Dental Materials at a Glance

Dr J. Anthony von Fraunhofer is Professor Emeritus at the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery Dental School, University of Maryland and formerly was Professor and Director of Biomaterials Science in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery He has an honors degree (BSc) in chemistry and an MSc and PhD in metallurgy as well as having Chartered Scientist, Chartered Chemist and Chartered Engineer designations from the Science Council of the United Kingdom. Dr von Fraunhofer also holds Fellowships in the Academy of Dental Materials, ASM International, the Institute of Corrosion and the Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr. von Fraunhofer started his career in industry in the United Kingdom and then joined the Institute of Dental Surgery, University of London as a faculty member, progressing to the Chair of the Department of Biomaterials Science. He was recruited to the School of Dentistry, University of Louisville as Professor of Biomaterials Science in 1978 and remained there until 1994 when he joined the Faculty at the School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore as Professor and Director of Biomaterials Science. Dr. von Fraunhofer has mentored 14 Ph.D. and over 120 M.S. degree candidates during his career and has written over 390 scientific papers, 11 books, and contributed chapters to 12 monographs on dental biomaterials and materials science. His particular fields of interest and research activity are biomechanics and the biomechanical properties of materials used in medicine and dentistry, dental cutting, suture materials, wound closure devices and wound healing; the degradation, wear and corrosion of materials in the biosystem and the corrosion and corrosion protection of metals by organic and metallic coatings. He has made over 140 presentations of his research at National and International scientific meetings and has lectured and presented courses at Universities in the United States, England, Continental Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and Asia.

Foreword. Dedication. Chapter 1 Properties of materials - tensile properties. Mechanical properties. Biting forces. Stress. Proportional limit. Strain. Poisson's ratio. Elastic modulus. Stress-strain curves. Resilience. Toughness. Chapter 2 Toughness, elastic/plastic behavior and hardness. Fracture toughness. Elastic and plastic behavior. Determining mechanical properties. Tensile properties. Compressive strength. Shear strength. Transverse strength. Indentation hardness. Abrasion and wear resistance. Chapter 3 Physical properties of materials. Thermal properties. Thermal conductivity. Specific heat. Thermal diffusivity. Linear coefficient of thermal expansion. Electrical properties. Electrical conductivity. Dielectric constant. Color and appearance. Chapter 4 Gypsum materials. Gypsum materials. Plaster, stone and die stone. Setting reaction. Water/powder (W/P) ratio. Factors in setting. Expansion. Spatulation. Water temperature. Humidity. Colloids. Physical properties. Mixing. Setting time. Compressive strength. Tensile strength. Surface hardness. Setting expansion. Comparative properties. Chapter 5 Dental waxes. Introduction. Composition. Mineral waxes. Plant waxes. Animal waxes. Synthetic waxes. Gums, fats and resins. Wax properties. Melting and thermal expansion. Mechanical properties. Flow. Dental waxes. Pattern waxes. Baseplate wax. Casting waxes. Inlay waxes. Sticky wax. Impression waxes. Chapter 6 Inelastic impression materials . Factors in impression-making. Recording detail. Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Yield value, viscosity and thixotropy. Inelastic impression materials. Impression plaster. Impression compound. Zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE). Chapter 7 Elastic impression materials. Alginate (irreversible) hydrocolloids. Setting reaction. P/W ratio and mixing. Accuracy. Strength. Problems with alginates. Agar-agar (reversible) hydrocolloid. Polysulfide rubber. Condensation-cured silicones. Addition-cured silicones (polysiloxanes). Polyether impression materials. Mixing. Properties of elastic impression materials. Setting properties. Mechanical properties. Tray adhesives. Chapter 8 Denture base materials. Polymerization reactions. Reaction initiation. Reaction propagation. Reaction termination. Polymer properties. Denture base polymers. High-impact resins. Pour-type resins. Rapid-cure