Programmer's Guide to Java SCJP Certification, A

Khalid A. Mughal is an Associate Professor at the Department of Informatics at the University of Bergen, Norway. Professor Mughal is responsible for designing and implementing various courses, which use Java, at the Department of Informatics. Over the years, he has taught Programming Languages (Java, C/C++, Pascal), Software Engineering (Object-Oriented System Development), Data bases (Data Modeling and Database Management Systems), and Compiler Techniques. He has also given numerous courses and seminars at various levels in object-oriented programming and system development, using Java and Javarelated technology, both at the University and for the IT industry. He is the principal author of the book, responsible for writing the material covering the Java topics. Professor Mughal is also the principal author of an introductory Norwegian textbook on programming in Java ( Java som første programmeringsspråk/Java as First Programming Language, Third Edition, Cappelen Akademisk Forlag, ISBN-10: 82-02-24554-0, 2006), which he co-authored with Torill Hamre and Rolf W. Rasmussen. Together they have also published another textbook for a 2-semester course in programming ( Java Actually: A Comprehensive Primer in Programming, Cengage Learning, ISBN-10: 1844809331, 2008). His current work involves applying Object Technology in the development of content management systems for publication on the Web, and security issues related to web applications. For the past seven years he has been responsible for developing and running web-based programming courses in Java, which are offered to offcampus students. He is also a member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). Rolf W. Rasmussen is the System Development Manager at vizrt, a company that develops solutions for the TV broadcast industry, including real-time 3D graphic renderers, and content and control systems. Rasmussen works mainly on control and automation systems, video processing, typography, and real-time visualization. He has worked on clean room implementations of the Java class libraries in the past, and is a contributor to the Free Software Foundation. Over the years, Rasmussen has worked both academically and professionally with numerous programming languages, including Java. He is primarily responsible for developing the review questions and answers, the programming exercises and their solutions, the mock exam, and all the practical aspects related to taking the SCJP exam presented in this book. As mentioned above, he is also a co-author of two introductory textbooks on programming in Java.

List of Figures      xxiii
List of Tables      xxvii
List of Examples      xxix
Foreword      xxxv
Preface      xxxvii

Chapter 1: Basics of Java Programming      1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Classes 2
1.3 Objects 4
1.4 Instance Members 6
1.5 Static Members 7
1.6 Inheritance 10
1.7 Aggregation 12
1.8 Tenets of Java 13
1.9 Java Programs 15
1.10 Sample Java Application 15

Chapter 2: Language Fundamentals      19
2.1 Basic Language Elements 20
2.2 Primitive Data Types 28
2.3 Variable Declarations 31
2.4 Initial Values for Variables 33
Chapter Summary 37
Programming Exercise 37

Chapter 3: Declarations      39
3.1 Class Declarations 40
3.2 JavaBeans Standard 41
3.3 Method Declarations 44
3.4 Constructors 48
3.5 Enumerated Types 54
3.6 Arrays 69
3.7 Parameter Passing 81
3.8 Variable Arity Methods 90
Chapter Summary 100
Programming Exercises 101

Chapter 4: Access Control      103
4.1 Java Source File Structure 104
4.2 Packages 105
4.3 Searching for Classes 117
4.4 The JAR Utility 120
4.5 System Properties 122
4.6 Scope Rules 129
4.7 Accessibility Modifiers for Top-Level Type Declarations 132
4.8 Other Modifiers for Classes 135
4.9 Member Accessibility Modifiers 138
4.10 Other Modifiers for Members 146
Chapter Summary 157
Programming Exercise 157

Chapter 5: Operators and Expressions      159
5.1 Conversions 160
5.2 Type Conversion Contexts 163
5.3 Precedence and Associativity Rules for Operators 166
5.4 Evaluation Order of Operands   168
5.5 The Simple Assignment Operator = 169
5.6 Arithmetic Operators: *, /, %, +, - 174
5.7 The Binary String Concatenation Operator + 185
5.8 Variable Increment and Decrement Operators: ++, -- 186
5.9 Boolean Expressions   190
5.10 Relational Operators: <, <=, >, >= 190
5.11 Equality 191
5.12 Boolean Logical Operators: !, ^, &, |   194
5.13 Conditional Operators: &&, ||   196
5.14 The Conditional Operator: ?:  201
5.15 Other Operators: new, [], instanceof   201
Chapter Summary 202
Programming Exercise 202

Chapter 6: Control Flow      203
6.1 Overview of Control Flow Statements 204
6.2 Selection Statements 204
6.3 Iteration Statements 216
6.4 Transfer Statements 223
6.5 Stack-Based Execution and Exception Propagation 235
6.6 Exception Types 239
6.7 Exception Handling: try, catch, and finally 245
6.8 The throw Statement 255
6.9 The throws Clause 257
6.10 Assertions 265
Chapter Summary 279
Programming Exercises 279

