Alternatives to Blood Transfusion in Transfusion Medicine

Professor Alice Maniatis, Haematology Department of Internal Medicine, University of Greece, Athens, Greece and former President of Network for Advancement of Transfusion Alternatives (NATA). Dr Jean-Francois Hardy, Department of Anesthesia, Montreal Heart Institute, Quebec, Canada and on the Board of Directors of NATA. Dr Phillipe van der Linden, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Brussels, Belguim and on the Board of Directors of NATA.

Contributors List ix

Part 1 History and Development of Transfusion Medicine 1

1 From Blood Transfusion to Transfusion Medicine 3
Alice Maniatis

Part 2 Allogeneic Blood Usage—Risks and Benefits 9

2 Allogeneic Blood Components 11
Rebecca Cardigan & Sheila MacLennan

3 Current Information on the Infectious Risks of Allogeneic Blood Transfusion 21
Alan D. Kitchen & John A. J. Barbara

4 Immunological Complications of Blood Transfusion 31
Clare Taylor Cristina Navarrete & Marcela Contreras

5 Immunomodulation and Allogeneic Blood Transfusion 47
Marloes Waanders Leo Van De Watering & Anneke Brand

6 Pathogen Inactivation of Blood Components 60
Chris Prowse

7 The Benefits of Allogeneic Erythrocyte Transfusion: What Evidence Do We Have? 68
Neil Soni & Benjamin Thomas

Part 3 Volume Replacement 83

Section 1 Plasma and Albumin 85

8 Plasma and Albumin 87
Philippe L. Baele

Section 2 Crystalloids and Synthetic Colloids 109

9 Pharmacology of Intravenous Fluids 111
Michael F.M. James

10 Crystalloids versus Colloids: The Controversy 119
Hengo Haljamäe

11 Effects of Synthetic Colloids on Hemostasis 137
Sibylle A. Kozek-Langenecker & Gisela Scharbert

12 Hydroxyethyl Starch and Renal Dysfunction 150
Laurent Jacob Nicholas Heming & Bertrand Guidet

13 Choice of a Synthetic Colloid for Surgery 158
Joachim Boldt

14 Choice of Colloid for Intensive Care Patients 168
Yasser Sakr & Yalcin Inel

15 Hypertonic Saline Solutions for the Initial Treatment of Patients with Traumatic Injuries 179
Charles E. Wade & Michael A. Dubick

16 Hyperchloremic Acidosis 194
Edward Burdett & Andre Vercueil

Part 4 Tolerance of Anemia 203

17 Basic Principles of Oxygen Transport and Calculations 205
Jean-Louis Vincent Pongdhep Theerawit & Davide Simion

18 Assessment of Tissue Oxygenation 210
Michael Piagnerelli Ann Dierick & Philippe Van der Linden

19 Tissue Oxygenation and Blood Transfusion 218
Stefan Suttner & Joachim Boldt

20 Anemia and Cardiovascular Disease 229
Antonis S. Manolis Spyridon Koulouris Kostas Triantafyllou Dimitris Sakellariou Sokratis Pastromas & Helen Melita

Part 5 Perioperative Hemostasis 253

21 Monitoring of Hemostasis in the Perioperative Setting 255
Sibylle A. Kozek-Langenecker & Eva Schaden

22 Antifibrinolytics in Open-Heart Surgery 267
Wulf Dietrich

23 Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Activated Factor VII to Control Bleeding in Nonhemophiliac Patients 278
Jean-François Hardy Sylvain Bélisle & Philippe Van der Linden

Part 6 Transfusion Triggers 293

24 Role of Hemoglobin/Hematocrit 295
Kristine J. Guleserian Hae W. Kim Bruce Pearce Arkadiy Pitman & A. Gerson Greenburg

25 Calculation of Blood Loss 303
Mark E. Brecher

26 Management of Massive Transfusion 313
Jean-François Hardy & Marc Samama

Part 7 Alternatives to Allogeneic Blood Transfusion 329 Section 1 Pharmaceutical Approaches 331

27 Iron Deficiency: Causes Diagnosis and Management 335
Manuel Muñoz José Antonio García-Erce & Elvira Bisbe

28 Current Status of Perisurgical Erythropoietin Therapy 350
Lawrence T. Goodnough

29 Erythropoietin and Iron Therapy in Patients with Renal Failure 357
Lucia Del Vecchio & Francesco Locatelli

30 Hemoglobin-based Blood Substitutes 368
G. Deby-Dupont Bernadette Remy & Maurice Lamy

31 Perfluorocarbon Emulsions 380
Pedro Cabrales

Section 2 Surgical Techniques 389

32 Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery: Impact on Blood Loss and Transfusion 391
He Tao & Fraser Rubens

33 Adjunctive Strategies to Impact Blood Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery 408
L. Ressler & Fraser Rubens

Section 3 Anesthetic Techniques 419

34 Anesthetic Techniques to Reduce Blood Loss 421
Dafydd Thomas

35 Controlled Hypotension Decreases Blood Transfusion Requirement: Fact or Fallacy? 430
Richard P. Dutton

36 Acute Normovolemic Hemodilution 439
Javad Bidgoli & Philippe Van der Linden

37 Hyperoxic Hemodilution 450
Jens Meier Konrad Messmer & Oliver Habler

38 Intraoperative and Postoperative Cell Salvage 458
Ernil Hansen & Hans Gombotz

Section 4 Special Settings 475

39 Anemia and Red Blood Transfusion in Critical Care 477
Tim Walsh

40 Red Blood Cell Transfusions and Alternatives to Treat the Anemia of Prematurity 490
Ronald G. Strauss

41 Transfusion Alternatives in Orthopedic Surgery 498
Manuel Muñoz José Antonio García-Erce & Jorge Cuenca

42 Transfusion Alternatives in Obstetrics 509
Christian Breymann

Part 8 Legal and Ethical Issues in Transfusion Medicine 521

43 Ethical Aspects of Informed Consent: American Models 523
Ronald E. Domen

44 Blood Transfusions Jehovah’s Witnesses and the American Patients’ Rights Movement 531
Charles H. Baron

Part 9 Cost Issues 557

45 The Cost and Cost-Effectiveness of Allogeneic and Autologous Blood 559
Brian Custer

46 Autologous Blood Predonation in Cardiac Surgery 569
Wulf Dietrich

47 Cost-Effectiveness of Pharmacological Alternatives 575
Dean Fergusson & Brian Hutton

Index 581