Step by Step Ultrasound in Obstetrics, Second Edition

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CONTENTS1. Introduction 11.1 Filling up of forms 21.2 Relevant history 21.3 Preparation and positioning of patient 31.4 Machine and transducers 41.5 Reporting 52. Training 92.1 Theoretical aspects 102.2 Training parameters 112.3 Suggested training schedule 122.4 Prerequisite criteria for a trainedultrasonologist 122.5 Mandatory proposed certification foran ultrasonologist (Obs. and Gyn.) 143. First Trimester 153.1 Indications 163.2 Normal first trimester embryonic/fetalevaluation 173.3 Normal parameter evaluation in thefirst trimester 243.4 Abnormal intrauterine pregnancy 263.5 Impending early pregnancy failure 303.6 Ectopic gestation 303.7 Extra-fetal evaluation 343.8 Abnormal intrauterine pregnancyforms 383.9 Complete abortion 383.10 Incomplete abortion 383.11 Molar change 383.12 Sono-embryology chart 443.13 Nuchal translucency 553.14 Abnormal fetus 603.15 First trimester scan checklist 623.16 Dilemmas 633.17 First trimester key points 633.18 Transvaginal decision flow chart 643.19 Decision making in the firsttrimester 654. Second Trimester 674.1 Indications 684.2 Fetal evaluation 694.3 Fetal evaluation (malformations) 694.4 Cranium 694.5 Nuchal skin 704.6 Fetal orbits and face 704.7 Fetal spine 904.8 Fetal thorax 904.9 Fetal heart 904.10 Fetal abdomen 1184.11 Fetal skeleton 1184.12 Fetal biometry 1184.13 Extra-fetal evaluation 1474.14 Color Doppler in second trimester 165Contents xi4.15 3D and 4D scan 1654.16 Abnormal second trimester 1674.17 Dilemmas 1675. Third Trimester 1695.1 Indications 1705.2 Fetal evaluation 1715.3 Extra-fetal evaluation 1715.4 Placental checklist 1715.5 Amniotic fluid assessment 1805.6 Causes of oligohydramnios 1805.7 Causes of polyhydramnios 1805.8 Fetal growth 1815.9 Fetal surveillance or fetal wellbeing 1825.10 Biophysical profile 1835.11 Evaluation by biophysical profile 1835.12 Interpretation of biophysical profile 1845.13 Serial evaluation 1855.14 Color Doppler 1855.15 Indications for color Doppler 1855.16 Interpretation of the waveforms 1865.17 Indications of delivery 1955.18 Mode of delivery 1955.19 Abnormal third trimester 1965.20 Checklist 1965.21 Dilemmas 196Index 197