The Clubfoot

1. Etiology.- Etiological Theories of CTEV.- Understanding Muscle Pathology.- Morphometric Study of Muscles in Congenital Idiopathic Clubfoot.- Histochemical Studies in Congenital Clubfeet.- Muscle Pathology in Clubfoot and Lower Motor Neuron Lesions.- Etiological Considerations of Congenital Clubfoot Deformity.- Neurogenic Origin of Talipes Equinovarus.- Anomalous Muscles in Clubfeet.- A Vascular Hypothesis for the Etiology of Clubfoot.- Color Doppler Imaging for Assessment of Arterial Anatomy in Congenital Skeletal Foot Deformity.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 2. Laboratory and Nonclinical Evaluations: Neuropsychiatric Evaluation, Pathomechanics, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Gait Analysis.- Neuropsychiatric Assessment of Infants Treated Surgically for Congenital Clubfoot During the First Year of Life.- A Mathematical Model of Congenital Clubfoot.- Recognition and Management of the Atypical Idiopathic Clubfoot.- Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Gait Analysis in Clubfeet: An Experimental Study.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 3. Classification and Evaluation.- Introduction:.- Classification Versus Evaluation of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Clinical Classification of Congenital Clubfeet.- Classification of Talipes Equinovarus.- Evaluation Preoperative Evaluation.- Clinical Assessment of Clubfoot Deformity.- Preoperative Clinical Assessment of Clubfoot.- CTEV Equinus Severity Grading Scale.- Intraoperative Evaluation.- Intraoperative Evaluation Form (Checklist).- Postoperative Evaluation.- Can Clubfeet Be Evaluated Accurately and Reproducibly?.- Functional Rating System for Evaluation of Long-Term Results of Clubfoot Surgery.- Postoperative Rating System for Clubfeet.- Surgical Follow-Up: Talipes Equinovarus.- Pre-, Intra- Postoperative Evaluation.- Classification and Evaluation of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 4. Radiographic Evaluation.- The First Ray Angle.- The Relationship Between Functional Results and Radiographs in One-Stage Posteromedial Release.- Modified Posteromedial Release.- Intraoperative X-Ray as a Standard for Accuracy of Correction by Posteromedial Release of CTEV.- Arthrography of Congenital Clubfoot.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 5. Vascular Aspects.- Noninvasive Vascular Studies in Clubfoot.- A Comparison of Arteriographic and Doppler Techniques in Evaluating the Abnormal Arterial Patterns in Talipes Equinovarus.- Anomalous Circulation in Clubfoot.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 6. Nonsurgical Treatment.- A New Articulated Splint for Clubfeet.- Nonoperative Management of the Equinovarus Foot: Long-Term Results.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 7. Surgical Indications, Incisions, and Techniques.- Indications for Limited Soft Tissue Release in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- The Cincinnati Incision: An Approach for Extensive Dissection of the Foot and Ankle.- The Cincinnati Approach in Clubfeet.- A Comparative Result of Posteromedial Release Versus Posteromedial and Lateral Release for Idiopathic Talipes Equinovarus Using the Cincinnati Incision.- Medial Rotation of the Talus and Complete Calcaneocuboid Release-Its Effect on the Surgical Result in Idiopathic Clubfoot.- Surgical Release and Reduction of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Long-Term Review of Juvenile Clubfoot Correction by Posteromedial Release: Clinical and Radiological Results.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 8. Wound Healing/Postoperative Care/Calcaneocuboid Subluxation.- The Use of Tissue Expanders in Clubfoot Surgery.- Partial Wound Closure Following Clubfoot Surgery.- The Role of the Calcaneocuboid Joint in Clubfeet.- Technique of Plantar Release and Calcaneocuboid Joint Release in Clubfoot Surgery.- Calcaneocuboid Joint Deformity in Talipes Equinovarus.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 9. New Procedures: Soft Tissue Procedures Without Distraction.- Tibialis Anterior Lengthening in Clubfeet.- Plantar Flexor Sheath Resection.- Medial/Lateral Column Separation (Third Street Operation) for Dorsal Talonavicular Subluxation.