ELECTRIMACS 2019 (eBook)

Preface 6
Organising Committee 7
Contents 10
About the Editors 16
Part I Modelling and Simulation 17
Modelling of Photovoltaic Systems for Real-Time Hardware Simulation 18
1 Introduction 18
2 PV System Modelling 20
3 Real-Time Simulation Architecture 22
4 Simulation and Results 24
5 Conclusion 27
References 29
Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of High-Power Modular Converters and Drives 31
1 Introduction 32
2 Some Requirements for HIL Simulation of Drives 32
3 Some MW Converter Topologies Simulated in HIL 33
3.1 Two-Level Parallel IGBT Modular Motor Drive and Active-Front-End Rectifier 33
3.1.1 Modelling Techniques 34
3.2 Multi-level Motor Drive with Low Input Harmonic 34
3.2.1 Modelling Techniques 36
3.3 Multi-level Modular Converter (MMC) 36
3.3.1 Modelling Techniques 36
3.4 T-Type 3-Level Inverter for PV-to-Grid Converter 37
4 Miscellaneous Topics 38
4.1 Time-Stamping Technique and Real-Time Simulators 38
4.2 Machine Models and SSN 39
4.3 Decoupling for Power Circuits and Drives 40
4.4 CPU vs. FPGA Modelling 41
4.5 The Case for CPU-Based High-PWM-Frequency Drives 42
5 Conclusions 42
References 42
Concept and Implementation of a Rotor Position Detection Method for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines Based on Linear Halls 44
1 Introduction 44
2 The Principle of Angle Solving System 45
2.1 Selection of Magnetic Field Detection Points 45
2.2 Mathematical Model of Armature-Reaction Field 47
2.3 Angle Solving Algorithm 48
2.4 Angle Solving System Diagram 50
3 Simulation and Analysis 51
3.1 Fitting Coefficients Acquisition 51
3.2 Angle Solving Process 52
4 Experiment 53
4.1 Experiment Platform 53
4.2 Experiment Results 54
5 Conclusions 55
References 56
A Discrete-Time Robust MRAC Applied on Grid-Side Current Control of a Grid-Connected Three-Phase Converter with LCL Filter 57
1 Introduction 57
2 Modelling of Three-Phase Grid-Connected Converter with LCL Filter 58
3 Robust Model Reference Adaptive Control 59
3.1 Parametric Adaptation Algorithm 61
3.2 Rejection of Periodic Disturbances 62
4 Control Project 63
5 Simulation Results 64
6 Conclusion 67
References 69
Electrothermal Characterization of Double-Sided Cooling Si Power Module 70
1 Introduction 70
2 Wire-Bondless, Double-Sided Cooling Power Module 72
2.1 Overview of the Power Module 72
2.2 Numerical Modeling 73
3 Non-intrusive Tj Measurement 75
3.1 Principle 75
3.2 Test Bench 77
3.2.1 Hydraulic Parts 78
3.2.2 Electric Parts 78
4 Experimental and Numerical Results: Comparison of Thermal Resistance Rth 79
5 Conclusions 80
References 81
Integrated Design Process and Sensitivity Analysis of a Hybrid Electric Propulsion System for Future Aircraft 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Integrated Design Process 84
3 Integrated Design-Oriented Models: Some Examples 85
3.1 Environment Model 86
3.2 Propeller Model 86
3.3 Gearbox Model 87
3.4 Turboshaft Model 88
3.5 Electric Component Models 90
4 Sensitivity Analysis at System Level 91
5 Conclusions 95
References 96
Direct Torque Control Applied to DFIG Supplied via a Three-Level Inverter Under Random Behavior Wind Speed 97
1 Introduction 97
2 Description of the Proposed System 99
3 Direct Torque Control of the Three-Level Inverter 99
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 102
5 Conclusions 104
References 105
Sensorless Control Strategy for Switched Reluctance Traction Drive Based on High Frequency Injection 107
1 Introduction 107
2 Switched Reluctance Drive Description 108
3 Signal Injection 109
4 Low Speed Sensorless Method 110
5 Performance Evaluation 114
5.1 Modeling of the SRM Drive 114
5.2 Simulation Results 115
6 Conclusions 118
References 118
