Java™ Programming Language, The

Ken Arnold, formerly senior engineer at Sun Microsystems Laboratories, is a leading expert in object-oriented design and implementation. He was one of the original architects of the Jini™ technology, and the lead engineer of Sun's JavaSpaces™ technology. James Gosling is a Fellow and Chief Technology Officer of Sun's Developer Products group, the creator of the Java programming language, and one of the computer industry's most noted programmers. He is the 1996 recipient of Software Development's "Programming Excellence Award." He previously developed NeWS, Sun's network-extensible window system, and was a principal in the Andrew project at Carnegie Mellon University, where he earned a Ph.D. in computer science. David Holmes is director of DLTeCH Pty Ltd, located in Brisbane, Australia. He specializes in synchronization and concurrency and was a member of the JSR-166 expert group that developed the new concurrency utilities. He is also a contributor to the update of the Real-Time Specification for Java, and has spent the past few years working on an implementation of that specification.

Preface   xxi Chapter 1: A Quick Tour   1 1.1  Getting Started   1
1.2  Variables   3
1.3  Comments in Code   6
1.4  Named Constants   7
1.5  Unicode Characters   8
1.6  Flow of Control   9
1.7  Classes and Objects   12
1.8  Methods and Parameters   15
1.9  Arrays   18
1.10  String Objects   21
1.11  Extending a Class   24
1.12  Interfaces   27
1.13  Generic Types   29
1.14  Exceptions   32
1.15  Annotations   35
1.16  Packages   36
1.17  The Java Platform   38
1.18  Other Topics Briefly Noted   39

Chapter 2: Classes and Objects   41 2.1  A Simple Class   42
2.2  Fields   44
2.3  Access Control   47
2.4  Creating Objects   49
2.5  Construction and Initialization   50
2.6  Methods   56
2.7  this   68
2.8  Overloading Methods   69
2.9  Importing Static Member Names   71
2.10  The main Method   73
2.11  Native Methods   74

Chapter 3: Extending Classes   75 3.1  An Extended Class   76
3.2  Constructors in Extended Classes   80
3.3  Inheriting and Redefining Members   84
3.4  Type Compatibility and Conversion   90
3.5  What protected Really Means   93
3.6  Marking Methods and Classes final   96
3.7  Abstract Classes and Methods   97
3.8  The Object Class   99
3.9  Cloning Objects   101
3.10  Extending Classes: How and When   107
3.11  Designing a Class to Be Extended   108
3.12  Single Inheritance versus Multiple Inheritance   114

Chapter 4: Interfaces   117 4.1  A Simple Interface Example   118
4.2  Interface Declarations   120
4.3  Extending Interfaces   122
4.4  Working with Interfaces   126
4.5  Marker Interfaces   130
4.6  When to Use Interfaces   131

Chapter 5: Nested Classes and Interfaces   133 5.1  Static Nested Types   133
5.2  Inner Classes   136
5.3  Local Inner Classes   142
5.4  Anonymous Inner Classes   144
5.5  Inheriting Nested Types   146
5.6  Nesting in Interfaces   148
5.7  Implementation of Nested Types   149

Chapter 6: Enumeration Types   151 6.1  A Simple Enum Example   151
6.2  Enum Declarations   152
6.3  Enum Constant Declarations   154
6.4  java.lang.Enum    159
6.5  To Enum or Not   160

Chapter 7: Tokens, Values, and Variables   161 7.1  Lexical Elements   161
7.2  Types and Literals   166
7.3  Variables   169
7.4  Array Variables   173
7.5  The Meanings of Names   178

Chapter 8: Primitives as Types   183 8.1  Common Fields and Methods   184
8.2  Void    187
8.3  Boolean    187
8.4  Number    188
8.5  Character    192
8.6  Boxing Conversions   198

Chapter 9: Operators and Expressions   201 9.1  Arithmetic Operations   201
9.2  General Operators   204
9.3  Expressions   214
9.4  Type Conversions   216
9.5  Operator Precedence and Associativity   221
9.6  Member Access   223

Chapter 10: Control Flow 229 10.1  Statements and Blocks   229
10.2  if-else    230
10.3  switch    232
10.4  while and do-while    235
10.5  for    236
10.6  Labels   241
10.7  break    241
10.8  continue    244
10.9  return    245
10.10  What, No goto?   246

Chapter 11: Generic Types   247 11.1  Generic Type Declarations   250
11.2  Working with Generic Types   256
11.3  Generic Methods and Constructors   260
11.4  Wildcard Capture   264
11.5  Under the Hood: Erasure and Raw Types   267
11.6  Finding the Right Method--Revisited   272
11.7  Class Extension and Generic Types   276

Chapter 12: Exceptions and Assertions 279 12.1  Creating Exception Types   280
12.2  throw    282
12.3  The throws Clause   283
12.4   try, catch, and finally   286
12.5  Exception Chaining   291
12.6  Stack Traces   294
12.7  When to Use Exceptions   294
12.8  Assertions   296
12.9  When to Use Assertions   297
12.10  Turning Assertions On and Off   300

Chapter 13: Strings and Regular Expressions   305 13.1  Character Sequences   305
13.2  The String Class   306
13.3  Regular Expression Matching   321
13.4  The StringBuilder Class   330
13.5  Working with UTF-16   336

