MAC OS X UNIX Toolbox

Christopher Negus served for eight years on development teams for the UNIX operating system at the AT&T labs, where UNIX was created and developed. He also worked with Novell on UNIX and UnixWare development. Chris is the author of the bestselling Fedora and Red Hat Linux Bible series, Linux Toys II, Linux Troubleshooting Bible, and Linux Bible 2008 Edition. He now works as a trainer for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and is RHEL certified. Francois Caen hosts and manages business application infrastructures through his company Turbosphere LLC. As an open-source advocate, he has lectured on OSS network management and Internet services, and served as president of the Tacoma Linux User Group. He is a Red Hat Certified Engineer (RHCE). Thomas Myer is a consultant, speaker, and writer. He has become closely involved with various aspects of Mac OS X and iPhone programming. He has switched his entire web development business to Mac-based systems.

Introduction xix Chapter 1: Starting with UNIX on Mac OS X 1 About FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD 2 Finding Mac OS X Resources 4 Focusing on Mac OS X Commands 4 Finding Commands 5 Command Reference Information in UNIX 6 Summary 9 Chapter 2: New to Mac OS X? 11 What Is Mac OS X UNIX? 11 Finding Terminal and Utilities 12 Directory Structure 16 Your Home Directory 18 Spotlight 19 Getting and Using Fink 21 Mounting and Unmounting Drives 23 Learning to Love Launchd 25 Summary 25 Chapter 3: Using the Shell 27 Terminal Windows and Shell Access 27 Using the Shell 28 Using bash History 29 Using Command-Line Completion 30 Redirecting stdin and stdout 31 Using Aliases 33 Tailing Files 34 Acquiring Super User Power 34 Using Environment Variables 35 Creating Simple Shell Scripts 36 Editing and Running a Script 36 Adding Content to Your Script 37 Summary 41 Chapter 4: Working with Files 43 Understanding File Types 43 Using Regular Files 43 Using Directories 44 Using Symbolic and Hard Links 45 Using Device Files 46 Using Named Pipes and Sockets 46 Setting File and Directory Permissions 47 Changing Permissions with chmod 48 Setting the umask 51 Changing Ownership 51 Traversing the File System 51 Copying Files 53 Searching for Files 55 Generating the locate Database 55 Finding Files with locate 56 Locating Files with find 57 Using Other Commands to Find Files 59 Finding Out More About Files 59 Listing Files 59 Verifying Files 60 Summary 62 Chapter 5: Manipulating Text 63 Matching Text with Regular Expressions 63 Editing Text Files 64 Using the Pico and Nano Editors 65 Listing, Sorting, and Changing Text 67 Listing Text Files 67 Paging Through Text 68 Paginating Text Files with pr 69 Searching for Text with grep 69 Replacing Text with sed 71 Translating or Removing Characters with tr 73 Checking Differences Between Two Files with diff 73 Using awk and cut to Process Columns 75 Summary 76 Chapter 6: Advanced Scripting 77 Shell Scripting on Mac OS X 77 Creating a Basic Shell Script 78 Adding Command-Line Arguments 80 Things to Watch Out For 83 Using the Script Command 83 AppleScripting 84 Working with the Open Command 87 Summary 90 Chapter 7: Administering File Systems 91 Understanding File System Basics 91 Setting Up the Disk Initially 92 Checking Your Disk Setup 92 Understanding File System Types 92 Creating and Managing File Systems 94 Partitioning Hard Disks 94 A Better Option: Nondestructive Partitioning 95 Mounting and Unmounting File Systems 96 Checking File Systems 97 Finding Out About File System Use 99 Summary 101 Chapter 8: Backups and Removable Media 103 Backing Up Data to Compressed Archives 103 Creating Backup Archives with tar 103 Using Compression Tools 105 Listing, Joining, and Adding Files to tar Archives 107 Backing Up over a Network 107 Backing Up tar Archives over ssh 108 Backing Up Files with rsync 109 Backing Up to CD or DVD 110 Working with Time Machine and Time Capsule 111 Summary 112 Chapter 9: Checking and Running Processes 115 Listing Active Processes 116 Viewing Active Processes with ps 116 Watching Active Processes with top 121 Finding and Controlling Processes 123 Using grep and pgrep to Find Processes 123 Using fuser to Find Processes 124 Summary 131 Chapter 10: Managing the System 133 Monitoring Resources 133 Monitoring Memory Use 134 Monitoring CPU Usage 135 Monitoring Storage Devices 136 Mastering Time 137 Changing Time Zone 137 Displaying and Setting Time and Date 137 Using Network Time Protocol to Set Date/Time 139 Checking Uptime 139 Starting and Stopping Your System 140 Straight to the Kernel 141 Summary 141 Chapter 11: Managing Network Connections 143 Configuring Network Interfaces 143 Managing Network Interface Cards 144 Managing Network Connections 147 Starting and Stopping Network Connections 148 Starting and Stopping Network Services 149 Checking Name Resolution 149 Troubleshooting Network Problems 151 Checking Connectivity to a Host 152 Checking Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 153 Tracing Routes to Hosts 154 Displaying netstat Connections and Statistics 156 Summary 157 Chapter 12: Accessing Network Resources 159 Transferring Files 159 Downloading Files with wget 159 Transferring Files with curl 161 Transferring Files with FTP Commands 162 Using SSH Tools to Transfer Files 164 Sharing Remote Directories 165 Sharing Remote Directories with NFS 165 Sharing Remote Directories with Samba 167 Chatting with Friends in IRC 172 Using Text-Based E-mail Clients 173 Summary 175 Chapter 13: Remote System Administration 177 Remote Login and Tunneling with SSH 177 Configuring SSH 179 Logging in Remotely with ssh 179 Using screen: A Rich Remote Shell 184 Reconnecting to a screen Session 185 Naming screen Sessions 186 Sharing screen Sessions 186 Using a Remote Windows Desktop 186 Using Remote Desktop and Applications 187 Sharing Your Desktop Using VNC 188 Summary 189 Chapter 14: Locking Down Security 191 Working with Users and Groups 192 Managing Users the GUI Way 192 Checking on Users 193 Configuring the Built-in Firewall 195 Working with System Logs 197 Summary 197 Appendix A: Using vi or Vim Editors 199 Starting and Quitting the vi Editor 200 Moving Around in vi 201 Changing and Deleting Text in vi 202 Using Miscellaneous Commands 204 Modifying Commands with Numbers 204 Using Ex Commands 205 Working in Visual Mode 206 Summary 206 Appendix B: Shell Special Characters and Variables 207 Using Special Shell Characters 207 Using Shell Variables 208 Appendix C: Personal Configuration Files 211 Appendix D: AppleScript Command Summary 215 Appendix E: Fink Package Summary 219 Appendix F: Perl Primer 239 Introducing Perl 239 Checking Links on a Website 240 The Entire Script 241 Initializing the Script and Loading Packages 242 Targeting the URL and Extracting Links 243 Processing the @links Array 244 Running the Script 245 Extending the Script 246 Index 247