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 10. New Procedures: Soft Tissue Procedures with Distraction.- Gradual Midfoot Distraction for the Treatment of Severe Adductus Deformity in Children with Clubfeet After Multiple Prior Operations.- Controlled Differential Distraction for Correction of Complex Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Correction of Clubfoot Deformity Without Osteotomy by the Use of the Ilizarov Method.- The Ilizarov External Fixator in Severe Foot Deformities: Preliminary Results.- Complex Foot Deformity Correction Using the Ilizarov Circular External Fixator with Distraction but Without Osteotomy.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 11. New Procedures: Osteotomies.- Complex Foot Deformity Correction Using the Ilizarov Circular External Fixator with Osteotomies.- The Results of Talar Neck Osteotomy in Resistant Congenital Clubfoot.- Brachymetatarsia of the First Metatarsal Treated by Surgical Lengthening.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 12. Surgical Complications: Valgus/Calcaneus/Cavus/Dorsal Bunion.- Causes and Prevention of Tourniquet Lesions in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus Surgery.- Correction of the Overcorrected Clubfoot.- The Cavus Component in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- The Akron Midtarsal Dome Osteotomy in the Treatment of Rigid Pes Cavus.- "Reverse Jones" Procedure for Dorsal Bunion Following Clubfoot Surgery.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 13. Surgical Complications: Adduction/Supination.- Anteromedial Soft Tissue Release for Persistent Adduction and Supination in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Tarsometatarsal Mobilization Combined with Anterior Tibialis Transfer: A Salvage Procedure for Residual Clubfoot Deformity.- Opening-Wedge First Cuneiform Osteotomy (Usually with 2nd Through 4th Metatarsal Osteotomies) for Resistant Metatarsus Adductus Following Clubfoot Release.- Combined Lateral Column Shortening and Medial Column Lengthening in the Treatment of Severe Forefoot Adductus.- Treatment of Residual Clubfoot Deformity-The "Bean-Shaped" Foot-By Opening-Wedge Cuneiform Osteotomy and Closing-Wedge Cuboid Osteotomy: Clinical Review and Cadaver Correlations.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 14. Surgical Complications: Ischemia/Necrosis/Effects of Surgery/Analysis of Failures.- Compartment Syndrome in the Clubfoot.- Three Cases of Necrosis Following Clubfoot Surgery: A Proposed Vascular Etiology.- Effects of Soft Tissue Release on the Development of the Tarsal Bones in Clubfeet.- Analysis of Unfavorable Late Results After Early Posteromedial Release in Clubfeet.- Reasons for Failure with Posteromedial Release.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 7. Surgical Indications, Incisions, and Techniques.- Indications for Limited Soft Tissue Release in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- The Cincinnati Incision: An Approach for Extensive Dissection of the Foot and Ankle.- The Cincinnati Approach in Clubfeet.- A Comparative Result of Posteromedial Release Versus Posteromedial and Lateral Release for Idiopathic Talipes Equinovarus Using the Cincinnati Incision.- Medial Rotation of the Talus and Complete Calcaneocuboid Release-Its Effect on the Surgical Result in Idiopathic Clubfoot.- Surgical Release and Reduction of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Long-Term Review of Juvenile Clubfoot Correction by Posteromedial Release: Clinical and Radiological Results.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 8. Wound Healing/Postoperative Care/Calcaneocuboid Subluxation.- The Use of Tissue Expanders in Clubfoot Surgery.- Partial Wound Closure Following Clubfoot Surgery.- The Role of the Calcaneocuboid Joint in Clubfeet.- Technique of Plantar Release and Calcaneocuboid Joint Release in Clubfoot Surgery.- Calcaneocuboid Joint Deformity in Talipes Equinovarus.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 9. New Procedures: Soft Tissue Procedures Without Distraction.- Tibialis Anterior Lengthening in Clubfeet.- Plantar Flexor Sheath Resection.- Medial/Lateral Column Separation (Third Street Operation) for Dorsal Talonavicular Subluxation.