Contemporary Topics in Women′s Mental Health – Global Perspectives in a Changing Society

Prabha S. Chandra is a Professor of Psychiatry at the Department of Psychiatry at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India. She has served as a member of the WPA section on women's mental health and is the first person from a developing country to be elected to the executive of the Marce International Perinatal Psychiatry Society. She has also been a convener and chairperson of the Task force on women's mental health of the Indian Psychiatric Society. Her main research contributions in the areas of women's mental health have been in perinatal psychiatry, psychosomatic obsetrics and gynecology and the role of violence in women with mental illness. Prof. Chandra has received several national awards for research in womens mental health. She has been a member of the Advisory group on HIV Behavioral Research of the Indian Council of Medical Research and has also served as a Temporary Advisor to the WHO and UNAIDS. She has about 90 publications in the above areas of research and has edited several books and training manuals. Helen Herrman is Professor of Psychiatry at the Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne. She is also Director, WHO Collaborating Centre in Mental Health, Melbourne; Secretary for Publications, World Psychiatric Association; and Regional Vice-President Oceania, World Federation for Mental Health. Her interests include mental health promotion, the assessment of outcomes and quality of life for people with mental illnesses, the link between mental health and HIV infection, and the delivery of mental health services. Jane Fisher Deputy Director and Coordinator of International Programs, University of Melbourne, Australia. Marianne Kastrup was Medical Director of the Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims, Copenhagen (1997-2001) and is now Head of the Centre Transcultural Psychiatry, Psychiatric. Dept. Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. She is the Zonal Representative for the WPA and has served on various committees for both the WPA and the European Association of Psychiatry. Unaiza Niaz is a Consultant Psychiatrist and Psychotherapist who is the Director of The Psychiatric Clinic & Stress Research Center, Karachi. She is the President & Founder Member of the Pakistan Society of Traumatic Stress Studies, a Life Member of The Pakistan Psychiatric Society, and was previously Vice President and Secretary General. She is a life member of the World Federation of Mental Health, American Psychiatric Association and a Fellow of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, London. She trained at The Royal Free Hospital, the Tavistock Clinic, Hampstead, London and The Johns Hopkins University, USA. Her research interests are Stress management, Women's Issues, Medical Health Policy and Post- Graduate Education. She has numerous scientific publications in international journals and has authored several books: Emerging Images of Pakistani Women, Stress Management and The Psychosocial Profile of Pakistani Women, published by Karachi University, and a landmark Monograph on Womens Mental Health In Pakistan. She has also edited Medical Ethics in Contemporary Era and Pakistan Earthquake-International Perspectives on Handling Psycho-Trauma. Presently, she is Co-Chair of the WPA Section on Women's Mental Health and an Advisor to the National Commission on the Status of Women-Pakistan. Marta Rondon, assistant professor at Cayetano Heredia University, is a Founder of the Peruvian Association for Women's Mental Health and was Chair of the Section of Women's Mental Health of the World Psychiatric Association. She was the first woman to be President of the Peruvian Psychiatric Association and is a recipient of the Medal of Honor of the Peruvian College of Physicians. Formerly Director General of the Office for Older People, Ministry of Women and Social Development in Peru, she currently sits on the National Committee on Mental Health and the High Level Commission on Sexual and Reproductive Health in the Peruvian College of Physicians. Marta works at the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Hopsital, where she supervises services for chronic psychiatric patients and sits on the hospital's committee against gender based violence. Ahmed Okasha is Professor and Director of the WHO Collaborating Center for Training and Research in Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry - Ain Shams University, Cairo. He is President of the Egyptian Psychiatric Association and of the Egyptian Society of Biological Psychiatry, as well as a Past President of the World Psychiatric Association. Professor Okasha is on the Editorial Advisory Board of 20 International Scientific Journals, an Honorary Fellow of The American College of Psychiatrists (2002) and a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (Edinburgh, 1973) and of the Royal College of Psychiatrists (London, 1973).