Optimization of Offshore Wind Farms with HVAC and HVDC Transmission Networks 120
1 Introduction 120
2 Transmission Technologies 121
3 Offshore Wind Farm Electrical Models 122
3.1 Turbines 122
3.2 Submarine Cables 123
3.3 Multilevel Modular Converters (MMCs) 123
3.4 Transformers 124
4 Offshore Wind Farm Economic Models 125
4.1 Submarine Cables 125
4.2 Offshore Substations 125
4.3 Transformers 126
4.4 MMCs 126
4.5 Reactive Power Compensation 126
5 Offshore Wind Farm Optimization (Borssele I & II)
5.1 Economic Functions 127
5.2 Power Flows 128
6 Results 129
6.1 Performance Evaluation of Borssele I & II with Genetic Algorithm Optimization
6.2 Comparison Between HVAC and HVDC 130
7 Conclusion 132
References 132
Low-Side MOSFET Current Sensing Technique for Automotive Applications 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Mathematical Model of the Power MOSFET 136
2.1 General Information and Mathematical Model of Power MOSFET 136
2.2 Characteristics of Power MOSFET Intended for Low-Side MOSFET Current Sensing Technique 137
3 Proposed Current Sensing Technique 140
4 Validation of the Proposed Approach 141
5 Conclusion 145
References 146
Input-State Feedback Linearization of a Boost DC/DC Converter 148
1 Introduction 148
2 System Architecture and Mathematical Model 149
2.1 Piece-Wise Smooth Dynamical Model 150
2.2 Averaged Model 150
2.3 Non-dimensionalized Affine Model 151
3 Input-State Feedback Linearization 152
3.1 Linearizing Transformation Search 152
3.2 Feedback Linearized System Model 153
4 Controller Design 153
4.1 Equivalent Reference Computation 154
4.2 System Controller Design 154
4.3 Online Load Estimation 156
4.4 Control Scheme 157
5 Numerical Validation 157
5.1 Reference Voltage Transitions 158
5.2 Load Transition 160
5.3 Input Voltage Variation 160
6 Conclusions 161
References 162
2-D Analytical Model of Conventional Switched Reluctance Machines 163
1 Introduction 163
2 Analytical Model 164
3 Simulation Results 166
4 Conclusion 170
References 171
Effects of Synchronous Motors Parameters Variations on Efficiency Maps 173
1 Introduction 173
2 Synchronous Motors Model 174
2.1 Per-Unit System 174
2.2 Parameters variations 176
3 Efficiency Maps Computation 177
4 Parametric Study 180
5 Conclusions 185
References 185
Structural Analysis and Modular Control Law for Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) 187
1 Introduction 187
2 MMC Modelling 189
3 Structural Analysis 191
3.1 Natural Model Analysis 191
3.1.1 Local Differentiation (Jacobian Analysis) 191
3.1.2 Coupling Analysis 192
3.2 Transformed (?/ ?) Model Analysis 193
3.2.1 Local Differentiation (Jacobian Analysis) 193
3.2.2 Coupling Analysis 194
3.2.3 Parametric Condition for Decoupling 195
4 Proposed Control and Simulation Results 195
5 Conclusion 198
References 198
Simulation of an Islanded DC Microgrid Using Instantaneous and Average Modeling Approaches 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Microgrid Configuration and Strategy of Control 202
3 Instantaneous and Average Modeling of Converters 205
3.1 Average Model Converter Configuration 205
3.2 Sampling Time Selection 207
4 Simulation Tests and Results 208
5 Conclusion 211
References 213
Part II Control and Power Management 215
Digital Control of an FFC NMR Relaxometer Power Supply 216
1 Introduction 217
2 The Apparatus 218
3 Digital PID Controller 221
3.1 Digital Control Chain 221
3.2 Control Operations 222
3.3 Experimental Setup 226
4 Experimental Results 227
5 Conclusions 231
References 232
Blended Antilock Braking System Control Method for All-Wheel Drive Electric Sport Utility Vehicle 234
1 Introduction 234
2 Vehicle Model and Experimental Set-Up 236
2.1 Single-Wheel Model 236
2.2 State Estimation 237
