Handbook of Computational Sciences

Ahmed A. Elngar, PhD, is the founder and head of Scientific Innovation Research Group (SIRG) and assistant professor of Computer Science at the Faculty of Computers and Information, Beni-Suef University, Egypt. Vigneshwar. M., is head of R & D and Academic Initiatives, Cybase Technologies, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. He has around 9 years in industry & research and 8 years in academia. He has an M.E., degree in computer science and engineering, and has published more than 110 international/national conference and journal publications as well as numerous awards. Krishna Kant Singh, PhD, is an associate professor in the Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Jain (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India. Dr. Singh has acquired BTech, MTech, and PhD (IIT Roorkee) in the area of machine learning and remote sensing. He has authored more than 50 technical books and research papers in international conferences and SCIE journals. Zdzislaw Polkowski, PhD, is a professor in the Faculty of Technical Sciences, Jan Wyzykowski University, Polkowice, Poland. He has published more than 75 research articles in peer-reviewed journals.

Preface xv

1 A Sensor-Based Automated Irrigation System for Indian Agricultural Fields 1
I.S. Akila and Ahmed A. Elngar

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Literary Survey 2

1.3 Proposed System 4

1.3.1 System Architecture 4

1.3.2 Flow of Automated Irrigation 5

1.3.3 Interfacing Sensors 5

1.3.4 Physical Characteristics Determination Using Image Processing 8

1.3.4.1 Fractal Dimension Estimation 8

1.3.4.2 Box-Counting Method 9

1.3.4.3 Physical Parameters 9

1.4 Performance Studies 11

1.4.1 Experimental Environment 11

1.4.2 Accessing Shared Variables from NI Data Dashboard 12

1.4.2.1 Scenario 1 14

1.4.2.2 Scenario 2 14

1.4.2.3 Scenario 3 14

1.4.2.4 Scenario 4 14

1.5 Image Processing to Determine Physical Characteristics 15

1.6 Conclusion and Future Enhancements 20

1.6.1 Conclusion 20

1.6.2 Future Scope 20

References 20

2 An Enhanced Integrated Image Mining Approach to Address Macro Nutritional Deficiency Problems Limiting Maize Yield 23
Sridevy S., Anna Saro Vijendran and Ahmed A. Elngar

2.1 Introduction 24

2.2 Related Work 24

2.3 Motivation 26

2.4 Framework of Enhanced Integrated Image Mining Approaches to Address Macro Nutritional Deficiency Problems Limiting Maize Yield 26

2.5 Algorithm – Enhanced Integrated Image Mining Approaches to Address Macro Nutritional Deficiency Problems Limiting Maize Yield 28