1 Psychotic disorders and bipolar affective disorder BPAD R. Thara and R. Padmavati 1.1 Psychotic disorders in women 1.2 Schizophrenia 1.3 Bipolar disorder 1.4 Other psychoses 1.5 Special issues in women with severe mental illness 2 Depression and anxiety among women Nadia Kadri and Khadiza Mchichi Alami 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Epidemiology 2.3 Transcultural aspect of affective disturbances in Sub-Saharan Africa 2.4 Treatment effects 2.5 Sexual differences in depression and anxiety disorders: biological determinants 2.6 Sexual differences in depression and anxiety disorders: social factors 2.7 Mood and anxiety disorders across lifespan in women 2.8 Pregnancy 2.9 Motherhood 2.10 Conclusion 3 Somatisation and dissociation Santosh K. Chaturvedi and Ravi Philip 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Somatisation - definitions and concept 3.3 Dissociation - definitions and concept 3.4 The diagnosis and classification of somatoform and dissociative disorders 3.5 The neurobiology of somatisation and dissociation 3.6 Psychological factors 3.7 Conversion disorder 3.8 Hypochondriasis 3.9 Dissociative disorders 3.10 Conclusions 4 Eating disorders Robert L. Palmer and Dr Sarvath Abbas 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Risk factors and pathogenesis 4.3 Distribution 4.4 Presentation, assessment, diagnosis and engagement 4.5 Treatment and management 4.6 Conclusion 5 Suicidality in women Gergo Hadlaczky and Dannuta Wasserman 5.1 Definitions 5.2 Epidemiology 5.3 Suicidality and mental disorders and risk 5.4 Suicide prevention 6 Alcohol and substance abuse Florence Baingana 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Genetics of alcohol and drug abuse 6.3 Burden of the problem and patterns of drinking 6.4 Alcohol and drug abuse, risky sexual behaviour and HIV vulnerability 6.5 Stigma, women and alcohol and drug abuse 6.6 Health consequences 6.7 Social and economic consequences 6.8 Interventions 6.9 Challenges 6.10 Research 6.11 Recommendations 6.12 Conclusions 7 Psychiatric consequences of trauma in women Elie G. Karam, Mariana M. Salamoun and Salim El-Sabbagh 7.1 Introduction 7.2 What types of traumata are more common among women? 7.3 How do women respond to trauma? 7.4 What are the trauma related risk factors? 7.5 Which mental disorders are related to trauma? 7.6 Future directions 8 Voices of consumers - women with mental illness share their experiences Shoba Raja 8.1 'Ni Tagibebu' - I will change my lifestyle 8.2 Determined to go against the odds 8.3 Brilliant madness - a narrative by a young woman from India who is recovering from mental illness 8.4 From illness to purpose and recovery 8.5 Conclusions 9 Mental aspects of pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period Jane Fisher, Meena Cabral de Mello and Takashi Izutsu 9.1 Mental health and maternal mortality 9.2 Mental health and antenatal morbidity 9.3 Depression in pregnancy 9.4 Anxiety in pregnancy 9.5 Cultural preferences and mental health in pregnancy 9.6 Inflicted violence and mental health in pregnancy 9.7 Mental health and postpartum morbidity 9.8 Postpartum blues or mild transient mood disturbance 9.9 Postpartum psychotic illness 9.10 Postpartum depression 9.11 Psychosocial risk factors for postpartum depression 9.12 Infant factors and maternal mental health 9.13 Cultural specificity of postpartum mood disturbance 9.14 Maternal mental health, infant development and the mother-infant relationship 9.15 Prevention and treatment of maternal mental health problems 9.16 Summary 10 Psychological issues and reproductive health conditions: an interface Veena A. Satyanarayana, Geetha Desai and Prabha S. Chandra 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Infertility: a psychosocial appraisal 10.3 The psychological implications of hysterectomy 10.4 Gynaecological infections 10.5 Conclusions 11 Menopause and women's mental health: the need for a multidimensional approach Jill Astbury 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Social, cultural and contextual factors 11.3 Variations in symptoms and symptom patterns 11.4 The research evidence 11.5 Is menopause a time of increased risk for women's mental health? 11.6 The relationship between menopause and depression in midlife 11.7 The need for a life course perspective 11.8 Methodological difficulties 11.9 Therapeutic approaches in mid life 11.10 Conclusion 12 Ethics in psychiatric research among women Laura Roberts and Kristen Prentice 12.1 The scientific imperative to include women in psychiatric research 12.2 The ethical challenges of psychiatric research 12.3 Unique challenges of psychiatric research in women 12.4 Summary 13 Integrating mental health into women's health and primary healthcare: the case of Chile Graciela Rojas and Enrique Jadresic 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Integrating mental health into primary healthcare 13.3 Integrating mental health into women's health 14 Service settings for gender sensitive psychiatric care: children and adolescents Corina Benjet 15 Gender sensitive care for adult women Marta B. Rondon 15.1 Gender sensitive