Visual C++ 2008 How to Program

Paul J. Deitel, CEO and Chief Technical Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., is a graduate of MIT’s Sloan School of Management, where he studied Information Technology. He holds the Java Certified Programmer and Java Certified Developer certifications, and has been designated by Sun Microsystems as a Java Champion. Through Deitel & Associates, Inc., he has delivered Java, C, C++, C# and Visual Basic courses to industry clients, including IBM, Sun Microsystems, Dell, Lucent Technologies, Fidelity, NASA at the Kennedy Space Center, the National Severe Storm Laboratory, White Sands Missile Range, Rogue Wave Software, Boeing, Stratus, Cambridge Technology Partners, Open Environment Corporation, One Wave, Hyperion Software, Adra Systems, Entergy, CableData Systems, Nortel Networks, Puma, iRobot, Invensys and many more. He has also lectured on Java and C++ for the Boston Chapter of the Association for Computing Machinery. He and his father, Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, are the world’s best-selling programming language textbook authors. Dr. Harvey M. Deitel, Chairman and Chief Strategy Officer of Deitel & Associates, Inc., has 45 years of academic and industry experience in the computer field. Dr. Deitel earned B.S. and M.S. degrees from the MIT and a Ph.D. from Boston University. He has 20 years of college teaching experience, including earning tenure and serving as the Chairman of the Computer Science Department at Boston College before founding Deitel & Associates, Inc., with his son, Paul J. Deitel. He and Paul are the co-authors of several dozen books and multimedia packages and they are writing many more. With translations published in Japanese, German, Russian, Spanish, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Korean, French, Polish, Italian, Portuguese, Greek, Urdu and Turkish, the Deitels’ texts have earned international recognition. Dr. Deitel has delivered hundreds of professional seminars to major corporations, academic institutions, government organizations and the military.

1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C++
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What Is a Computer?
1.3 Computer Organization
1.4 Early Operating Systems
1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing and Client/Server Computing
1.6 The Internet and the World Wide Web
1.7 Hardware Trends
1.8 Microsoft’s Windows® Operating System
1.9 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages
1.10 Visual C++
1.11 C++ Standard Library
1.12 Java, C# and Visual Basic
1.13 Other High-Level Languages
1.14 Microsoft’s .NET
1.15 The .NET Framework and the Common Language Runtime
1.16 Key Software Trend: Object Technology
1.17 Typical Visual C++ Development Environment
1.18 Test-Driving a Visual C++ Application
1.19 Software Technologies
1.20 Future of Visual C++: Open Source Boost Libraries, TR1 and C++0x
1.21 (Only Required Section of the Case Study) Software Engineering Case
Study: Introduction to Object Technology and the UML
1.22 Wrap-Up

2 Dive Into® Visual C++® 2008 Express
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Overview of the Visual Studio 2008 IDE
2.3 Menu Bar and Toolbar
2.4 Navigating the Visual Studio 2008 IDE
2.4.1 Solution Explorer
2.4.2 Properties Window
2.5 Using Help
2.6 Wrap-Up
2.7 Web Resources
2.7.1 Toolbox

3 Introduction to Visual C++ Programming
3.1 Introduction
3.2 First Program in Visual C++: Printing a Line of Text
3.3 Modifying Our First Visual C++ Program
3.4 Another Visual C++ Program: Adding Integers
3.5 Memory Concepts
3.6 Arithmetic
3.7 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
3.8 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Examining the ATM
Requirements Specification
3.9 Wrap-Up

4 Introduction to Classes and Objects
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members
4.3 Overview of the Chapter Examples
4.4 Defining a Class with a Member Function
4.5 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter
4.6 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions
4.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors
4.8 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability
4.9 Separating Interface from Implementation
4.10 Validating Data with set Functions
4.11 Defining a Managed Class with Member Functions in C++/CLI
4.12 Instance Variables and Properties in C++/CLI
4.13 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes
in the ATM Requirements Specification
4.14 Wrap-Up

5 Control Statements: Part 1
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Algorithms
5.3 Pseudocode
5.4 Control Structures
5.5 if Selection Statement
5.6 if…else Double-Selection Statement
5.7 while Repetition Statement
5.8 Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Repetition
5.9 Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition
5.10 Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements
5.11 Assignment Operators
5.12 Increment and Decrement Operators
5.13 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class Attributes
in the ATM System
5.14 Wrap-Up