2.3 Electric Vehicle Model 238
2.4 Electrohydraulic Brake System Test Bed 239
3 Blended Anti-lock Braking System Control Method 240
3.1 Control Method 240
3.2 Torque Blending 242
4 Results 243
5 Conclusions 245
References 245
Voltage Boost by Neutral Point Supply of AC Machine 247
1 Introduction 247
2 Main Idea and Scheme 249
2.1 Scheme of the Proposed Concept 249
2.2 Power Flow 249
3 AC Machine Drive Modelling and Steady-State Study 250
3.1 AC Machine Drive Modelling 250
3.2 Capacitor Voltage Control 251
3.3 Steady-State Behavior 252
3.4 Comparisons Between the NPS Scheme and a Classical Star-Connected Machine 252
4 Control 254
4.1 Proposed Control Scheme 254
4.2 RMS Current Analysis 255
5 Experimental Validation 256
5.1 Test Bench Description 256
5.2 Experimental Results 256
6 Conclusion 258
References 259
Performance Analysis of a Micro-Grid System Composed of Renewable Energy Sources with Hybrid Energy Storage System 261
1 Introduction 261
2 Description of the Proposed Micro-Grid System 263
2.1 Supercapacitor Model 264
2.2 Modeling of the Battery Bank 264
3 Description of the Power Management and Vdc Control 265
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 266
5 Conclusions 268
References 269
Management and Control of Smart Transformer-Fed LV Distribution Networks During Grid Faults 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Post-fault Management in MVAC Grid 273
2.1 Basic Configuration of Three-Stage Smart Transformer 273
2.2 Configuration of Radial Networks 273
2.3 Dual-Microgrids and Power Loop Controller 274
3 Post-fault Management in LVac Grid 277
4 Conclusions 280
References 280
Efficient Power Management Strategies for High-Energy-Demanding Industrial Plants 282
1 Introduction 282
2 Power Management in Traditional Galvanizing Plants 284
3 Proposed Power Management Setup for Galvanizing Plant 285
4 Modeling of the Plant and Simulation Study 286
4.1 Modeling Methodology 287
4.2 Comparative Simulation Study 291
5 Conclusions 298
References 299
Droop Control Strategy for Voltage Source Converters Containing Renewable Power Sources 301
1 Introduction 302
2 System Model 303
3 Control Scheme 304
3.1 Control of Currents iid and iiq 304
3.2 Control of Voltage vod 304
3.3 Frequency Control 305
3.4 Control of Active/Reactive Power 305
4 Results 307
4.1 Load Impact at PCC 308
4.2 Changes in the Power References of the VSIs 309
4.3 Impact of a Capacitor Bank at the PCC 311
5 Conclusions 313
References 313
Part III Design, Optimisation, Identification and Diagnosis 314
ISO26262-Compliant Development of a High Dependable Automotive Powertrain Item 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Background 316
3 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment 318
3.1 Situation Analysis and Hazard Identification 319
3.2 Hazard Classification 320
3.2.1 Safety Goal 1 320
3.2.2 Safety Goal 2 320
3.3 ASIL Classification 320
4 Failure Mode and Effect Analysis 321
5 Conclusions 325
References 325
A Fault Localization Method for Single-Phase to Ground Faultsin LV Smart Distribution Grids 327
1 Introduction 327
2 Grid Characteristics 328
3 Fault Localization Method 330
3.1 Faulty Branch Identification 330
3.2 Faulty Sector Localization 331
3.3 Fault Distance Estimation 333
4 Results 333
4.1 Phase Voltage vs. Positive Sequence Component 334
4.2 High Impedance vs. Low Impedance Faults 334
4.3 Imbalance Analysis 335
4.4 Heterogeneity Analysis 336
5 Conclusions 337
References 337
Smart Sensors in Smart Cities Collaborate for Indoor Air Quality 339
1 Introduction 339
2 The Indoor Air Quality 340
3 The Monitoring System 342
3.1 The Multi-Component Platform for IAQ 343
4 The Interaction with the CAT Outdoor System 344
5 Experimental Setup 346
