CISSP Cert Guide Premium Edition and Practice Tests

Robin M. Abernathy has been working in the IT certification preparation industry at Kaplan IT Training for more than 18 years. Robin has written and edited certification preparation materials for many (ISC)2, Microsoft, CompTIA, PMI, ITIL, ISACA, and GIAC certifications and holds multiple IT certifications from these vendors. Robin provides training on computer hardware and software, networking, security, and project management. Over the past decade, she has ventured into the traditional publishing industry by technically editing several publications and co-authoring Pearson's CISSP Cert Guide and CASP Cert Guide and authoring Pearson's Project+ Cert Guide. She presents at technical conferences and hosts webinars on IT certification topics. Troy McMillan writes practice tests, study guides, and online course materials for Kaplan IT Training, while also running his own consulting and training business. He holds more than 30 industry certifications and also appears in training videos for Oncourse Learning and Pearson.

Introduction xlv

Chapter 1 Security and Risk Management 2

Security Terms 5

CIA 5

Auditing and Accounting 6

Non-Repudiation 7

Default Security Posture 7

Defense in Depth 7

Abstraction 8

Data Hiding 8

Encryption 8

Security Governance Principles 8

Security Function Alignment 9

Organizational Processes 12

Organizational Roles and Responsibilities 14

Security Control Frameworks 17

Due Care and Due Diligence 32

Compliance 33

Contractual, Legal, Industry Standards, and Regulatory Compliance 34

Privacy Requirements Compliance 35

Legal and Regulatory Issues 35

Computer Crime Concepts 36

Major Legal Systems 38

Licensing and Intellectual Property 40

Cyber Crimes and Data Breaches 44

Import/Export Controls 45

Trans-Border Data Flow 45

Privacy 45

Professional Ethics 52

(ISC)2 Code of Ethics 52

Computer Ethics Institute 53

Internet Architecture Board 54

Organizational Code of Ethics 54

Security Documentation 54

Policies 55

Processes 57

Procedures 57

Standards 57

Guidelines 58

Baselines 58

Business Continuity 58

Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Concepts 58

Scope and Plan 61

BIA Development 65

Personnel Security Policies and Procedures 68

Candidate Screening and Hiring 69

Employment Agreements and Policies 70

Employee Onboarding and Offboarding Policies 71

Vendor, Consultant, and Contractor Agreements and Controls 72

Compliance Policy Requirements 72

Privacy Policy Requirements 72

Job Rotation 73

Separation of Duties 73

Risk Management Concepts 73

Asset and Asset Valuation 73

Vulnerability 74

Threat 74

Threat Agent 74

Exploit 75

Risk 75

Exposure 75

Countermeasure 75

Risk Appetite 76

Attack 76

Breach 76

Risk Management Policy 77

Risk Management Team 77

Risk Analysis Team 77

Risk Assessment 78

Implementation 82

Control Categories 83

Control Types 84

Controls Assessment, Monitoring, and Measurement 89

Reporting and Continuous Improvement 89

Risk Frameworks 90

Geographical Threats 108

Internal Versus External Threats 108

Natural Threats 109

System Threats 110

Human-Caused Threats 111

Politically Motivated Threats 114

Threat Modeling 115

Threat Modeling Concepts 116

Threat Modeling Methodologies 116

Identifying Threats 119

Potential Attacks 120

Remediation Technologies and Processes 121

Security Risks in the Supply Chain 121

Risks Associated with Hardware, Software, and Services 121

Third-party Assessment and Monitoring 122

Minimum Service-Level and Security Requirements 123

Service-Level Requirements 123

Security Education, Training, and Awareness 124

Levels Required 124

Methods and Techniques 125

Periodic Content Reviews 126

Exam Preparation Tasks 126

Chapter 2 Asset Security 140

Asset Security Concepts 141

Data Policy 141

Roles and Responsibilities 143

Data Quality 144

Data Documentation and Organization 145