6 Control Statements: Part 2
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Essentials of Counter-Controlled Repetition
6.3 for Repetition Statement
6.4 Examples Using the for Statement
6.5 do…while Repetition Statement
6.6 switch Multiple-Selection Statement
6.7 break and continue Statements
6.8 Logical Operators
6.9 Confusing the Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators
6.10 Structured Programming Summary
6.11 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Objects’
States and Activities in the ATM System
6.12 Wrap-Up

7 Functions and an Introduction to Recursion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Program Components in Visual C++
7.3 Math Library Functions
7.4 Function Definitions with Multiple Parameters
7.5 Function Prototypes and Argument Coercion
7.6 C++ Standard Library Header Files
7.7 Case Study: Random Number Generation
7.8 Case Study: Game of Chance; Introducing enum
7.9 Storage Classes
7.10 Scope Rules
7.11 Function-Call Stack and Activation Records
7.12 Functions with Empty Parameter Lists
7.13 Inline Functions
7.14 References and Reference Parameters
7.15 Default Arguments
7.16 Unary Scope Resolution Operator
7.17 Function Overloading
7.18 Function Templates
7.19 Recursion
7.20 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series
7.21 Recursion vs. Iteration
7.22 Enumerations in C++/CLI
7.23 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying Class
Operations in the ATM System
7.24 Wrap-Up

8 Arrays and Vectors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Arrays
8.3 Declaring Arrays
8.4 Examples Using Arrays
8.4.1 Declaring an Array and Using a Loop to Initialize the Array’s
Elements
8.4.2 Initializing an Array in a Declaration with an Initializer List
8.4.3 Specifying an Array’s Size with a Constant Variable and
Setting Array Elements with Calculations
8.4.4 Summing the Elements of an Array
8.4.5 Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically
8.4.6 Using the Elements of an Array as Counters
8.4.7 Using Arrays to Summarize Survey Results
8.4.8 Static Local Arrays and Automatic Local Arrays
8.5 Passing Arrays to Functions
8.6 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades
8.7 Searching Arrays with Linear Search
8.8 Sorting Arrays with Insertion Sort
8.9 Multidimensional Arrays
8.10 Case Study: Class GradeBook Using a Two-Dimensional Array
8.11 Introduction to C++ Standard Library Class Template vector
8.12 Introduction to Managed Arrays with C++/CLI
8.13 for each Statement
8.14 Multidimensional Arrays in C++/CLI
8.15 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Collaboration Among
Objects in the ATM System
8.16 Wrap-Up

9 Pointers and Pointer-Based Strings
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pointer Variable Declarations and Initialization
9.3 Pointer Operators
9.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Pointers
9.5 Using const with Pointers
9.6 Selection Sort Using Pass-by-Reference
9.7 sizeof Operator
9.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic
9.9 Relationship Between Pointers and Arrays
9.10 Arrays of Pointers
9.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
9.12 Function Pointers
9.13 Introduction to Pointer-Based String Processing
9.13.1 Fundamentals of Characters and Pointer-Based Strings
9.13.2 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library
9.14 Introduction to C++/CLI Handles
9.15 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference with Handles
9.16 Tracking References and References to Handles
9.17 Interior Pointers
9.18 Wrap-Up

10 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Time Class Case Study
10.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members
10.4 Separating Interface from Implementation
10.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions
10.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments
10.7 Destructors
10.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called
10.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap–Returning a Reference to a private Data Member
10.10 Default Memberwise Assignment
10.11 Class View and Object Browser
10.12 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Starting to Program the
Classes of the ATM System
10.13 Wrap-Up

11 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2
11.1 Introduction
11.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions
11.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes
11.4 friend Functions and friend Classes
11.5 Using the this Pointer
11.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators new and delete
11.7 static Class Members
11.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding
11.8.1 Example: Array Abstract Data Type
11.8.2 Example: String Abstract Data Type
11.8.3 Example: Queue Abstract Data Type
11.9 Container Classes and Iterators
11.10 Proxy Classes
11.11 const and friend in C++/CLI
11.12 Dynamic Memory Management in C++/CLI
11.13 Stack Semantics in C++/CLI
11.14 Finalizers
11.15 Value Types vs. Reference Types
11.16 Boxing and Unboxing in C++/CLI
11.17 Indexers
11.18 Wrap-Up