and informed mental healthcare: basic strategies 15.2 Principles of gender sensitive care 15.3 Characteristics of gender sensitive services 16 Psychopharmacology Silvana Sarabia 16.1 History of psychopharmocology 16.2 Ethics 16.3 Sources and interpretation of data 16.4 Women in clinical trials 16.5 Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in women 16.6 Psychotropic treatments in women 16.7 Treatment of postpartum disorders 17 Women and disasters Unaiza Niaz 17.1 Wars and women's mental health 17.2 Natural disasters and women 17.3 Conclusion 18 Intimate partner violence interventions Krishna Vaddiparti and Deepthi S. Varma 18.1 Mental health consequences of intimate partner violence on women 18.2 Victim focused interventions 18.3 Interventions with batterers of violence 18.4 Other intervention approaches 18.5 Conclusion 19 Migration and mental health in women: mental health action plan as a tool to increase communication between clinicians and policy makers Solvig Ekblad 19.1 Definitions: mental health and health 19.2 Introduction 19.3 Risk factors 19.4 Resilience and coping 19.5 The impact of domestic violence on immigrant women's mental health 19.6 Access to mental healthcare services 19.7 The ADAPT model (adaptation and development after persecution and trauma) 19.8 The case of Mrs Aba, her family and the community 19.9 Theory of change logic: mental health action planning 20 Work and women's mental health Saida Douki 20.1 Introduction: A late but growing awareness 20.2 The job burnout 20.3 A higher risk for burnout 20.4 Work and women's mental health issues 20.5 Management issues 20.6 Conclusion 21 Globalisation and women's mental health: cutting edge information Unaiza Niaz 21.1 Concept and process of globalisation 21.2 Gendered effects of globalisation 21.3 The impact of globalisation and liberalisation on women's health 21.4 Education and empowerment in women 21.5 United Nation and World Banks approach to women's education 21.6 The global and local intersection of feminisation in Muslim societies 21.7 Other impacts of globalisation 21.8 Internet addiction 21.9 Mental health issues related to the use of Internet and mobile phones in the developing countries 21.10 Recommendations to counteract negative effects of globalisation 22 The impact of culture on women's mental health Marianne Kastrup and Unaiza Niaz 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Definitions 22.3 Epidemiological perspectives 22.4 Cultural aspects of stress 22.5 Diagnostic considerations 22.6 Cultural and social practices and their impact on mental health 22.7 Therapeutic issues 22.8 Perspectives 23 Female mutilation Almira Seif Eldin 23.1 Definition 23.2 Introduction 23.3 Historical background 23.4 Classification 23.5 Epidemiology of FGM 23.6 Physical complication of FGM 23.7 Psychological complication 23.8 Posttraumatic stress disorder and memory problems after FGM 23.9 Obstacles facing changing harmful social convention: female genital mutilation/cutting 23.10 The basic concept for FGM elimination: (The mental map for FGM) 23.11 Recommendations in countries where FGM is commonly practiced 24 Women's mental health in the concept of broad global policies Takashi Izutsu 24.1 Definitions of health and the right to health made by the United Nations 24.2 The Fourth World Conference on Women Platform for Action (1995) 24.3 Conventions 24.4 Other international tools 24.5 New aid environment: sector wide approaches and the poverty reduction strategy paper 24.6 Conclusion 25 Families of origin as agents determining women's mental health Wenhong Cheng 25.1 The impact of the family of origins perspectives about females on the growth of women 25.2 Impact of parenthood on women's mental health 25.3 Families, social change and women's mental health 26 The unpaid workload: gender discrimination in conceptualization and its impact on women's mental health Jane Fisher 26.1 Maternal desire 26.2 Disenfranchised grief and motherhood 26.3 Fantasies of motherhood 26.4 Fantasies about the workload 26.5 Workload of motherhood 26.6 Occupational fatigue as a determinant of maternal mood? 26.7 Recognition and valuing of work and occupational satisfaction 26.8 Training and education for mothering 26.9 Presumptions about the contributions of others to the workload 26.10 Collegial relationships 26.11 Honouring the work of mothers in practice and policy 27 Foundations of human development: maternal care in the early years Linda M. Richter and Tamsen Rochat 27.1 Child development and human culture 27.2 Interactions and relationships 27.3 Maternal mental health and children's development 27.4 Maternal care 27.5 Implications for mental healthcare 27.6 Increased choices for women 28 The adverse impact of psychological aggression, coercion and violence in the intimate partner relationship on women's mental health Toshiko Kamo 28.1 Prevalence and nature of intimate partner violence 28.2 Impact of intimate partner violence on general health 28.3 Mental health problems among women affected by intimate partner violence 28.4 Intimate partner violence, children and intergenerational patterns of abuse