2.6 Conclusion 34

References 35

3 Collaborative Filtering Skyline (CFS) for Enhanced Recommender Systems 37
Shobana G. and Ahmed A. Elngar

3.1 Introduction and Objective 38

3.1.1 Objective 39

3.2 Motivation 39

3.3 Literature Survey 40

3.4 System Analysis and Existing Systems 43

3.4.1 Drawbacks 45

3.5 Proposed System 46

3.5.1 Feasibility Study 46

3.5.2 Economic Feasibility 46

3.5.3 Operational Feasibility 47

3.5.4 Technical Feasibility 47

3.5.5 Problem Definition and Project Overview 48

3.5.6 Overview of the Project 48

3.5.7 Exact Skyline Computation 51

3.5.8 Approximate Skyline Computation 52

3.5.9 Module Description 53

3.5.9.1 Modules 53

3.5.10 Data Flow Diagram 54

3.5.10.1 External Entity (Source/Sink) 57

3.5.10.2 Process 57

3.5.10.3 Data Flow 57

3.5.10.4 Data Store 58

3.5.11 Rules Used For Constructing a DFD 58

3.5.12 Basic DFD Notation 59

3.5.13 Profiles 59

3.5.14 Uploaded My Videos 60

3.5.15 Rating My Videos 60

3.6 System Implementation 63

3.6.1 Implementation Procedures 63

3.6.1.1 User Training 64

3.6.1.2 User Manual 64

3.6.1.3 System Maintenance 64

3.6.1.4 Corrective Maintenance 65

3.6.1.5 Adaptive Maintenance 65

3.6.1.6 Perceptive Maintenance 65

3.6.1.7 Preventive Maintenance 65

3.7 Conclusion and Future Enhancements 65

3.7.1 Conclusion 65

3.7.2 Enhancements 66

References 66

4 Automatic Retinopathic Diabetic Detection: Data Analyses, Approaches and Assessment Measures Using Deep Learning 69
Rinesh S., Mahdi Ismael Omar, Thamaraiselvi K., V. Karthick and Vigneshwar Manoharan

4.1 Introduction 70

4.2 Related Work 72

4.3 Initial Steps and Experimental Environment 74

4.3.1 Analyzing the Principle Components 74

4.3.2 Firefly Algorithm 75

4.4 Experimental Environment 76

4.5 Data and Knowledge Sources 77

4.6 Data Preparation 78

4.7 CNN’s Integrated Design 79

4.8 Preparing Retinal Image Data 83

4.9 Performance Evaluation 85

4.10 Metrics 86

4.11 Investigation of Tests 90

4.12 Discussion 90

4.13 Results and Discussion 92

4.14 Conclusions 94

References 95

5 Design and Implementation of Smart Parking Management System Based on License Plate Detection 99
Pallavi S. Bangare, Sanjana Naik, Shashwati Behare, Akanksha Swami, Jayesh Gaikwad, Sunil L. Bangare, G. Pradeepini and Ahmed A. Elngar

5.1 Introduction 100

5.2 Literature Survey 101

5.2.1 Cloud-Based Smart-Parking System Based on Internet-of-Things/Technologies 101

5.2.2 A Cloud-Based Intelligent Car Parking System 101

5.2.3 Research and Implement of the Intelligent Parking Reservation Management System Based on ZigBee Technology 102

5.2.4 Zigbee and GSM-Based Secure Vehicle Parking Management and Reservation System 102

5.2.5 Car Park Management with Networked Wireless Sensors and Active RFID 102

5.2.6 Automated Parking System with Bluetooth Access 103

5.2.7 Smart Parking: A Secure and Intelligent Parking System 103

5.3 Proposed System 103

5.3.1 Methodology 104

5.3.2 Vehicle Number Plate Recognition Technique 106

5.4 High Level Design of Proposed System 107

5.4.1 Data Flow Diagram 107

5.4.2 UML Diagrams 108

5.5 Project Requirement Specification 111

5.5.1 Software Requirements 111

5.5.2 Hardware Requirements 111

5.6 Algorithms 111

5.7 Proposed System Results 113

5.8 Conclusion 118

References 118

6 A Novel Algorithm for Stationary Analysis of the Characteristics of the Queue-Dependent Random Probability for Co-Processor-Shared Memory Using Computational Sciences 121
Nandhini Varadharajan, Vigneshwar Manoharan, Rajadurai and Ahmed A. Elngar

6.1 Introduction - Processor-Shared Service Queue with Independent Service Rate Using Probability Queuing Theory 122

6.2 The Applications of Queuing Models in Processor-Shared Memory 123

6.3 The Basic Structure of Queuing Models 123

6.4 Characteristics of Queuing System 124

6.5 The Arrival Pattern of Customers 124

6.6 The Service Pattern of Servers Queue Discipline, System Capacity, and the Number of Servers 124

6.7 Kendall’s Notation 125

6.8 The Formation of Retrial Queues as a Solution 126

6.9 The Stationary Analysis of the Characteristics of the M/M/2 Queue with Constant Repeated Attempts 126

6.10 Computation of the Steady-State Probabilities 128

6.11 Application of Retrial Queues 134

6.12 Conclusion 134

References 136

7 Smart e-Learning System with IoT-Enabled for Personalized Assessment 137
Veeramanickam M.R.M., Visalatchi S. and Ahmed A. Elngar