Chapter 7: Object-Oriented Programming       283
7.1 Single Implementation Inheritance 284
7.2 Overriding Methods 288
7.3 Hiding Members 294
7.4 The Object Reference super 295
7.5 Chaining Constructors Using this() and super() 302
7.6 Interfaces 309
7.7 Arrays and Subtyping 317
7.8 Reference Values and Conversions 319
7.9 Reference Value Assignment Conversions 320
7.10 Method Invocation Conversions Involving References 323
7.11 Reference Casting and the instanceof Operator 327
7.12 Polymorphism and Dynamic Method Lookup 340
7.13 Inheritance Versus Aggregation 342
7.14 Basic Concepts in Object-Oriented Design 345
Chapter Summary 349
Programming Exercises 349

Chapter 8: Nested Type Declarations      351
8.1 Overview of Nested Type Declarations 352
8.2 Static Member Types 355
8.3 Non-Static Member Classes 359
8.4 Local Classes 371
8.5 Anonymous Classes 377
Chapter Summary 386
Programming Exercise 386

Chapter 9: Object Lifetime      389
9.1 Garbage Collection 390
9.2 Reachable Objects 390
9.3 Facilitating Garbage Collection 392
9.4 Object Finalization 396
9.5 Finalizer Chaining 397
9.6 Invoking Garbage Collection Programmatically 398
9.7 Initializers 406
9.8 Field Initializer Expressions 406
9.9 Static Initializer Blocks 410
9.10 Instance Initializer Blocks 413
9.11 Constructing Initial Object State 416
Chapter Summary 422

Chapter 10: Fundamental Classes      423
10.1 Overview of the java.lang Package 424
10.2 The Object Class 424
10.3 The Wrapper Classes 428
10.4 The String Class 439
10.5 The StringBuilder and the StringBuffer Classes 456
Chapter Summary 464
Programming Exercises 465

Chapter 11: Files and Streams       467
11.1 Input and Output 468
11.2 The File Class 468
11.3 Byte Streams: Input Streams and Output Streams 475
11.4 Character Streams: Readers and Writers 488
11.5 The Console class 500
11.6 Object Serialization 510
Chapter Summary 529
Programming Exercise 530

Chapter 12: Localization, Pattern Matching, and Formatting      531
12.1 The java.util.Locale Class 532
12.2 The java.util.Date Class 535
12.3 The java.util.Calendar Class 536
12.4 The java.text.DateFormat Class 541
12.5 The java.text.NumberFormat Class 546
12.6 String Pattern Matching Using Regular Expressions 554
12.7 Formatting Values 593
Chapter Summary 610
Programming Exercises 610

Chapter 13: Threads      613
13.1 Multitasking 614
13.2 Overview of Threads 614
13.3 The Main Thread 615
13.4 Thread Creation 615
13.5 Synchronization 626
13.6 Thread Transitions 634
Chapter Summary 658
Programming Exercises 659

Chapter 14: Generics      661
14.1 Introducing Generics 662
14.2 Generic Types and Parameterized Types 663
14.3 Collections and Generics 672
14.4 Wildcards 673
14.5 Using References of Wildcard Parameterized Types 678
14.6 Bounded Type Parameters 684
14.7 Implementing a Simplified Generic Stack 695
14.8 Generic Methods and Constructors 697
14.9 Wildcard Capture 703
14.10 Flexibility with Wildcard Parameterized Types 705
14.11 Type Erasure 714
14.12 Implications for Overloading and Overriding 716
14.13 Limitations and Restrictions on Generic Types 722
Chapter Summary 744
Programming Exercises 745

Chapter 15: Collections and Maps      747
15.1 Comparing Objects 748
15.2 The Java Collections Framework 777
15.3 Collections 784
15.4 Sets 796
15.5 The SortedSet and NavigableSet Interfaces 800
15.7 Queues 809
15.8 Maps 821
15.9 Map Implementations 823
15.10 The SortedMap and NavigableMap Interfaces 826
15.11 Working with Collections 838
Chapter Summary 849
Programming Exercises 850

Appendix A: Taking the SCJP 1.6 Exam      851
A.1 Preparing for the Programmer Exam  851
A.2 Registering for the Exam  852
A.3 How the Examination Is Conducted 853
A.4 The Questions 854
A.5 Moving on to Other Java Technology Exams 856

Appendix B: Objectives for the SCJP 1.6 Exam      857

Appendix C: Objectives for the SCJP 1.6 Upgrade Exam     863

Appendix D:  Annotated Answers to Review Questions      869

Appendix E:  Solutions to Programming Exercises      935

Appendix F: Mock Exam      959

Appendix G: Number Systems and Number Representation      1005
G.1 Number Systems 1005
G.2 Relationship between Binary, Octal, and Hexadecimal Numbers 1007
G.3 Converting Decimals 1008
G.4 Representing Integers 1010

Index      1013