6 Conclusions 347
References 348
A Low-Cost Monitoring and Fault Detection System for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems Using IoT Technique 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Experimental Design and Setup 351
2.1 System Description 351
2.2 Experimental Step 352
3 Results and Discussion 353
4 Conclusions 356
References 357
A New Approach for Effective Position/Speed Sensor Fault Detection in PMSM Drives 359
1 Introduction 359
2 PMSM Drive Operating Under Rotor Position Sensor Fault 361
2.1 Mathematical PMSM Modeling 361
2.2 The Proposed PCV-Based Sensor Fault Detection 362
3 Simulation Results 363
3.1 Robustness of the PCV Technique Against Load Variations 364
3.2 Impact of the Position Sensor Fault on the High-Power Rating PMSM Behavior 365
3.3 Position Sensor Information Total Loss Fault Detection Using the New Defined Angle 365
4 Experimental Results 367
4.1 Impact of the Position Sensor Fault on the PMSM Behavior 367
4.2 Experimental Validation of the Proposed PCV-Based Sensor Fault Detection Technique Effectiveness 369
5 Conclusion 371
References 371
Fractional Order System Identification Method for Online Monitoring of Humidity of Electrochemical Hydrogen Pumps 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Methodology 375
3 Experimental Setup 376
4 Results 379
4.1 Equivalent Circuit Model Selection 380
4.2 Parameter Estimation 381
5 Conclusions 382
References 383
Report on Lithium-Ion Battery Ageing Tests 385
1 Introduction 385
2 Experimental Setup 386
3 Experimental Tests 387
4 Tests Discussion 389
5 Conclusion 391
References 392
Electrochemical Impedance Parameter Extraction for Online Control of Reformed Methanol High Temperature PEM Fuel Cells 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Experimental Procedure 395
3 Discussion 396
4 Conclusions 400
References 401
Multi-objective Optimization of a DC-DC Boost Converter Including Control Strategy and Stability Constraint 403
1 Introduction 403
2 System Description 405
3 Optimization Algorithm and Independent Variables 405
4 Control Strategy 407
5 Capacitor Design 408
6 Objective Functions 411
7 Constraint Functions 412
8 Optimization and Simulation Results 414
9 Conclusions 414
References 415
Performance Testing of a Piezoelectric Device for Extracting Energy from Vibrations 417
1 Introduction 417
2 Mechanical Configuration 419
3 Piezoelectric Patch Production 420
4 Conversion System 420
5 Experimental Setup 423
6 Results and Discussion 424
7 Conclusions 427
References 427
Hybrid DC-DC Converters with Topology Morphing Control and Post-fault Operation Capability 430
1 Introduction 430
2 Generalized Operation Principle of the Semi-active Hybrid Rectifier 432
2.1 Full-Bridge Rectifier (FBR) Mode 433
2.2 Voltage Doubler Rectifier (VDR) Mode 434
3 Experimental Results 435
3.1 Steady-State Waveforms 436
3.2 Power Conversion Efficiency 437
3.3 Efficiency Optimization by Topology Morphing Control (TMC) 439
3.4 Post-fault Reconfiguration Test 439
4 Active Reconfigurable Rectifier as a Power Electronic Building Block for Bidirectional Hybrid DC–DC Converters 440
5 Conclusions and Future Work 441
References 442
Generator Topologies for Horizontal Axis Tidal Turbine 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Tidal Current Source 445
3 Tidal Current Conversion Systems 445
4 Review of Electrical Generator Technologies 447
4.1 Induction Generator (IG) 448
4.2 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) 449
4.3 Synchronous Generator (SG) 449
5 Marine Current Turbine Technologies 450
6 Conclusions 453
References 453
Part IV Advances in Photovoltaic Applications 456
Real-Time Procedure to Detect Losses in Photovoltaic Generators Using the Instantaneous and the Translated Performance Ratio 457