12 Operator Overloading; String and Array Objects
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading
12.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading
12.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions
12.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators
12.6 Overloading Unary Operators
12.7 Overloading Binary Operators
12.8 Case Study: Array Class
12.9 Converting between Types
12.10 Case Study: String Class
12.11 Overloading ++ and --
12.12 Case Study: A Date Class
12.13 Standard Library Class string
12.14 explicit Constructors
12.15 C++/CLI Operators and Constructors
12.16 Wrap-Up

13 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes
13.3 protected Members
13.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes
13.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class
13.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without Using Inheritance
13.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy
13.4.4 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data
13.4.5 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data
13.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes
13.6 public, protected and private Inheritance
13.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance
13.8 Inheritance in C++/CLI
13.9 Wrap-Up

14 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Polymorphism Examples
14.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
14.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects
14.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects
14.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers
14.3.4 Virtual Functions
14.3.5 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers
14.4 Type Fields and switch Statements
14.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions
14.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism
14.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee
14.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee
14.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee
14.6.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee
14.6.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class
BasePlusCommissionEmployee
14.6.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing
14.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic Binding
“Under the Hood”
14.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime
Type Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid
and type_info
14.9 Virtual Destructors
14.10 Polymorphism in C++/CLI
14.11 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Incorporating Inheritance
into the ATM System
14.12 Wrap-Up

15 Templates and Generics
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Function Templates
15.3 Overloading Function Templates
15.4 Class Templates
15.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates
15.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance
15.7 Notes on Templates and Friends
15.8 Notes on Templates and static Members
15.9 Templates in C++/CLI
15.10 .NET Generics in C++/CLI
15.11 Generic Type Constraints
15.12 Contrasting Templates and Generics
15.13 Wrap-Up

16 Exception Handling
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Exception-Handling Overview
16.3 Example: Divide by Zero Without Exception Handling
16.4 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero
16.5 When to Use Exception Handling
16.6 Rethrowing an Exception
16.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions
16.8 Stack Unwinding
16.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling
16.10 Exceptions and Inheritance
16.11 Processing new Failures
16.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation
16.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy
16.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques
16.15 .NET Exception Hierarchy with C++/CLI
16.15.1 Classes ApplicationException and SystemException
16.15.2 Determining Which Exceptions a Function Throws
16.16 finally Block in C++/CLI
16.17 Exception Properties in C++/CLI
16.18 User-Defined Exception Classes
16.19 Wrap-Up
16.20 Exception Specifications

17 Stream Input/Output and Files
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Streams
17.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams
17.2.2 iostream Library Header Files
17.2.3 Stream-Input/Output Classes and Objects
17.3 Stream Output
17.3.1 Output of char * Variables
17.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put
17.4 Stream Input
17.4.1 get and getline Member Functions
17.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore
17.4.3 Type-Safe I/O
17.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount
17.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators
17.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase
17.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision)
17.6.3 Field Width (width, setw)
17.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulastors
17.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators
17.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint)
17.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal)
17.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill)
17.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase)
17.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation (scientific, fixed)
17.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase)
17.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha)
17.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member Function flags
17.8 Stream Error States
17.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream
17.10 Data Hierarchy
17.11 Files and Streams
17.12 Creating a Sequential File
17.13 Reading Data from a Sequential File
17.14 Updating Sequential Files
17.15 Wrap-Up

18 Files and Streams in .NET
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Files and Streams
18.3 Classes File and Directory
18.4 Creating a Sequential-Access Text File
18.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File
18.6 Serialization
18.7 Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization
18.8 Reading and Deserializing Data from a Sequential-Access Text File
18.9 Wrap-Up

