CompTIA Cloud+ CV0-003 Exam Cram

At the impressionable age of 14, William “Bo” Rothwell crossed paths with a TRS-80 Micro Computer System (affectionately known as a “Trash 80”). Soon after, the adults responsible for Bo made the mistake of leaving him alone with the TSR-80. He immediately dismantled it and held his first computer class, showing his friends what made this “computer thing” work. Since that experience, Bo's passion for understanding how computers work and sharing this knowledge with others has resulted in a rewarding career in IT training. His experience includes cloud, Linux, UNIX, IT security, DevOps, and programming languages such as Perl, Python, Tcl, and BASH. He is the founder and lead instructor of One Course Source, an IT training organization.

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvi
CHAPTER 1: Different Types of Cloud Models.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
    Cloud Deployment Models.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
    Cloud Service Models.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
    Advanced Cloud Services.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
    Cloud Shared Responsibility Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER 2: Capacity Planning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
    Requirements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
    Standard Templates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
    Licensing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
    User Density.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
    System Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
    Trend Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
    Performance Capacity Planning.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CHAPTER 3: High Availability and Scaling in Cloud Environments.. . . . . . . . 25
    Hypervisors.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
    Oversubscription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
    Regions and Zones.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
    Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
    Containers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
    Clusters.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
    High Availability of Network Functions.. . . . . . . . . . . . 33
    Avoid Single Points of Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
    Scalability.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
CHAPTER 4: Solution Design in Support of the Business Requirements.. . . . . . 41
    Requirement Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
    Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
    Testing Techniques.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CHAPTER 5: Identity and Access Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
    Identification and Authorization.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
    Directory Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
    Federation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
    Certificate Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
    Multifactor Authentication (MFA).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
    Single Sign-On (SSO).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
    Public Key Infrastructure (PKI).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
    Secret Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
    Key Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CHAPTER 6: Secure a Network in a Cloud Environment. . . . . . . . . . . . 71
    Network Segmentation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
    Protocols.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
    Network Services.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
    Log and Event Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
    Network Flows.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
    Hardening and Configuration Changes.. . . . . . . . . . . . 81
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
CHAPTER 7: OS and Application Security Controls.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
    Policies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
    User Permissions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
    Antivirus/Antimalware/Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR).. . . 93
    Host-Based IDS (HIDS)/Host-Based IPS (HIPS).. . . . . . . . 94
    Hardened Baselines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
    File Integrity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
    Log and Event Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
    Configuration Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
    Builds.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
    Operating System (OS) Upgrades.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
    Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
    Mandatory Access Control.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
    Firewall Software.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
CHAPTER 8: Data Security and Compliance Controls in Cloud Environments.. . . . 103
    Encryption. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
    Integrity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
    Classification.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
    Segmentation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
    Access Control.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
    Impact of Laws and Regulations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
    Records Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
    Data Loss Prevention (DLP).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
    Cloud Access Security Broker (CASB).. . . . . . . . . . . . 111
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
CHAPTER 9: Security Requirements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
    Tools.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
    Vulnerability Assessment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
    Security Patches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
    Risk Register.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
    Prioritization of Patch Applications.. . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
    Deactivate Default Accounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
    Impacts of Security Tools on Systems and Services.. . . . . . . . 121
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
CHAPTER 10: Incident Response Procedures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
    Preparation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
    Incident Response Procedures.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
CHAPTER 11: Integrate Components into a Cloud Solution.. . . . . . . . . . . 135
    Subscription Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
    Provisioning Resources.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
    Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
    Deploying Virtual Machines (VMs) and Custom Images. . . . . . 143
    Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
    Identity Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
    Containers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
    Auto-scaling.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
    Postdeployment Validation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
CHAPTER 12: Storage in Cloud Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
    Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
    Tiers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
    Input/Output Operations per Second (IOPS) and Read/Write.. . . . 153
    Protocols.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
    Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks (RAID).. . . . . . . . . 157
    Storage System Features.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
    User Quotas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
    Hyperconverged.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
    Software-Defined Storage (SDS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
CHAPTER 13: Cloud Networking Solutions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
    Services.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
    Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
    Virtual Routing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
