Retina Atlas: A Global Perspective

Sandeep Saxena, MS, MAMS, is a Member, National Academy of Medical Sciences, India, Visiting Professor, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, Fellow, Barnes Retina Institute and Anheuser-Busch Eye Institute, St. Louis, MO, Fellow, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, and Professor, Dept. of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. RC Saxena, MS, is DAAD Fellow, Augenklinik, Essen, Germany, Commonwealth Medical Fellow, Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorsfield Eye Hospital, London, UK, Indo-FRG Fellow, Augenklinik, Essen, Germany, and formerly, Professor and Head, Dept. of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical College, Lucknow, India.

Contents SECTION 1 1.Fluorescein Angiography and Indocyanine Green Angiography3 2.Optical Coherence Tomography153.B-scan Ultrasonography234.Microperimetry275.Multifocal Electroretinogram316.Retina Viewing Lenses and Systems39 SECTION 2Part 1: Retinal Vascular Disorders7.Diabetic Retinopathy498.Central Retinal Vein Occlusion1299.Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion14710.Retinal Artery Occlusion16711.Plasma Protein Risk Factors for Retinal Vascular Occlusive Diseases17912.Ocular Ischemic Syndrome18313.Retinal Artery Macroaneurysm18714.Parafoveal Telangiectasis19315.Hypertensive Fundus Changes20916.Coats’ Disease21317.Eales’ Disease21918.Hemoglobinopathies23319.Retinal Vascular Changes Caused by Hematologic Disorders23720.Malarial Retinopathy24521.Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever24922.Takayasu’s Disease25323.Retinopathy of Prematurity257Part 2: Macular Disorders24.Age-related Macular Degeneration26325.Angioid Streaks34126.Ocular Histoplasmosis34927.Central Serous Chorioretinopathy35328.Postsurgical Cystoid Macular Edema38329.Myopia38930.Photic Retinopathy409Part 3: Vitreoretinal Surgical Disorders31.Epiretinal Membranes, Pseudoholes and Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome 41332.Idiopathic Macular Hole43333.Retinal Detachment45534.Coloboma of the Choroid477Part 4: Inflammatory Disorders35.Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy48536.Serpiginous Choroiditis49337.Ampigenous Choroiditis50138.Multifocal Choroiditis50539.Punctate Inner Choroidopathy51540.Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome52141.Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy52542.Sympathetic Ophthalmia 53143.Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome53944.Intermediate Uveitis55545.Subretinal Fibrosis and Uveitis Syndrome56346.Sarcoidosis57147.Behçet’s Disease57748.Systemic Lupus Erythematosus58149.Posterior Scleritis585Part 5: Infectious Disorders50.Toxoplasmosis58951.Toxocariasis59952.Ocular Tuberculosis60353.Ocular Cysticercosis61354.Cat-scratch Disease61755.Leptospirosis62356.Fungal Diseases62757.Retinal and Optic Nerve Involvement in Syphilis 63358.Autoimmune Deficiency Disease637Part 6: Traumatic Disorders59.Posterior Segment Trauma and Choroidal Folds65160.Choroidal Rupture65761.Commotio Retinae66362.Valsalva Retinopathy66763.Purtscher’s Retinopathy67164.Subhyaloid Hemorrhage, Traumatic Macular Hole and Electric Burn67565.Retained Intraocular Foreign Body68366.Traumatic Optic Pit Maculopathy68967.Optic Nerve Evulsion and HemorrhagicChoroidal Detachment693Part 7: Hereditary Chorioretinal Disorders68.Retinitis Pigmentosa and Allied Disorders69969.Best’s Disease72970.Congenital X-Linked Retinoschisis74971.Progressive Cone Dystrophy and Cone-Rod Dystrophy76572.Pattern Dystrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium78173.Stargardt’s Disease and Fundus Flavimaculatus78774.Congenital Stationary Night Blindness and Benign Fleck Retina Syndrome80775.Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy and North Carolina Macular Dystrophy81976.Choroideremia82577.Gyrate Atropy83378.Malattia Leventinese or Doyne Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy83779.Bietti’s Crystalline Dystrophy85180.Albinism85981.Drug-induced Retinal Toxicities865Part 8: Tumors82.Choroidal Nevus89183.Choroidal Melanoma89584.Choroidal Metastasis90185.Choroidal Hemangioma90586.Choroidal Osteoma91187.Capillary Hemangioma91588.Cavernous Hemangioma and Racemose Hemangioma92589.Vasoproliferative Tumors of the Retina92990.Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium 93591.Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Congenital Albinotic Retinal Pigment Epithelium Nevi93992.Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium94393. Astryocytic Hamartoma of the Retina94794. Retinoblastoma95195. Intraocular Medulloepithelioma965Part 9: Optic Nerve Disorders96.Congenital Optic Disc Pit96997.Melanocytoma of the Optic Nerve98798.Optic Disc Drusen993Part 10: Miscellaneous 99.Retinal Diseases in Pregnancy997100.Cancer Therapy-associated Retinopathy1001101.Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fibers1009102.Synchisis Scintillans and Asteroid Hyalosis1013Index1017