Chapter 14: Threads   337 14.1  Creating Threads   339
14.2  Using Runnable   341
14.3  Synchronization   345
14.4  wait, notifyAll, and notify   354
14.5  Details of Waiting and Notification   357
14.6  Thread Scheduling   358
14.7  Deadlocks   362
14.8  Ending Thread Execution   365
14.9  Ending Application Execution   369
14.10   The Memory Model: Synchronization and volatile    370
14.11  Thread Management, Security, and ThreadGroup    375
14.12  Threads and Exceptions   379
14.13  ThreadLocal Variables   382
14.14  Debugging Threads   384

Chapter 15: Annotations   387 15.1  A Simple Annotation Example   388
15.2  Annotation Types   389
15.3  Annotating Elements   392
15.4  Restricting Annotation Applicability   393
15.5  Retention Policies   395
15.6  Working with Annotations   395

Chapter 16: Reflection   397 16.1  The Class Class   399
16.2  Annotation Queries   414
16.3  The Modifier Class   416
16.4  The Member classes   416
16.5  Access Checking and AccessibleObject   417
16.6  The Field Class   418
16.7  The Method Class   420
16.8  Creating New Objects and the Constructor Class   423
16.9  Generic Type Inspection   426
16.10   Arrays   429
16.11  Packages   432
16.12  The Proxy Class   432
16.13  Loading Classes   435
16.14  Controlling Assertions at Runtime   444

Chapter 17: Garbage Collection and Memory   447 17.1  Garbage Collection   447
17.2  A Simple Model   448
17.3  Finalization   449
17.4  Interacting with the Garbage Collector   452
17.5  Reachability States and Reference Objects   454


Chapter 18: Packages   467 18.1  Package Naming   468
18.2  Type Imports   469
18.3  Package Access   471
18.4  Package Contents   475
18.5  Package Annotations   476
18.6  Package Objects and Specifications   477

Chapter 19: Documentation Comments   481 19.1  The Anatomy of a Doc Comment   482
19.2  Tags   483
19.3  Inheriting Method Documentation Comments   489
19.4  A Simple Example   491
19.5  External Conventions   496
19.6  Notes on Usage   497

Chapter 20: The I/O Package   499 20.1  Streams Overview   500
20.2  Byte Streams   501
20.3  Character Streams   507
20.4  InputStreamReader and OutputStreamWriter   512
20.5  A Quick Tour of the Stream Classes   514
20.6  The Data Byte Streams   537
20.7  Working with Files   540
20.8  Object Serialization   549
20.9  The IOException Classes   563
20.10  A Taste of New I/O   565

Chapter 21: Collections   567 21.1  Collections   567
21.2  Iteration   571
21.3  Ordering with Comparable and Comparator    574
21.4  The Collection Interface   575
21.5  Set and SortedSet    577
21.6  List    580
21.7  Queue    585
21.8  Map and SortedMap   587
21.9  enum Collections   594
21.10  Wrapped Collections and the Collections Class   597
21.11  Synchronized Wrappers and Concurrent Collections   602
21.12  The Arrays Utility Class   607
21.13  Writing Iterator Implementations   609
21.14  Writing Collection Implementations   611
21.15  The Legacy Collection Types   616
21.16  Properties   620

Chapter 22: Miscellaneous Utilities   623 22.1  Formatter    624
22.2  BitSet   632
22.3   Observer/Observable    635
22.4  Random    639
22.5  Scanner    641
22.6  StringTokenizer    651
22.7  Timer and TimerTask   653
22.8  UUID   656
22.9   Math and StrictMath    657

Chapter 23: System Programming   661 23.1  The System Class   662
23.2  Creating Processes   666
23.3  Shutdown   672
23.4  The Rest of Runtime   675
23.5  Security   677

Chapter 24: Internationalization and Localization   685 24.1  Locale   686
24.2  Resource Bundles   688
24.3  Currency   694
24.4  Time, Dates, and Calendars   695
24.5  Formatting and Parsing Dates and Times   703
24.6  Internationalization and Localization for Text   708

Chapter 25: Standard Packages 715 25.1  java.awt--The Abstract Window Toolkit   717
25.2  java.applet--Applets   720
25.3   java.beans--Components   721
25.4  java.math--Mathematics   722
25.5  java.net--The Network   724
25.6  java.rmi--Remote Method Invocation   727
25.7  java.security and Related Packages--Security Tools   732
25.8  java.sql--Relational Database Access   732
25.9  Utility Subpackages   733
25.10  javax.* --Standard Extensions   737
25.11  javax.accessibility--Accessibility for GUIs   737
25.12  javax.naming--Directory and Naming Services   738
25.13  javax.sound--Sound Manipulation   739
25.14  javax.swing--Swing GUI Components   740
25.15  org.omg.CORBA--CORBA APIs   740

Appendix A: Application Evolution   741 A.1  Language, Library, and Virtual Machine Versions   741
A.2  Dealing with Multiple Dialects   743
A.3  Generics: Reification, Erasure, and Raw Types   744

Appendix B: Useful Tables   749 Further Reading   755 Index   761