Medicine at a Glance

Patrick Davey is Consultant Cardiologist at Northampton General Hospital & Honorary Senior Lecturer at the John Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford. He was previously Clinical Tutor at Oxford University. He is also the author of ECG at a Glance .

Preface viii List of contributors ix Acknowledgements x List of abbreviations xi Introduction 1 How to be a medical student 2 2 Patient confidentiality 4 3 Consent 6 4 Relationship with the patient 8 5 History of presenting complaint 10 6 Past medical history, drugs and allergies 12 7 Family and social history 14 8 Functional enquiry 15 9 Principles of examination 16 10 Basic clinical skills 17 11 Is the patient ill? 22 12 The critically ill patient 24 Clinical presentations at a glance Cardiovascular disease 13 Chest pain 28 14 Oedema 30 15 Palpitations 32 16 The painful leg 33 17 Heart murmurs 34 18 Shock 36 Respiratory disease 19 Breathlessness, cough and haemoptysis 38 20 Wheeze (stridor) 42 21 Pleural effusion 43 22 Pneumothorax 44 Gastroenterology 23 Unintentional weight loss 46 24 Constipation and change in bowel habit 48 25 Diarrhoea: acute and chronic 50 26 Vomiting and intestinal obstruction 52 27 Haematemesis and melaena 54 28 Rectal bleeding 56 29 Dysphagia 58 30 Abdominal pain and dyspepsia 60 31 Jaundice 62 32 Abdominal mass 64 33 Ascites 65 Renal medicine 34 Polyuria and oliguria 66 35 Dysuria, frequency and urgency 68 36 Haematuria 69 Endocrinology 37 Sweating, flushing and thyroid swellings 70 38 Obesity 72 39 Hirsutism and infertility 74 40 Erectile dysfunction and gynaecomastia 76 Infectious disease 41 Principles of infection 78 42 Diagnosis of infection 80 43 Fever and the assessment of the patient with presumed infection 82 44 Fever and infections in hospital patients 84 45 Fever of unknown origin 86 46 Fever and rash 88 47 Fever in HIV-infected patients 90 48 Fever in the returned traveller 92 49 Vaginal discharge and urethritis 94 Haematology 50 Anaemia 96 51 Clinical approach to lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly 98 52 The patient with abnormal bleeding or bruising 100 53 Leukopenia 101 Oncology 54 Oncological emergencies 102 Neurology 55 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 1 104 56 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 2 106 57 Introduction to neurological diagnosis 3: neuroepidemiology 108 58 Common neurological symptoms 109 59 Weakness 112 60 Disturbance of vision: a neurological perspective 115 61 Sudden painless loss of vision 118 62 Tremor and other involuntary movements 120 63 Headache and facial pain 122 64 Episodic alterations in awareness and consciousness 124 Ophthalmology 65 The red eye 128 Rheumatology 66 Introduction to rheumatological disease 130 67 Low back pain and other regional pain syndromes 134 Dermatology 68 Introduction to dermatology 138 69 Pruritis and rashes 140 70 Hair and nail disorders 142 71 Leg ulcers 144 72 Photodermatoses 145 Other acute medical emergencies 73 Attempted suicide by drug poisoning 146 74 Anaphylaxis 148 75 Allergic reactions 150 76 Cardiac and respiratory arrest 152 77 Acute confusional state 154 78 Coma 156 Diseases and treatments at a glance Cardiovascular disease 79 Hypertension 160 80 Hyperlipidaemia 162 81 Acute coronary syndromes 164 82 ST segment elevation myocardial infarction 166 83 Chronic coronary syndromes 168 84 Aortic dissection 170 85 Heart failure 172 86 Aortic valve disease 174 87 Mitral valve disease 176 88 Cardiomyopathies 178 89 Pericardial disease 179 90 Pulmonary embolism 180 91 Cardiac infections 182 92 Tachyarrhythmias 184 93 Bradyarrhythmias 188 94 Congenital heart disease 190 Respiratory disease 95 Lung function tests 192 96 Sleep apnoea 193 97 Respiratory failure 194 98 Arterial blood gas analysis 196 99 Basic chest X-ray interpretation 198 100 Non-invasive ventilation 200 101 Mechanical ventilation 202 102 Lower respiratory tract infection: pneumonia 204 103 Upper respiratory tract infection 207 104 Asthma 208 105 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 211 106 Bronchiectasis 214 107 Cystic fibrosis 216 108 Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous lung diseases 218 109 Extrinsic allergic alveolitis (hypersensitivity pneumonitis) 220 110 Pulmonary fibrosis 