Breast Surgery

The normal breast - embryology; anatomy and morphology of the breast; photography - surgical approaches to the breast - the different approaches to benign tumours; the problem of mammary discharge; tumourectomy; quadrantectomy; mastectomy; surgical treatment of gynaecomastia; hypertrophy and ptosis - general considerations; breast augmentation - definitions; physiopathology; clinical examination; breast implants; advantages and disadvantages of silicones; the different surgical approaches; pre- or retropectoral placement of the implant; operative technique; immediate complications; secondary complications; survival of the implant; breast implants and cancer of the breast; atrophy and ptosis; reconstruction of the breast - general considerations; reconstruction by implant; expansion procedures; flaps; the latissimus dorsi flap; the rectus abdominis flap; the opposite breast; reconstruction of the nipple-areolar plaque; the indications for breast reconstruction; subcutaneous mastectomy - general principles; operative technique; postoperative course; extended excisions - pedicled omentoplasty; latissimus dorsi flap; rectus abdominis flap; summary.