1 Introduction 457
2 Proposed Methodology 459
3 Model Validation and Experimental Results 461
4 Conclusions 465
References 465
Matlab/Simulink Interface Design and Implementation for PV Arrays Reconfiguration 467
1 Introduction 467
1.1 Reconfiguration of Photovoltaic Arrays 468
2 Proposed Application of Modeling Procedure 469
2.1 Modeling Procedure 469
2.2 Identification of Connection Matrices 470
2.3 Obtainment of the Optimum Configuration Scheme 472
3 Performance of the Proposed Application 472
3.1 Experimental Setup 472
3.1.1 Reconfiguration Board 472
3.1.2 Interface Design with Arduino 474
3.2 Experimental Results 475
4 Conclusion 476
References 480
Experimental Verification of a Method to Model the Operation of PV Modules During Irradiance Transitions 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Methods 482
2.1 Simulation Model for the PV Modules 482
2.2 Irradiance Transitions 484
3 Results 485
3.1 Accuracy of the One-Diode Model 485
3.2 Accuracy of the Irradiance Transition Model 487
3.3 Discussion 488
4 Conclusions 488
References 489
Optimal Power Dispatching in the DC Microgrid with Clear Sky Irradiance Model 490
1 Introduction 490
2 Weather Forecast 491
2.1 Clear Sky Irradiance Model 492
2.2 Météo-France Forecast 493
2.3 Case Study 493
3 Prediction in the Optimization Problem for DC Microgrid Power Dispatching 497
4 Simulation Validation 499
5 Conclusions 501
References 501
Centralized Control in Photovoltaic Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking Systems 503
1 Introduction 503
2 System Description 504
3 Joint Operation of DMPPT and CMPPT 506
3.1 Background 506
3.2 Proposed Centralized Multi-Variable Control 507
4 Simulation Results 508
4.1 DC Bus Voltage Control 509
4.2 Dynamic Performance of the Proposed Control Algorithm 511
5 Conclusion 512
References 514
Optimal PV Panel Reconfiguration Using Wireless Irradiance Distributed Sensing 516
1 Introduction 516
2 Analytical Irradiance Extraction 518
2.1 One Diode Circuital Model for PV Cells and Arrays 518
2.2 Closed-Form Irradiance Formulation 519
3 Shading Compensation Techniques 520
3.1 Bypass Diodes 520
3.2 Reconfiguration Techniques 520
4 Smart Switching Reconfiguration: Method and Results 521
5 Implementation on a Low-Cost 32-Bit MCU 523
5.1 Irradiance Estimation Equipment 523
5.2 Switching Matrix Control 525
6 Conclusions 525
References 526
Unity Efficiency and Low-Cost MPPT Method for Single-Stage Grid-Connected PV System 529
1 Introduction 529
2 Grid-Connected PV System Modeling 531
2.1 Description of the Controlled Grid-Connected PV System 531
2.2 PV Panel Model 531
2.3 Grid-Connected PWM Inverter Modeling 532
2.4 Unity Power Factor Operation 533
3 ADALINE-Based MPPT 534
3.1 The ADALINE Theory 534
3.2 Proposed MPPT Method 535
4 Simulation Results 536
5 Conclusions 541
References 541
Distributed Converters in Large PV Plants: Performance Analysis Supported by Behavioral Models 543
1 Introduction 543
2 Case Study 544
3 Behavioral Modeling Approach 547
3.1 Integrated State-Space Average Model 548
3.2 Parameter Identification 549
4 Performance Analysis in Case Study 550
4.1 Implementation and Accuracy of the Behavioral Model 550
4.2 Execution Time Performance 551
4.3 DC Cable Voltage Drops 552
5 Performance Analysis in Case Study 552
5.1 Daily PR of the PV Arrays in the Experimental Subfield 552
5.2 Central Inverter Operation 553
6 Conclusions 555
References 555
Diagnose Algorithm and Fault Characterization for Photovoltaic Arrays: A Simulation Study 557
1 Introduction 557
2 Assumptions and Models 559
3 Characterization of Fault Conditions 561
3.1 Short-Circuit Faults 562
3.2 Open-circuit 562
4 Simulation Experiment 563