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 10. New Procedures: Soft Tissue Procedures with Distraction.- Gradual Midfoot Distraction for the Treatment of Severe Adductus Deformity in Children with Clubfeet After Multiple Prior Operations.- Controlled Differential Distraction for Correction of Complex Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Correction of Clubfoot Deformity Without Osteotomy by the Use of the Ilizarov Method.- The Ilizarov External Fixator in Severe Foot Deformities: Preliminary Results.- Complex Foot Deformity Correction Using the Ilizarov Circular External Fixator with Distraction but Without Osteotomy.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 11. New Procedures: Osteotomies.- Complex Foot Deformity Correction Using the Ilizarov Circular External Fixator with Osteotomies.- The Results of Talar Neck Osteotomy in Resistant Congenital Clubfoot.- Brachymetatarsia of the First Metatarsal Treated by Surgical Lengthening.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 12. Surgical Complications: Valgus/Calcaneus/Cavus/Dorsal Bunion.- Causes and Prevention of Tourniquet Lesions in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus Surgery.- Correction of the Overcorrected Clubfoot.- The Cavus Component in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- The Akron Midtarsal Dome Osteotomy in the Treatment of Rigid Pes Cavus.- "Reverse Jones" Procedure for Dorsal Bunion Following Clubfoot Surgery.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 13. Surgical Complications: Adduction/Supination.- Anteromedial Soft Tissue Release for Persistent Adduction and Supination in Congenital Talipes Equinovarus.- Tarsometatarsal Mobilization Combined with Anterior Tibialis Transfer: A Salvage Procedure for Residual Clubfoot Deformity.- Opening-Wedge First Cuneiform Osteotomy (Usually with 2nd Through 4th Metatarsal Osteotomies) for Resistant Metatarsus Adductus Following Clubfoot Release.- Combined Lateral Column Shortening and Medial Column Lengthening in the Treatment of Severe Forefoot Adductus.- Treatment of Residual Clubfoot Deformity-The "Bean-Shaped" Foot-By Opening-Wedge Cuneiform Osteotomy and Closing-Wedge Cuboid Osteotomy: Clinical Review and Cadaver Correlations.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 14. Surgical Complications: Ischemia/Necrosis/Effects of Surgery/Analysis of Failures.- Compartment Syndrome in the Clubfoot.- Three Cases of Necrosis Following Clubfoot Surgery: A Proposed Vascular Etiology.- Effects of Soft Tissue Release on the Development of the Tarsal Bones in Clubfeet.- Analysis of Unfavorable Late Results After Early Posteromedial Release in Clubfeet.- Reasons for Failure with Posteromedial Release.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 15. Comparative Evaluation of Surgical Techniques.- Comparative Evaluation of Two Surgical Techniques with and Without Subtalar Release.- Comparison of Older with Newer Surgical Techniques for Talipes Equinovarus.- Clubfoot: Experience at the University of South Alabama Medical Center.- Evaluation of Surgical Treatment in Resistant Clubfoot: A Comparison of the Turco, Carroll, and Cincinnati Approaches.- Comparative Review of Surgical Treatment of the Idiopathic Clubfoot by Three Different Procedures.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- 16. Neglected Clubfeet/Revision Surgery.- Management of Neglected Clubfeet.- Revision Surgery in Clubfeet.- Clubfoot Revision Surgery.- Discussion.- Editor's Comments.- Summary of the First International Congress on Clubfeet.- 17. Additional Papers.- Preparing the Findings of the First International Congress on Clubfeet for Computer-Assisted Decision-Making.- A Method for the Treatment of Congenital Clubfeet in Infants.- Rationale for Planning the Initial Treatment of Clubfoot.- Persistent and Relapsed Internal Rotation of the Foot After Soft Tissue Release.- Follow-Up Study of a Method of Management of Congenital Talipes Equinovarus Deformities with Easily Available Surgical Facilities in Developing Countries.- Early Treatment of Severe Idiopathic Clubfeet.- Editor's Comments.- Index to Discussion and Editor's Comments Sections.