Textbook of Endodontology

Gunnar Bergenholtz: Department of Endodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goeteborg University, Sweden. Preben Horsted-Bindslev: Department of Dental Pathology, Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Royal Dental College, University of Aarhus, Denmark. Claes Reit: Department of Endodontology and Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goeteborg University, Sweden.

List of Contributors.
Preface.
1 Introduction to endodontology (Claes Reit, Gunnar Bergenholtz and Preben Horsted-Bindslev).
Endodontology.
The dawn of modern endodontology.
The objective of endodontic treatment.
Clinical problems and solutions.
The diagnostic dilemma.
The tools of treatment.
Extraction and dental implant?
References.
Part 1 The Vital Pulp.
2 The dentine pulp complex: responses to adverse influences (Leif Olgart and Gunnar Bergenholtz).
Introduction.
Constituents and normal functions of the dentine pulp complex.
Basal maintenance.
Appropriate responses of the healthy pulp to non-destructive stimuli.
Responses to external threats.
Effects of potentially destructive stimuli.
References.
3 Dentinal and pulpal pain (Matti Narhi).
Introduction.
Classification of nerve fibers.
Morphology of intradental sensory innervation.
Function of intradental sensory nerves under normal conditions.
Sensitivity of dentine: hydrodynamic mechanism in pulpal A-fiber activation.
Responses of intradental nerves to tissue injury and inflammation.
Local control of pulpal nociceptor activation.
Dentine hypersensitivity.
Pain symptoms and pulpal diagnosis.
References.
4 Treatment of vital pulp conditions (Preben Horsted-Bindslev and Gunnar Bergenholtz).
Introduction.
Clinical scenarios.
Treatment options.
Factors influencing choice of treatment.
Management of exposed pulps by direct pulp capping/partial pulpotomy.
Pulpectomy.
Emergency treatment.
References.
5 Endodontics in primary teeth (Ingegerd Mejare).
Introduction.
The normal pulp.
Pulp inflammation in the primary tooth.
Wound dressings characteristics, modes of action and reported clinical success rates.
Objectives of pulp treatment.
Operative treatment procedures.
Indications and contra-indications for pulp treatment in primary teeth.
Future directions.
References.
Part 2 The Necrotic Pulp.
6 The microbiology of the necrotic pulp (Gunnel Svensater, Luis Chavez de Paz and Else Theilade).
Introduction.
Evidence for the essential role of micro-organisms in apical periodontitis.
Routes of microbial entry to the pulpal space.
Modes of colonization.
Ecological determinants for microbial growth in root canals.
Methods for studying the root canal microflora.
Composition of the endodontic microflora.
Association of signs and symptoms with specific bacteria.
Concluding remarks.
References.
7 Apical periodontitis (Zvi Metzger, Itzhak Abramovitz and Gunnar Bergenholtz).
Introduction.
The nature of apical periodontitis.
Interactions with the infecting microbiota.
Clinical manifestations and diagnostic terminology.
References.
8 Systemic complications of endodontic infections (Nils Skaug and Vidar Bakken).
Introduction.
Acute periapical infections as the origin of metastatic infections.
Chronic periapical infections as origin of metastatic infections.
References.
9 Treatment of the necrotic pulp (Paul Wesselink and Gunnar Bergenholtz).
Introduction.
Objectives and general treatment strategies.
Scheme for a routine procedure in RCT.
Considerations in complex cases.
Effects of RCT on the intracanal microbiota.
Management of symptomatic lesions.
References.
Part 3 Endodontic Treatment Procedures.
10 The surgical microcope (Pierre Machtou).
Introduction.
Components.
Ergonomics and working techniques.
Micro-instrumentation.
Critical steps.
Concluding remarks.
References.
11 Root canal instrumentation (Lars Bergmans and Paul Lambrechts).
Introduction.
Principles of root canal instrumentation.
Root canal system anatomy.
Procedural steps.
Endodontic instruments.
Instrumentation techniques.
Limitations of root canal instrumentation.
Preventing procedural mishaps.
References.
12 Root filling materials (Gottfried Schmalz and Preben Hoersted-Bindslev).
Introduction.
Requirements.
Leakage/sealing.
Gutta-percha cones.
Sealers.
Materials for retrograde fillings (root-end fillings) and replantation.
Mandibular nerve injuries.
References.
13 Root filling techniques (Paul Wesselink).
Introduction.
Specific objectives.
Selecting a root canal filling material.
Root filling techniques for gutta-percha.
Root filling techniques employing gutta-percha and sealer.
Procedures prior to root canal filling.
Assessing root filling quality.
Filling of the pulp chamber and coronal restoration.
Conclusions and recommendations.
References.
Part 4 Diagnostic Considerations and Clinical Decision Making.
14 Diagnosis of pulpal and periapical disease (Claes Reit and Kerstin Petersson).
Introduction.
Evaluation of diagnostic information.
Diagnostic strategy.
Clinical manifestations of pulpal and periapical inflammation.
Collecting diagnostic information.
Diagnostic classification.
References.
15 Diagnosis and management of endodontic complications to dental trauma (John Whitworth).
Introduction.
Common dental injuries.
Dental trauma and its consequences.
General considerations in the management of dental trauma.
Diagnostic quandaries to remove or review the pulp after trauma?
Pulp regeneration the dawn of a new era?
References.
16 The multi-dimensional nature of pain (Ilana Eli and Peter Svensson).
Introduction.
Neurobiological factors affecting the pain experience.
Psychological factors affecting the pain experience.
Gender and pain.
Special populations.
Management and treatment of pain.
Concluding remarks.
References.
17 Clinical epidemiology (Claes Reit and Lise-Lotte Kirkevang).
Introduction.
Clinical epidemiology.
Diagnosis.
Cause.
Prevalence, frequency and incidence.
Risk for AP.
Treatment.
Prognosis.
Longevity of root filled teeth.
Back to the case.
References.
18 Endodontic decision making (Claes Reit).
The outcome of endodontic treatment.
Factors influencing treatment outcome.
Prevalence of endodontic failures .
Variation in the management of periapical lesions in endodontically treated teeth.
Clinical decision making: descriptive projects.
Endodontic retreatment decision making: a normative approach.
Concluding remark.
References.
Part 5 The Root Filled Tooth.
19 The root filled tooth in prosthodontic reconstruction (Eckehard Kostka).
Introduction.
Problems associated with root filled teeth as abutments.
Core build-ups.
Clinical techniques.
Prosthodontic reconstruction.
References.
20 Non-surgical retreatment (Pierre Machtou and Claes Reit).
Introduction.
Indications.
Access to the root canal.
Access to the apical area.
Instrumentation of the root canal.
Antimicrobial treatment.
Preventive retreatment.
Prognosis.
References.
21 Surgical endodontics (Peter Velvart).
Introduction.
General outline of the procedure.
Pain control after surgery.
Bone healing.
Prognosis.
References.
Failures after surgical endodontics (Thomas von Arx).