4.1 Fault 1: Short-Circuited PV Module 563
4.2 Fault 2: Short-Circuit to Ground 565
4.3 Fault 3: Open-Circuit 566
5 Algorithm for the Diagnosis Based on Rules for the PV Array 566
6 Conclusions 569
References 570
Computation of the Lambert W Function in Photovoltaic Modeling 573
1 Introduction 573
2 Single-Diode PV Model 574
3 Calculation of the Lambert W Function 575
3.1 The MATLAB lambertw Function 576
3.2 The Asymptotic Formula 576
3.3 The Hybrid Calculation Formula 577
3.4 The Simple Approximation Formula 578
3.5 The Analytical Approximation Formula 578
4 Simulation Results 579
4.1 Evaluation at Real Positive Arguments 579
4.2 Evaluation of the I-V Curve of a PV Array 581
5 Experimental Results 582
6 Conclusions 584
Appendix 584
References 585
Part V Advances in Power Electronics for Energy Storage and Hardware Emulation 586
Lithium-Ion Capacitors: Characterization and Modeling at Both High and Low Temperatures 587
1 Introduction 587
2 Experimental Procedure 589
2.1 In Frequency Domain 589
2.2 In Time Domain 590
3 Results and Discussion 591
3.1 Ragone Plot 591
3.1.1 Ragone Plot for LIC 3300 F 591
3.1.2 Comparison Between LIC, Battery, and Supercapacitor 593
3.2 Nyquist Plot 594
3.2.1 At Low Temperatures 594
3.2.2 At High Temperatures 595
3.3 Capacitance vs Voltage 595
3.4 Modeling and Test 596
3.4.1 Model 597
4 Conclusions 598
References 599
Theoretical Comparison Analysis of Six-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter Based on SiC Semiconductor and Inverse Coupled Inductor for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle 600
1 Introduction 600
2 Theoretical Comparison Analysis of the Proposed Converter 601
2.1 Comparison Analysis of Inductor Current 601
2.2 Comparison Analysis of Fuel Cell Stack Current 604
2.3 Comparison Analysis of Inductor Volume 606
2.4 Comparison Analysis of Converter Efficiency 608
3 Conclusion 610
References 611
Spatial and Temporal Temperature Homogenization in an Automotive Lithium-Ion Pouch Cell Battery Module 612
Abbreviations 612
1 Introduction 613
2 Temperature-Dependent Aging and Performance 613
2.1 Aging Phenomena 613
2.2 Aging Mechanisms and Their Temperature Dependency 614
2.3 Impact on Cycle Life for Elevated Temperatures 615
3 Module Concept and Construction 616
3.1 Description of the Concept and Construction 616
3.2 Integration of Advanced Thermal Material Solutions 617
3.2.1 Panasonic Pyrolytic Graphite Sheets (PGS) 618
3.2.2 Hutchinson PCM PCsMart® 618
3.2.3 Hutchinson Gap Filler Material 619
3.2.4 Polytec PT Thermal Conductive Adhesive 619
3.3 Temporal and Spatial Temperature Homogenization 619
4 Experimental Setup and Test Procedure 620
5 Results and Discussion 621
5.1 Spatial Temperature Homogenization 621
5.2 Maximum Thermal Resistance 622
5.3 Overhead Evaluation and Specifications 623
6 Conclusion 623
References 625
A Two-Level Fuzzy Logic Machine-Based Control Algorithm for Resilient Microgrids in ICT Applications 627
1 Introduction 627
2 Numerical Simulations 630
2.1 Data Overview 630
2.2 Implementation of First-Layer FLM: Raw Signals from Weather Forecast—Collection and Treatment 632
2.3 Second-Layer FLM: Signals from Energy System: Collection and Treatment 632
3 Results 635
3.1 Analysis of Extreme Cases in Normal Mode 635
3.2 Dynamic Behavior of the System to Abrupt Signal Variation 635
3.3 Analysis in Emergency Mode: Limits, Constraints, and System Corrections 637
4 Conclusions 638
References 639
Luenberger Observer for Lithium Battery State-of-Charge Estimation 640
1 Introduction 640
2 Model Formulation 641
2.1 Equivalent Circuit Representation 641
2.2 Evaluation of Parameters 642
3 SOC Estimation 644
4 Results 646
5 Conclusions 651
References 651