Identify and Classify Information and Assets 146

Data and Asset Classification 146

Sensitivity and Criticality 146

Private Sector Classifications 151

Military and Government Classifications 152

Information Life Cycle 153

Databases 155

Data Audit 160

Information and Asset Ownership 160

Protect Privacy 161

Owners 161

Data Processors 162

Data Remanence 162

Collection Limitation 163

Asset Retention 164

Data Security Controls 166

Data Security 166

Data States 166

Data Access and Sharing 167

Data Storage and Archiving 168

Baselines 169

Scoping and Tailoring 170

Standards Selection 170

Data Protection Methods 171

Information and Asset Handling Requirements 172

Marking, Labeling, and Storing 172

Destruction 173

Exam Preparation Tasks 173

Chapter 3 Security Architecture and Engineering 178

Engineering Processes Using Secure Design Principles 180

Objects and Subjects 181

Closed Versus Open Systems 182

Security Model Concepts 182

Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability 182

Confinement 183

Bounds 183

Isolation 183

Security Modes 183

Defense in Depth 185

Security Model Types 185

Security Models 188

System Architecture Steps 192

ISO/IEC 42010:2011 193

Computing Platforms 193

Security Services 196

System Components 196

System Security Evaluation Models 205

TCSEC 206

ITSEC 209

Common Criteria 211

Security Implementation Standards 213

Controls and Countermeasures 217

Certification and Accreditation 217

Control Selection Based upon Systems Security Requirements 218

Security Capabilities of Information Systems 219

Memory Protection 219

Virtualization 220

Trusted Platform Module 220

Interfaces 221

Fault Tolerance 221

Policy Mechanisms 222

Encryption/Decryption 223

Security Architecture Maintenance 223

Vulnerabilities of Security Architectures, Designs, and Solution Elements 224

Client-Based Systems 224

Server-Based Systems 225

Database Systems 226

Cryptographic Systems 227

Industrial Control Systems 227

Cloud-Based Systems 230

Large-Scale Parallel Data Systems 236

Distributed Systems 237

Grid Computing 237

Peer-to-Peer Computing 237

Internet of Things 238

Vulnerabilities in Web-Based Systems 242

Maintenance Hooks 242

Time-of-Check/Time-of-Use Attacks 243

Web-Based Attacks 243

XML 244

SAML 244

OWASP 244

Vulnerabilities in Mobile Systems 244

Device Security 245

Application Security 246

Mobile Device Concerns 246

NIST SP 800-164 248

Vulnerabilities in Embedded Devices 250

Cryptography 250

Cryptography Concepts 250

Cryptography History 253

Cryptosystem Features 256

NIST SP 800-175A and B 257

Cryptographic Mathematics 258

Cryptographic Life Cycle 261

Cryptographic Types 262

Running Key and Concealment Ciphers 263

Substitution Ciphers 263

Transposition Ciphers 265

Symmetric Algorithms 266

Asymmetric Algorithms 268

Hybrid Ciphers 269

Symmetric Algorithms 269

DES and 3DES 270

AES 274

IDEA 274

Skipjack 274

Blowfish 275

Twofish 275

RC4/RC5/RC6/RC7 275

CAST 275

Asymmetric Algorithms 276

Diffie-Hellman 277

RSA 277

El Gamal 278

ECC 278

Knapsack 279

Zero-knowledge Proof 279

Public Key Infrastructure 279

Certification Authority and Registration Authority 279

Certificates 280

Certificate Life Cycle 281

Certificate Revocation List 283

OCSP 284

PKI Steps 284

Cross-Certification 285

Key Management Practices 285

Message Integrity 293

Hashing 294

Message Authentication Code 297

Salting 299

Digital Signatures 299

DSS 300

Applied Cryptography 300

Link Encryption Versus End-to-End Encryption 300

Email Security 300

Internet Security 300

Cryptanalytic Attacks 301

Ciphertext-Only Attack 302

Known Plaintext Attack 302

Chosen Plaintext Attack 302

Chosen Ciphertext Attack 302

Social Engineering 302

Brute Force 302

Differential Cryptanalysis 303

Linear Cryptanalysis 303

Algebraic Attack 303

Frequency Analysis 303

Birthday Attack 303