resins. Light-cure resins. Problems with denture bases. Denture base resins. Working time. Palatal vault. Denture teeth. Chapter 9 Investments and casting. Casting and investments. Dental casting. Composition. Gypsum-bonded investment. Composition. Properties. Effect of temperature. Setting and hygroscopic expansion. Other factors in expansion. High-temperature investments. Phosphate-bonded investments. Silica-bonded investments. Chapter 10 Precious metal alloys. Gold and noble metals. Pure gold. Noble metals. Precious metals. Gold alloys. Carat and fineness of gold. Gold-copper alloys. Dental gold casting alloys. Low-carat gold alloys. Heat treatment of gold. Considerations in casting. Metal shrinkage. Sprues. Wax patterns. Problems with castings. Chapter 11 Base metal alloys. Cast chromium alloys. Alloying elements. Investments and casting. Microstructure. Heat treatment. Physical/mechanical properties. Titanium and titanium alloys. Pure titanium. Titanium alloys. Dental implants. Orthodontic wires. Bonding. Combination systems. Bonded dentin. Chapter 12 Dental cements. Cement categories. Cement consistency. Thermal properties. Mechanical properties. Provisional luting agents. Water-based dental cements for permanent luting. Zinc phosphate. Zinc polyacrylate (polycarboxylate) cement. Glass ionomer cement (GIC). Chapter 13 Resin-modified and resin cements. Zinc oxide cements. Hybrid ionomer cements. Setting reaction. Properties. Applications. Resin cements. Adhesive resin cements. Properties. Applications. Chapter 14 Cavity varnishes, liners and bases. Cavity varnishes. Composition. Varnish film characteristics. Applications. Cavity liners. Composition. Characteristics. Low-strength bases. Ca(OH)2 bases. ZOE bases. Visible light-cured bases. Properties. High-strength bases. Characteristics of high-strength bases. Chapter 15 Dental amalgam. Dental amalgam alloys. Setting reaction. Physical properties. Manipulation and handling properties. Corrosion. Chapter 16 Adhesive dentistry. Principles. Adhesion and cohesion. Dental adhesion. Composition of Enamel and Dentin. Etching of enamel. Adhesion to enamel. Problems in enamel bonding. Chapter 17 Bonding to dentin. Dentin bonding. Conditioning. Priming. Chapter 18 Composite restorative resins. Dental composites. Composite restorative materials. Resin matrix. Curing systems. Filler particles. Microfilled composites. Hybrid composites. Packable (condensable) composites. Strengthening effects. Compomers. Chapter 19 Dental porcelain. Manufacture. Composition. Feldspar. Silica. Kaolin. Metallic oxides. Dental porcelains. High-fusing porcelains. Medium-fusing porcelains. Low-fusing porcelain. Very low fusing porcelain. Glazes. Stains. Structure. Chapter 20 Manipulation and properties of porcelain. Manipulation. Porcelain paste and stacking. Condensation. Dies. Drying. Firing (sintering). Glazing. Firing shrinkage. Physical properties. Strength. Porosity. Hardness. Chapter 21 Advanced ceramic systems. Porcelain strengthening. Ion exchange. Thermal strengthening. Alumina inserts and cores. Aluminous porcelain. Leucite-reinforced porcelain. Metal-bonded porcelain. Hot-pressed ceramics. High leucite molded glass. Lithium ceramics. Slip-cast ceramics. Castable glass ceramic. Machinable ceramics. Veneers. Chapter 22 Porcelain bonding alloys. PFM restorations. Ceramic-noble metal systems. High-gold alloys. Low-gold alloys. Types 4, 5 and 6 alloys. Ceramic-base metal systems. Nickel-base alloys. Cobalt-base alloys. Titanium alloys. Casting of PFM copings. Alloying elements. Sand blasting. Chapter 23 Restorative materials in endodontics. Canal instrumentation. Canal irrigation. Sealer cements. Canal obturation. Endodontic leakage. Chapter 24 Orthodontic materials. Intra-oral appliances. Extra-oral appliances and jaw orthopedics. Removable orthodontic appliances. Fixed orthodontic appliances. Chapter 25 Grinding, polishing and finishing. Material removal. Abrasives. Dental burs. Coolant/lubricant effects. Finishing and polishing regimens. Chapter 26 Adverse effects of dental biomaterials. Categories of biomaterials. Toxicity and carcinogenicity. Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions. Type I and type IV reactions. Metal allergies. Chapter 27 Enamel, dentin and cementum. Dental enamel. Dentin. Cementum. Fluoridation of enamel. Strontium. Chapter 28 Bone. Mineral composition. Structure. Development and aging. Dental implants and bone. Glossary. Index.