Coordinated Control of Supercapacitor-Battery Tandem by Smart Converters in Microgrid Scenario 653
1 Introduction 653
2 The Control Logic 654
2.1 Master-Slave Architecture Design 654
2.2 BESS-Supercapacitor Coordinated Management 655
3 The Proof of Concept 657
3.1 First Simulation 658
3.2 Second Simulation 659
4 Conclusions 660
References 661
Part VI Advances in Batteries and Supercapacitor Technologies, Graphene-Based Devices, and Safety Issues in Electrical Engineering 663
Comparison and Modeling of Commercial Supercapacitors via Standardized Potentiostatic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 664
1 Introduction 665
2 Sample Cells Used for Tests 666
3 Preparation for the Test Optimization of Input/Output Cables 666
3.1 Test Instrumentation and Procedures 666
3.2 First Test with Hose Clamps 667
3.3 Test with Lugs 668
3.4 Optimized Cable Design 668
4 Results and Interpretation of PEIS Tests 668
4.1 “A” Supercapacitor Cell 669
4.2 “B” Supercapacitor Cell 670
4.3 “C” Hybrid Supercapacitor Cell 671
5 Test of Standardized Impedance Spectroscopy on All Three Devices 672
6 Modeling Capacitive/Resistive Behavior Starting from Impedance Spectroscopy Tests 674
7 Conclusions 675
References 676
Economic Analysis of a Hybrid Storage System Associated to PV Sources and Supervised by Fuzzy Logic Power Management 677
1 Introduction 677
2 Hybrid Power System Description 679
3 Hybrid Storage System Supervisor 680
3.1 Supervisor Methodology and Objectives 680
3.2 Supervisor with Boolean Method 680
3.3 Supervisor with Fuzzy Logic 681
4 Financial Parameters of Production and Remuneration 682
4.1 Remuneration and Penalties 682
4.2 Notion of LCOE 683
5 Case Studies and Simulation Results 684
5.1 PV Production Profiles 684
5.2 Filter Choosing 685
5.3 Comparison of Different Storage Configurations 685
5.4 Comparison of the Boolean method with the Fuzzy Logic Method 687
6 Conclusions 689
References 690
Development of High-Capacity Lithium Sulfur Batteries 692
1 Introduction 692
2 Materials and Methods 693
2.1 Preparation of the Electrode Tape 693
2.2 Synthesis of Li2S8 693
2.3 Chemical-Physical Characterization 693
2.4 Electrochemical Measurements 694
3 Results and Discussion 694
3.1 Morphological Characterization of the Electrodes 694
3.2 Thermal Characterization of the Electrodes 694
3.3 Electrochemical Characterization of the Electrodes 696
3.4 EIS Analysis 696
4 Conclusions 698
References 699
An Impedance-Based Life-Monitoring Technique for a Graphene Water Filter 700
1 Introduction 700
2 The Graphene Filter 701
3 The Monitoring System: Principles, Design, and Realization 701
4 Results and Discussion 704
5 Conclusions 707
References 707
Multicast Routing Protocol for LoRa Mesh Networks in Safety Critical Communications 708
1 Introduction 708
2 LoRa Technology as Candidate in Critical Applications 709
2.1 LoRa Technology at a Glance 709
2.2 Merits and Defects of LoRaWAN and Others Protocols 710
2.3 Other Solution 711
3 A Different Communication Strategy 712
3.1 Technical Specifications 712
3.2 Sensor and Actuators Network 712
3.3 General Communication Strategy 713
4 Communication Handling and Protocol Design 714
4.1 Structure of the Routing Tables 716
4.2 Management of Communications in States Other than 0 716
5 Performance Evaluation 717
6 Conclusions 718
References 718
Investigation on the Fire Hazards of Li-Ion Cells 720
1 Introduction 721
2 Experimental 721
2.1 Cell Composition 721
2.2 Experimental Methods 722
2.2.1 Cone Calorimeter 722
2.2.2 PID: Photoionization Detector 723
2.2.3 Test Procedure 724
3 Results 724
4 Conclusions 728
References 729
Correction to: Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation of High-Power Modular Converters and Drives 731