output by two-dimensional contrast echocardiography.- 29. Analysis of right heart blood flow from contrast patterns on the echocardiogram.- 30. Comparison of microbubble detection by M-mode echocardiography and two-dimensional echo / Doppler techniques.- 31. Pulsed-Doppler systems and cardiovascular disease.- 32. Doppler echocardiography and valvular regurgitation, with special emphasis on mitral insufficiency : advantages of two-dimensional echocardiography with real-time spectral analysis.- 33. Combined pulsed-Doppler echocardiography for the investigation of valvular heart diseases: one-dimensional versus two-dimensional approach.- 34. Diagnosis and assessment of tricuspid regurgitation with Doppler ultrasound.- II. Pediatric Echocardiology.- A. GeneralApplications.- 35. Segmental analysis of congenital heart disease. A correlation between pathology and echocardiography.- 36. Erroneous interpretation of echocardiograms in congenital cardiac abnormalities consequent to anatomic variability.- 37. Quantitative assessment of congenital heart disease by two-dimensional echocardiography.- 38. The spectrum of atrioventricular valve atresia: A two-dimensional echocardiographic/pathological correlation.- 39. The detection and assessment of straddling and overriding atrioventricular valves by two-dimensional echocardiography.- 40. Two-dimensional echocardiography for pre- and post-surgical evaluation of atrioventricular canal malformations.- B. Applications of Contrast Echocardiology and Doppler Echocardiology.- 41. Contrast M-mode echocardiography, the suprasternal notch approach.- 42. Evaluation of right-to-left intracardiac shunting in newborns by contrast echocardiography.- 43. Contrast echocardiography in univentricular hearts.- 44. A twenty-month experience comparing conventional pulsed-Doppler echocardiography and color-coded digital multigate Doppler, for detection of atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and its severity.- 45. A combined Doppler echocardiographic investigation in premature infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome.- 46. Fetal cardiac activity.- 47. Fetal obstruction of the foramen ovale detected by two-dimensional Doppler echocardiography.- III. Technological Aspects of Echocardiology.- 48. M-mode scanning with automatic gain control.- 49. Pulsed-Doppler with real-time Fourier transform.- 50. Three-dimensional imaging and volume determination using a series of two-dimensional ultrasonic scans.- 51. Present status of tissue identification.- 52. Precision microbubbles for right side intracardiac pressure and flow measurements.