19 Class string and String Stream Processing
19.1 Introduction
19.2 string Assignment and Concatenation
19.3 Comparing strings
19.4 Substrings
19.5 Swapping strings
19.6 string Characteristics
19.7 Finding Substrings and Characters in a string
19.8 Replacing Characters in a string
19.9 Inserting Characters into a string
19.10 Conversion to C-Style Pointer-Based char * Strings
19.11 Iterators
19.12 String Stream Processing
19.13 Fundamentals of Characters and Strings in C++/CLI
19.14 String Constructors
19.15 String Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Function
19.16 Comparing Strings
19.17 Locating Characters and Substrings in Strings
19.18 Extracting Substrings from Strings
19.19 Concatenating Strings
19.20 Miscellaneous String Functions
19.21 Class StringBuilder
19.22 Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Function and
Indexer of Class StringBuilder
19.23 Append and AppendFormat Functions of Class StringBuilder
19.24 Insert, Remove and Replace Functions of Class StringBuilder
19.25 Char Functions
19.26 Wrap-Up

20 Searching and Sorting
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Searching Algorithms
20.2.1 Efficiency of Linear Search
20.2.2 Binary Search
20.3 Sorting Algorithms
20.3.1 Efficiency of Selection Sort
20.3.2 Efficiency of Insertion Sort
20.3.3 Merge Sort (A Recursive Implementation)
20.4 Wrap-Up

21 Data Structures
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Self-Referential Classes
21.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation and Data Structures
21.4 Linked Lists
21.5 Stacks
21.6 Queues
21.7 Trees
21.8 Wrap-Up

22 Bits, Characters, C Strings and structs
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Structure Definitions
22.3 Initializing Structures
22.4 Using Structures with Functions
22.5 typedef
22.6 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation
22.7 Bitwise Operators
22.8 Bit Fields
22.9 Character-Handling Library
22.10 Pointer-Based String-Conversion Functions
22.11 Search Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library
22.12 Memory Functions of the Pointer-Based String-Handling Library
22.13 Wrap-Up

23 Standard Template Library (STL)
23.1 Introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL)
23.1.1 Introduction to Containers
23.1.2 Introduction to Iterators
23.1.3 Introduction to Algorithms
23.2 Sequence Containers
23.2.1 vector Sequence Container
23.2.2 list Sequence Container
23.2.3 deque Sequence Container
23.3 Associative Containers
23.3.1 multiset Associative Container
23.3.2 set Associative Container
23.3.3 multimap Associative Container
23.3.4 map Associative Container
23.4 Container Adapters
23.4.1 stack Adapter
23.4.2 queue Adapter
23.4.3 priority_queue Adapter
23.5 Algorithms
23.5.1 fill, fill_n, generate and generate_n
23.5.2 equal, mismatch and lexicographical_compare
23.5.3 remove, remove_if, remove_copy and remove_copy_if
23.5.4 replace, replace_if, replace_copy and replace_copy_if
23.5.5 Mathematical Algorithms
23.5.6 Basic Searching and Sorting Algorithms
23.5.7 swap, iter_swap and swap_ranges
23.5.8 copy_backward, merge, unique and reverse
23.5.9 inplace_merge, unique_copy and reverse_copy
23.5.10 Set Operations
23.5.11 lower_bound, upper_bound and equal_range
23.5.12 Heapsort
23.5.13 min and max
23.5.14 STL Algorithms Not Covered in This Chapter
23.6 Class bitset
23.7 Function Objects
23.8 Introduction to STL/CLR
23.9 Wrap-Up
23.10 STL Web Resources

25 Regular Expressions
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Simple Regular Expressions and Class Regex
25.3 Complex Regular Expressions
25.4 Validating User Input with Regular Expressions
25.5 Regex Member Functions Replace and Split
25.6 Wrap-Up

26 Collections
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Collections Overview
26.3 Class Array and Enumerators
26.4 Nongeneric Collections
26.4.1 Class ArrayList
26.4.2 Class Stack
26.4.3 Class Hashtable
26.5 Generic Collections
26.5.1 Generic Class SortedDictionary
26.5.2 Generic Class LinkedList
26.6 Wrap-Up

27 Other Topics
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Other Cast Operators
27.3 namespaces
27.4 Operator Keywords
27.5 mutable Class Members
27.6 Pointers to Class Members (.* and ->*)
27.7 Multiple Inheritance
27.8 Multiple Inheritance and virtual Base Classes
27.9 Variable-Length Argument Lists
27.10 Using Command-Line Arguments
27.11 Delegates and Events in .NET
27.12 Wrap-Up
27.13 Creating a Random-Access File