    Network Appliances.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
    Virtual Private Cloud (VPC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
    VLAN/VxLAN/GENEVE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
    Single Root Input/Output Virtualization (SR-IOV).. . . . . . . . 179
    Software-Defined Network (SDN).. . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
CHAPTER 14: Compute Sizing for a Deployment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
    Virtualization.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
    Central Processing Unit (CPU)/ Virtual CPU (vCPU). . . . . . . 185
    Graphics Processing Unit (GPU).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
    Clock Speed/Instructions per Cycle (IPC).. . . . . . . . . . . 187
    Hyperconverged.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
    Memory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
CHAPTER 15: Cloud Migrations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
    Physical to Virtual (P2V).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
    Virtual to Virtual (V2V).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
    Cloud-to-Cloud Migrations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
    Storage Migrations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
    Database Migrations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
CHAPTER 16: Logging, Monitoring, and Alerting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
    Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
    Monitoring.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
    Alerting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
CHAPTER 17: Operation of a Cloud Environment.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
    Confirm Completion of Backups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
    Lifecycle Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
    Change Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
    Asset Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
    Patching.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
    Impacts of Process Improvements on Systems. . . . . . . . . . 226
    Upgrade Methods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
    Dashboard and Reporting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
CHAPTER 18: Optimize Cloud Environments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
    Right-sizing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
    Compute and Storage.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
    Network.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
    Placement.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
    Geographical.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
    Device Drivers and Firmware.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
CHAPTER 19: Automation and Orchestration Techniques.. . . . . . . . . . . . 247
    Infrastructure as Code (IaC).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
    Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD).. . . . . 249
    Version Control.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
    Configuration Management.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
    Containers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
    Automation Activities.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
    Secure Scripting.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
    Orchestration Sequencing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
CHAPTER 20: Backup and Restore Operations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
    Backup Types.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
    Backup Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
    Backup Targets.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
    Backup and Restore Policies.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
    Restoration Methods.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
CHAPTER 21: Disaster Recovery Tasks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
    Failovers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
    Failback.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
    Restore Backups.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
    Replication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
    On-Premises and Cloud Sites.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
    Requirements.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
    Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
    Geographical Data Center Requirements.. . . . . . . . . . . 279
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
CHAPTER 22: Troubleshooting Methodology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
    Always Consider Corporate Policies, Procedures, and Impacts Before
    Implementing Changes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
    1. Identify the Problem.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
    2. Establish a Theory of Probable Cause (Question the Obvious).. . . 284
    3. Test the Theory to Determine Cause.. . . . . . . . . . . . 285
    4. Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Implement the Solution... 285
    5. Verify Full System Functionality and, if Applicable, Implement Preventive Measures.. 286
    6. Document the Findings, Actions, and Outcomes Throughout the Process.. . 286
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
CHAPTER 23: Troubleshoot Security Issues.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
    Privilege.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
    Authentication.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
    Authorization.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
    Security Groups.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
    Keys and Certificates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
    Misconfigured or Misapplied Policies.. . . . . . . . . . . . 295
    Data Security Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
    Exposed Endpoints.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
    Misconfigured or Failed Security Appliances. . . . . . . . . . 298
    Unsupported Protocols.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
    External/Internal Attacks.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
CHAPTER 24: Troubleshoot Deployment, Automation, and Orchestration Issues.. . . 301
    Connectivity Issues.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
    Performance Degradation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
    Configurations.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
    Applications in Containers.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
    Misconfigured Templates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
    Missing or Incorrect Tags. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
    Insufficient Capacity.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
    Licensing Issues.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
    Vendor-Related Issues.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
    Account Mismatches.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
    Change Management Failures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
    Server Name Changes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
    IP Address Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
    Location Changes.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
    Version/Feature Mismatch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
    Automation Tool Incompatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
    Job Validation Issue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
    Patching Failure.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
CHAPTER 25: Troubleshoot Connectivity Issues and Common Performance Issues.. . 317
    Network Security Group Misconfigurations.. . . . . . . . . . 318
    Common Networking Configuration Issues.. . . . . . . . . . 319
    Network Troubleshooting Tools.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
    Resource Utilization.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
    Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
    Incorrectly Configured or Failed Load Balancing.. . . . . . . . 338
    What Next?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Glossary of Essential Terms and Components.. . . . . . . . . . . 341


9780137393251, TOC, 10/21/2021