222 111 Pulmonary eosinophilia and vasculitis 224 112 Fungi and the lung 226 113 Industrial lung disease 228 114 Lung disease caused by drugs 230 115 BOOP and ARDS 231 116 Primary tumours of the lung 232 Gastroenterology 117 Food poisoning and gastrointestinal infections 234 118 Reflux 235 119 Peptic ulcer disease 236 120 Diverticular disease 237 121 Iron deficiency 238 122 Abnormal liver function tests 240 123 Inflammatory bowel disease 242 124 Malabsorption 244 125 Pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer 246 126 Gallstone disease 248 127 Inflammatory liver disease: viral and immune 249 128 Acute and chronic liver disease 253 129 Metabolic liver disease (including alcohol) 256 130 Upper gastrointestinal cancer 258 131 Colorectal cancer 260 132 Imaging in gastrointestinal disease 262 133 Functional gastrointestinal disorders 263 134 Nutrition 264 Renal medicine 135 Renal physiology and function tests 266 136 Hypokalaemia and hyperkalaemia 268 137 Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia 270 138 Disorders of acid-base balance 272 139 Urinary calculi 274 140 Nephrotic and nephritic syndromes 276 141 Glomerulonephritis 278 142 Renal involvement in systemic disease 280 143 Hereditary renal disorders 284 144 Tubulointerstitial disease 286 145 Acute renal failure 288 146 Chronic renal failure and the dialysis patient 290 147 The renal transplant recipient 292 148 Drugs and renal failure 294 149 Benign prostatic hypertrophy 295 150 Urinary tract infection 296 Endocrinology 151 Diabetes mellitus 298 152 Complications of diabetes 300 153 Diabetic emergencies 302 154 Hyperprolactinaemia and acromegaly 303 155 Hypothyroidism 304 156 Hyperthyroidism 306 157 Calcium metabolism 308 158 Adrenal disease 310 159 Miscellaneous endocrine disorders 312 160 Hypogonadism 314 Infectious disease 161 Bacteraemia and septic shock 316 162 Common viral infections in adults 318 163 HIV infection and AIDS 320 164 Common fungal infections 322 165 Specific bacterial infections 324 166 Malaria 326 167 Tuberculosis 328 168 Tropical infectious diseases 330 169 Diseases predisposing to infection 332 170 Immunological deficiency syndromes 334 Haematology 171 Haematinic deficiency anaemias 338 172 Haemolytic anaemia 340 173 Thalassaemia and sickle cell disease 344 174 Bone marrow failure 346 175 Acute leukaemia 348 176 Chronic leukaemia 350 177 Lymphoma 352 178 Myeloproliferative disorders 354 179 Myeloma 356 180 Myelodysplasia 357 181 The blood in systemic disease 358 182 Platelet disorders 362 183 Disorders of coagulation 364 184 Anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs 366 185 Thrombophilia 368 Oncology 186 Aetiology of cancer 370 187 Diagnostic strategies and basic principles of cancer management 372 188 Cancer screening and early detection 374 189 Breast cancer 376 190 Prostate cancer 378 191 Cancer with an unknown primary 380 192 Paraneoplastic syndromes and hormone-producing cancers 382 193 Palliative care 384 Neurology 194 Stroke 386 195 Management of stroke 388 196 Other vascular disorders of the brain 390 197 Dementias 392 198 Epilepsy 394 199 Multiple sclerosis 396 200 Infections of the central nervous system 398 201 Tumours and the nervous system 400 202 Spinal cord disease 402 203 Neuromuscular disease 404 204 Peripheral neuropathy 406 205 Movement disorders 408 Rheumatology 206 Osteoarthritis 410 207 Gout and pseudogout 412 208 Arthritis associated with infectious agents 414 209 Metabolic bone disease 416 210 Other bone disease 418 211 Rheumatoid arthritis 420 212 Seronegative spondyloarthropathies 424 213 Vasculitis 428 214 Systemic lupus erythematosus 431 215 Inflammatory muscle disease and selected forms of vasculitis 434 Dermatology 216 Eczema and urticaria 436 217 Psoriasis 439 218 Acne, rosacea and hidradenitis 440 219 Disorders of skin pigmentation 441 220 Blistering diseases 442 221 Skin infections and infestations 444 222 The skin and systemic disease 447 223 Skin tumours 450 224 Orogenital disease 452 Miscellaneous 225 Fluid replacement therapy 454 226 Illness in elderly people 456 227 Chronic tiredness and other medically unexplained symptoms 458 228 Psychiatric disorders 460 229 Substance abuse 462 230 Alcohol abuse and dependence 464 231 Drug toxicity (adverse drug reactions) 466 Index 471