Dictionary Attack 303

Replay Attack 304

Analytic Attack 304

Statistical Attack 304

Factoring Attack 304

Reverse Engineering 304

Meet-in-the-Middle Attack 304

Ransomware Attack 304

Side-Channel Attack 305

Digital Rights Management 305

Document DRM 306

Music DRM 306

Movie DRM 306

Video Game DRM 306

E-book DRM 307

Site and Facility Design 307

Layered Defense Model 307

CPTED 307

Physical Security Plan 308

Facility Selection Issues 309

Site and Facility Security Controls 312

Doors 312

Locks 313

Biometrics 315

Glass Entries 315

Visitor Control 315

Wiring Closets/Intermediate Distribution Facilities 316

Work Areas 316

Environmental Security 317

Equipment Security 321

Exam Preparation Tasks 323

Chapter 4 Communication and Network Security 334

Secure Network Design Principles 335

OSI Model 335

TCP/IP Model 340

IP Networking 345

Common TCP/UDP Ports 346

Logical and Physical Addressing 347

IPv4 348

Network Transmission 353

IPv6 357

Network Types 370

Protocols and Services 372

ARP/RARP 372

DHCP/BOOTP 373

DNS 374

FTP, FTPS, SFTP, TFTP 374

HTTP, HTTPS, S-HTTP 375

ICMP 375

IGMP 376

IMAP 376

LDAP 376

LDP 376

NAT 376

NetBIOS 376

NFS 377

PAT 377

POP 377

CIFS/SMB 377

SMTP 377

SNMP 377

SSL/TLS 378

Multilayer Protocols 378

Converged Protocols 379

FCoE 379

MPLS 380

VoIP 381

iSCSI 381

Wireless Networks 381

FHSS, DSSS, OFDM, VOFDM, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, and GSM 382

WLAN Structure 384

WLAN Standards 384

WLAN Security 387

Communications Cryptography 392

Link Encryption 392

End-to-End Encryption 393

Email Security 393

Internet Security 394

Secure Network Components 396

Hardware 397

Transmission Media 415

Network Access Control Devices 435

Endpoint Security 437

Content-Distribution Networks 438

Secure Communication Channels 438

Voice 439

Multimedia Collaboration 439

Remote Access 440

Data Communications 450

Virtualized Networks 450

Network Attacks 451

Cabling 451

Network Component Attacks 453

ICMP Attacks 454

DNS Attacks 456

Email Attacks 458

Wireless Attacks 459

Remote Attacks 460

Other Attacks 460

Exam Preparation Tasks 462

Chapter 5 Identity and Access Management (IAM) 474

Access Control Process 475

Identify Resources 475

Identify Users 476

Identify the Relationships Between Resources and Users 476

Physical and Logical Access to Assets 477

Access Control Administration 477

Information 478

Systems 478

Devices 479

Facilities 479

Identification and Authentication Concepts 480

NIST SP 800-63 480

Five Factors for Authentication 484

Single-Factor Versus Multi-Factor Authentication 495

Device Authentication 495

Identification and Authentication Implementation 496

Separation of Duties 496

Least Privilege/Need-to-Know 497

Default to No Access 497

Directory Services 498

Single Sign-on 498

Session Management 503

Registration and Proof of Identity 503

Credential Management Systems 504

Accountability 505

Identity as a Service (IDaaS) Implementation 507

Third-Party Identity Services Integration 507

Authorization Mechanisms 508

Permissions, Rights, and Privileges 508

Access Control Models 508

Access Control Policies 514

Provisioning Life Cycle 514

Provisioning 515

User and System Account Access Review 516

Account Revocation 516

Access Control Threats 516

Password Threats 517

Social Engineering Threats 518

DoS/DDoS 520

Buffer Overflow 520

Mobile Code 520

Malicious Software 521

Spoofing 521

Sniffing and Eavesdropping 521

Emanating 522

Backdoor/Trapdoor 522

Access Aggregation 522

Advanced Persistent Threat 523

Prevent or Mitigate Access Control Threats 523

Exam Preparation Tasks 524

Chapter 6 Security Assessment and Testing 532

Design and Validate Assessment and Testing Strategies 533

Security Testing 534

Security Assessments 534

Security Auditing 535

Internal, External, and Third-party Security Assessment, Testing, and Auditing 535

