The Identification and Treatment of Gait Problems in Cerebral Palsy

James R. Gage MD (Medical Director Emeritus, Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota; Professor of Orthopaedics Emeritus, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) Michael H. Schwartz PhD (Director of Bioengineering Research, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota; Associate Professor, Orthopaedic Surgery Graduate Faculty, Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) Steven E. Koop MD (Medical Director, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota; Associate Professor of Orthopaedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA) Tom F. Novacheck MD (Director, Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children’s Specialty Healthcare, St Paul, Minnesota; Associate Professor of Orthopaedics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA)

PART 1: GAIT PROBLEMS IN CEREBRAL PALSY

SECTION 1 TYPICAL MUSCULOSKELETAL DEVELOPMENT

1.1 THE NEURAL CONTROL OF MOVEMENT
Warwick J. Peacock (San Francisco, California, USA)

1.2 MUSCULOSKELETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Steven E. Koop (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

1.3 NORMAL GAIT
James R. Gage and Michael H. Schwartz (St Paul, Minnnesota, USA)

SECTION 2: GAIT PATHOLOGY IN INDIVIDUALS WITH CEREBRAL PALSY

2.1 MECHANISMS AND MANIFESTATIONS OF NEONATAL BRAIN INJURY
Adré DuPlessis (Boston, Massachusetts, USA)

2.2 THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF SPASTICITY
Warwick J. Peacock (San Francisco, California, USA)

2.3 BASAL GANGLIA INJURY AND RESULTING MOVEMENT DISORDERS
Leland Albright (Madison, Wisconsin, USA)

2.4 CONSEQUENCES OF BRAIN INJURY ON MUSCULOSKELETAL DEVELOPMENT
James R. Gage and Michael H. Schwartz (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

2.5 MUSCLE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN CEREBRAL PALSY
Adam P. Shortland, Nicola R. Fry, Anne E. McNee and Martin Gough (London, UK)

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF CEREBRAL PALSY AND PATTERNS OF GAIT PATHOLOGY
Sylvia Õunpuu (Hartford, Connnecticut, USA), Pam Thomason (Melbourne, Australia), Adrienne Harvey (Melbourne, Australia) and H. Kerr Graham (Melbourne, Australia)

2.7 NATURAL HISTORY OF AMBULATION WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Steven E. Koop (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

SECTION 3: PATIENT ASSESSMENT

3.1 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT
Joyce P. Trost (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

3.2 FOOT BIOMECHANICS AND PATHOLOGY
Susan Sohrweide (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

3.3 NEUROIMAGING OF THE BRAIN
Beverly Wical (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

3.4 RAGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE PATIENT WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
KevinWalker (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

3.5 GAIT ANALSIS: KINEMATICS, KINETICS, EMG AND OXYGEN
James R. Gage and Jean Stout (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

3.6 MODELING AND SIMULATION OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL GAIT
Jennifer L. Hicks (Stanford, California, USA), Michael H. Schwartz (St Paul, Minneosta, USA) and Scott L. Delp (Stanford, California, USA)

PART 2: TREATMENT

SECTION 4: NON-OPERATIVE TREATMENT

4.1 PHYSICAL THERAPY
Susan Murr and Katie Walt (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

4.2 ORTHOSES
Tom F. Novacheck, Gary J. Kroll, George Gent, Adam Rozumalski, Camilla Beattie and Michael H. Schwartz (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

4.3 PHARMACOLOGICALTREATMENT WITH ORAL MEDICATIONS
Marcie Ward (St Paul, USA)

4.4 PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT WITH BOTULINUM TOXIN
Kaat Desloovere and Guy Molenaers (Leuven, Belgium)

SECTION 5: OPERATIVE TREATMENT

5.1 TREATMENT OF SPASTICITY WITH INTRATHECAL BACLOFEN
Linda E. Krach (St Paul, Minneosta, USA)

5.2 TREATMENT OF SPASTICITY WITH SELECTIVE DORSAL RHIZOTOMY
Joyce P. Trost, Mary E. Dunn, Linda E. Krach, Tom F. Novacheck and Michael H. Schwartz (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

5.3 NEUROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF DYSTONIA
Leland Albright (Madison, Wisconsin, USA)

5.4 REHABILITATION FOLLOWING SPASTICITY REDUCTION
Linda E. Krach (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

5.5 ORTHOPAEDIC TREATMENT OF MUSCLE CONTRACTURES
Tom F. Novacheck (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

5.6 ORTHOPAEDIC TREATMENT OF LONG-BONE TORSIONS
James R. Gage (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

5.7 ORTHOPAEDIC TREATMENT OF HIP DYSPLASIA
Henry G. Chambers (San Diego, California, USA)

5.8 ORTHOPAEDIC TREATMENT OF FOOT DEFORMITIES
Jon R. Davids (Greenville, South Carolina, USA)

5.9 POSTOPERATIVE CARE AND REHABILITATION
Steven E. Koop and Susan Murr (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

5.10 GENERAL ISSUES OF RECURRENCE WITH GROWTH
James R. Gage (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

5.11 TREATMENT OF CROUCH GAIT
Jean Stout, Tom F. Novacheck, James R. Gage and Michael H. Schwartz (St Paul, Minnesota, USA)

SECTION 6: ASSESMENT OF OUTCOME

6.1 MEASUREMENT TOOLS AND METHODS
Adrienne Harvey, Pam Thomason and H. Kerr Graham (Melbourne, Australia)

6.2 CONSEQUENCES OF INTERVENTIONS
Pam Thomason and H. Kerr Graham (Melbourne, Australia)