7.1 Introduction 137

7.2 Literature Study 139

7.3 Architecture Model 140

7.4 Assessment Technique: CBR Algorithm 143

7.5 Implementation Modules: Project Outcome 144

7.5.1 Creating a Web Application 144

7.5.2 Integrating Raspberry Pi and Scribble Pad 146

7.5.3 Deploying Web App over Internet/FTP Server 148

7.5.4 Assessment Technique – Online Exam 148

7.6 Conclusion 150

References 150

8 Implementation of File Sharing System Using Li-Fi Based on Internet of Things (IoT) 153
Sunil L. Bangare, Shirin Siddiqui, Ayush Srivastava, Avinash Kumar, Pushkraj Bhagat, G. Pradeepini, S. T. Patil and Ahmed A. Elngar

8.1 Introduction 154

8.1.1 Motivation 154

8.1.2 Problem Statement 155

8.1.3 Background 155

8.2 Existing System/Related Work 156

8.2.1 SHARE It 156

8.2.2 Super Beam 156

8.2.3 Xender 156

8.3 Literature Survey 156

8.4 Proposed System 163

8.4.1 Input Data 163

8.4.2 Conversion to Binary Encoded Information 163

8.4.3 Led Driver 164

8.4.4 Photo Diode Receiver 164

8.5 Workflow 165

8.6 Proposed Solution 171

8.6.1 Hardware Setup 171

8.6.2 Transistor-Transistor Logic Serial Communication 172

8.6.3 Arduino Uno 172

8.7 Software Implementation 173

8.7.1 Video Transmission 173

8.7.2 Text/Text File Transmission 174

8.7.3 Audio Transmission 175

8.7.4 Image Transmission 175

8.8 Block Diagram – Indoor Navigation System Using Li-Fi 176

8.9 Implementation 177

8.10 Unicode Transmission 178

8.10.1 Receiver – Solar Panel 179

8.10.2 Text to Speech 179

8.11 Conclusion 180

References 181

9 Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in the Diagnosis of Pleural Mesothelioma 185
Ushasukhanya S., S.S. Sridhar and Ahmed A. Elngar

9.1 Introduction 185

9.2 Methods 188

9.3 Analysis 192

9.4 Conclusion 194

References 194

10 Handwritten Character Recognition and Genetic Algorithms 197
Magesh Kasthuri and Vigneshwar Manoharan

10.1 Introduction 198

10.2 Recognition Framework for a Handwritten Character Recognition 199

10.3 Offline Character Recognition 200

10.4 Literature Review 201

10.5 Feature Extraction 206

10.6 Pattern Recognition 207

10.7 Noise Reduction 208

10.8 Segmentation 209

10.9 Pre-Processing 210

10.10 Hybrid Recognition 211

10.11 Applying Genetic Algorithm 211

10.12 Multilingual Characters 214

10.12.1 Multilingual Characters – Hindi 214

10.12.2 Multilingual Characters – Tamil Language 215

10.12.3 Multilingual Characters – Malayalam Language 215

10.12.4 Multilingual Characters – Telugu Language 216

10.12.5 Multilingual Characters – Kannada Language 217

10.12.6 Multilingual Characters – Egypt Language 218

10.12.7 Multilingual Characters – Polish Language 219

10.13 Results 220

References 221

11 An Intelligent Agent-Based Approach for COVID- 19

Patient Distribution Management 225
Claudiu-Ionut Popirlan, Adriana Burlea Schiopoiu, Cristina Popirlan and Ahmed A. Elngar

11.1 Introduction 226

11.2 Intelligent Agent’s Architecture Proposal for COVID- 19

Patient Distribution Management 227

11.2.1 A Clinical Scenario of COVID-19 Patient Distributed Management 231

11.2.2 Communication Management 232

11.3 Intelligent Agents Task Management 234

11.3.1 Intelligent Agents Cooperation Management 236

11.3.1.1 Establishing Commitments 236

11.3.1.2 Adaptive Management of Commitment Changes 237

11.4 Java Agent Development Framework 237

11.4.1 Software Implementation 239

11.4.2 Results Comparison 241

11.5 Conclusions 242

References 243

12 Computational Science Role in Medical and Healthcare- Related Approach 245
Pawan Whig, Arun Velu, Rahul Reddy Nadikattu and Yusuf Jibrin Alkali