Conduct Security Control Testing 535

Vulnerability Assessment 535

Penetration Testing 539

Log Reviews 541

Synthetic Transactions 546

Code Review and Testing 546

Misuse Case Testing 549

Test Coverage Analysis 549

Interface Testing 549

Collect Security Process Data 550

NIST SP 800-137 550

Account Management 551

Management Review and Approval 551

Key Performance and Risk Indicators 552

Backup Verification Data 553

Training and Awareness 553

Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity 553

Analyze and Report Test Outputs 553

Conduct or Facilitate Security Audits 554

Exam Preparation Tasks 555

Chapter 7 Security Operations 564

Investigations 566

Forensic and Digital Investigations 566

Evidence Collection and Handling 574

Digital Forensic Tools, Tactics, and Procedures 579

Investigation Types 581

Operations/Administrative 581

Criminal 582

Civil 582

Regulatory 582

Industry Standards 582

eDiscovery 585

Logging and Monitoring Activities 585

Audit and Review 585

Intrusion Detection and Prevention 587

Security Information and Event Management (SIEM) 588

Continuous Monitoring 588

Egress Monitoring 588

Resource Provisioning 589

Asset Inventory and Management 590

Configuration Management 592

Security Operations Concepts 593

Need to Know/Least Privilege 593

Managing Accounts, Groups, and Roles 594

Separation of Duties and Responsibilities 594

Privilege Account Management 595

Job Rotation and Mandatory Vacation 595

Two-Person Control 596

Sensitive Information Procedures 596

Record Retention 596

Information Life Cycle 596

Service-Level Agreements 597

Resource Protection 597

Protecting Tangible and Intangible Assets 597

Asset Management 599

Incident Management 608

Event Versus Incident 608

Incident Response Team and Incident Investigations 609

Rules of Engagement, Authorization, and Scope 609

Incident Response Procedures 610

Incident Response Management 610

Detect 610

Respond 611

Mitigate 611

Report 611

Recover 612

Remediate 612

Lessons Learned and Review 612

Detective and Preventive Measures 612

IDS/IPS 612

Firewalls 613

Whitelisting/Blacklisting 613

Third-Party Security Services 613

Sandboxing 614

Honeypots/Honeynets 614

Anti-malware/Antivirus 614

Clipping Levels 614

Deviations from Standards 615

Unusual or Unexplained Events 615

Unscheduled Reboots 615

Unauthorized Disclosure 615

Trusted Recovery 615

Trusted Paths 616

Input/Output Controls 616

System Hardening 616

Vulnerability Management Systems 616

Patch and Vulnerability Management 617

Change Management Processes 618

Recovery Strategies 618

Create Recovery Strategies 619

Backup Storage Strategies 626

Recovery and Multiple Site Strategies 628

Redundant Systems, Facilities, and Power 630

Fault-Tolerance Technologies 631

Insurance 631

Data Backup 632

Fire Detection and Suppression 632

High Availability 632

Quality of Service 633

System Resilience 633

Disaster Recovery 633

Response 634

Personnel 634

Communications 636

Assessment 636

Restoration 637

Training and Awareness 637

Testing Disaster Recovery Plans 637

Read-Through Test 638

Checklist Test 638

Table-Top Exercise 638

Structured Walk-Through Test 638

Simulation Test 639

Parallel Test 639

Full-Interruption Test 639

Functional Drill 639

Evacuation Drill 639

Business Continuity Planning and Exercises 639

Physical Security 640

Perimeter Security Controls 640

Building and Internal Security Controls 645

Personnel Safety and Security 645

Duress 646

Travel 646

Monitoring 646

Emergency Management 646

Security Training and Awareness 647

Exam Preparation Tasks 647

Chapter 8 Software Development Security 658

Software Development Concepts 659

Machine Languages 659

Assembly Languages and Assemblers 660

High-Level Languages, Compilers, and Interpreters 660

Object-Oriented Programming 660

Distributed Object-Oriented Systems 663

Mobile Code 664

Security in the System and Software Development Life Cycles 668

System Development Life Cycle 668

Software Development Life Cycle 670

Software Development Methods and Maturity Models 674

Operation and Maintenance 684

Integrated Product Team 685

Security Controls in Development 686

Software Development Security Best Practices 686

Software Environment Security 687

Source Code Analysis Tools 688

Code Repository Security 688

Software Threats 688

Software Protection Mechanisms 694

Assess Software Security Effectiveness 695

Auditing and Logging 695

Risk Analysis and Mitigation 695

Regression and Acceptance Testing 696

Security Impact of Acquired Software 696

Secure Coding Guidelines and Standards 697

Security Weaknesses and Vulnerabilities at the Source Code Level 697

Security of Application Programming Interfaces 700

Secure Coding Practices 701

Exam Preparation Tasks 702

Chapter 9 Final Preparation 712

Tools for Final Preparation 713

Pearson Test Prep Practice Test Engine and Questions on the Website 713

Customizing Your Exams 715

Updating Your Exams 716

Memory Tables 717

Chapter-Ending Review Tools 717

Suggested Plan for Final Review/Study 717

Summary 718

Glossary 721



Online Elements

Appendix A Memory Tables

Appendix B Memory Tables Answer Key

Glossary




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