12.1 Introduction 246

12.2 Background 251

12.3 Healthcare Nowadays 253

12.4 Healthcare Activities and Processes 253

12.5 Organization and Financial Aspects of Healthcare 254

12.6 Health Information Technology is Currently Being Used 255

12.7 Future Healthcare 256

12.8 Research Challenges 257

12.9 Modeling 259

12.10 Automation 260

12.11 Teamwork and Data Exchange 260

12.12 Scaled Data Management 260

12.13 Comprehensive Automated Recording of Exchanges Between Doctors and Patients 260

12.14 Johns Hopkins University: A Case Study 261

12.15 Case Study: Managing Patient Flow 263

12.16 Case Study: Using Electronic Health Records and Human Factors Engineering 263

12.17 Technology, Leadership, Culture, and Increased Learning are Necessary for the Spread of Systems Approaches 265

12.18 Conclusion 267

References 267

13 Impact of e-Business Services on Product Management 273
Sanchit Sarhadi and Priyadarshini Adyasha Pattanaik

13.1 Introduction 274

13.2 Literature Review 275

13.3 Data Collection and Method Details 283

13.4 Results 294

13.5 Conclusion 295

References 295

14 Analysis of Lakeshore Images Obtained from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 299
Ivana Čermáková and Roman Danel

14.1 Introduction 299

14.2 Possibilities of Processing Images Acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 302

14.3 Defining Purpose, Location and Users of the Study 302

14.4 Suitable and Available Data and Vehicle 303

14.5 Usable Image Processing Methods 304

14.6 Invasive-Plant Detection 309

14.7 Evaluation and Interpretation of the Results 311

14.8 Analysis of Lakeshore – Koblov Lake 313

14.9 Area of Interest 313

14.10 Data Acquisition 314

14.11 Data Pre-Processing 315

14.12 Data Processing and Evaluation 316

14.13 Evaluation and Interpretation of the Results 318

14.14 Conclusion 321

References 321

15 Robotic Arm: Impact on Industrial and Domestic Applications 323
Nidhi Chahal, Ruchi Bisht, Arun Kumar Rana and Aryan Srivastava

15.1 Introduction 324

15.2 Circuit Diagram 326

15.3 Literature Survey 327

15.4 Operation of Robot 329

15.5 The Benefits of Industrial Robotic Arms 330

15.6 Component Details 330

15.7 Working of Robotic Arm 332

15.8 Intel Takes Robotic Arms to The Next Level 334

15.9 Robotic Arm Applications 334

15.10 Conclusion 335

References 336

16 Effects of Using VR on Computer Science Students’ Learning Behavior in Indonesia: An Experimental Study for TEFL 341
Muthmainnah, Ahmad Al Yakin, Luís Cardoso, Ahmed A. Elngar, Ibrahim Oteir and Abdullah Nijr Al-Otaibi

16.1 Introduction 342

16.2 VR as FUTELA 344

16.3 Using the Internet to Study and Learning Behavior 346

16.4 Methods 347

16.5 Research Participants 348

16.6 Techniques for Analyzing Data 349

16.7 The Indicator of Efficiency 350

16.8 Results and Discussion 350

16.9 Discussion 357

16.10 Conclusion 360

References 361

17 Satisfaction of Students Toward Media and Technology Innovation Amidst COVID- 19 365
Muthmainnah, Ahmad Al Yakin, Saikat Gochhait, Andi Asrifan, Ahmed A. Elngar and Luís Cardoso

17.1 Introduction 366

17.2 Literature Review 370

17.2.1 Accelerating Digital Transformation in the Education Sector 370

17.2.2 Digital Media and Technology in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) 371

17.3 Methods 378

17.4 Results and Findings 379

17.5 Discussion 383

17.6 Conclusion 386

References 386

Index 391