InECCE2019 (eBook)

Preface 7
Contents 10
Instrumentation, Control and Artificial Systems 19
Position Control of Pneumatic Actuator Using Cascade Fuzzy Self-adaptive PID 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Mathematical Model of Pneumatic System 21
3 Cascade Fuzzy Self-adaptive PID Controller Design 23
4 Results and Discussion 25
5 Conclusion 29
References 30
Effect of Excitation Frequency on Magnetic Response Induced by Front- and Back-Side Slits Measured by a Differential AMR Sensor Probe 32
1 Introduction 33
2 Experimental Setup 34
2.1 MFL Probe 34
2.2 Measurement System 35
3 Results and Discussions 37
3.1 Front Side and Back Side Measurement 37
3.2 Graph of Slope of Trendline of the Delta Values of Real and Imaginary Parts of the Front Side and Back Side Measurement 39
4 Conclusions 40
References 41
Model-Free PID Controller Based on Grey Wolf Optimizer for Hovering Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Depth Control 42
1 Introduction 43
2 HAUV Model 44
3 Controller Design 45
3.1 PID Controller 45
3.2 Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) 46
4 Results and Discussion 48
5 Conclusion 51
References 51
Experimental Study of Optimization of Electrode Dimension for Non-invasive Electrical Resistance Tomography Application 53
1 Introduction 53
2 The Basic Principle of ERT 54
3 Methodology 55
4 Results and Discussion 58
5 Conclusion 61
References 61
A Fictitious Reference Iterative Tuning Method for Buck Converter-Powered DC Motor Control System 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Problem Statements 64
2.1 Buck-Converter Powered Dc Motor Model 65
3 Algorithm for Controller Tuning 66
3.1 A Brief Review of SKF Algorithm 66
3.2 Fictitious Reference Iterative Tuning 67
4 Numerical Example 69
5 Conclusion 71
References 72
Depth Evaluation of Slits on Galvanized Steel Plate Using a Low Frequency Eddy Current Probe 74
1 Introduction 74
2 Measurements 75
2.1 Magnetic Sensor Probe 75
2.2 Measurement System and Test Sample 76
3 Results and Discussion 77
3.1 Signal Analysis 77
3.2 Frequency Response Characteristic 78
4 Conclusion 80
References 81
Sensitivity Maps Preparation for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Using Finite Element Approach 82
1 Introduction 83
2 Sensitivity Map Generation 84
2.1 Experimental Set-Up 85
2.2 Post-processing Data 87
3 Results and Discussion 87
4 Conclusion 89
References 89
Infrared Thermal Sensor for a Low Cost and Non-invasive Detection of Skin Cancer 91
1 Introduction 92
2 Device Design and Instrumentation 92
3 Device Characterization and Feasibility Study 95
3.1 Comparative Measurement of Object Temperature 95
3.2 Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Temperature 96
4 Results 96
4.1 Comparative Measurement of Object Temperature 96
4.2 Non-invasive Measurement of Skin Temperature 96
5 Discussion 97
6 Conclusion 98
References 99
T-Way Strategy for Sequence Input Interaction Test Case Generation Adopting Fish Swarm Algorithm 100
1 Introduction 100
2 Proposed T-Way Strategy Adopting Fish Swarm Algorithm 103
3 Results and Discussion 106
3.1 Comparison Results of TSFSSA Based on Experiment 1 110
3.2 Comparison Results of TSFSSA Based on Experiment 2 110
3.3 Comparison Results of TSFSSA Based on Experiment 3 110
4 Conclusion and Future Work 111
References 111
Development of AC and DC Drive Coils for a Small Volume Magnetic Particle Imaging System 113
1 Introduction 113
2 Methodology 115
2.1 Development of AC Drive Coil 115
2.2 Resonant Circuit for AC Drive Coil 116
2.3 DC Excitation Unit and Passive Butterworth Filter 117
2.4 Experimental Setup 118
3 Result and Discussions 119
3.1 Resonance Frequency of AC Excitation Coil 119
3.2 Field Free Line and DC Excitation Field 120
4 Conclusion 122
References 122
A Diversity-Based Adaptive Synchronous-Asynchronous Switching Simulated Kalman Filter Optimizer 124
1 Introduction 124
2 The Simulated Kalman Filter 126
3 The Proposed Diversity-Based Adaptive Synchronous-Asynchronous Switching SKF (DASAS-SKF) 127
4 Experiment Result and Discussion 129
5 Conclusion 134
References 135
Combinatorial Test Suite Generation Strategy Using Enhanced Sine Cosine Algorithm 138
1 Introduction 138
2 Overview of T-Way Testing 139
3 Related Works 141
4 Original Sine Cosine Algorithm and Its Enhancement 142
5 Experimental Results and Conclusion 144
References 146
Classification of Lubricant Oil Geometrical Odor-Profile Using Cased-Based Reasoning 149
1 Introduction 150
2 Methodology 150
2.1 Data Measurement 151
2.2 Data Pre-Processing 152
2.3 Feature Extraction 152
2.4 Intelligent Classification 153
2.5 Performance Measure 154
3 Result and Discussion 155
3.1 Data Normalization and Odor-Pattern Establishment Process 155
3.2 CBR Performance Measure 157
4 Conclusion 160
References 160
Optimization of Quaternion Based on Hybrid PID and P? Control 162
1 Introduction 162
2 Quaternion Math 163
3 Quaternion Based Quadrotor Modelling 166
4 Controller Synthesis 167
5 Genetic Algorithm 168
6 Result and Discussion 169
7 Conclusion 172
References 173
Elimination-Dispersal Sine Cosine Algorithm for a Dynamic Modelling of a Twin Rotor System 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Elimination-Dispersal Sine Cosine Algorithm 177
3 Benchmark Functions Test 178
4 Twin Rotor System 179
5 Parametric Modelling of a Twin Rotor System 179
6 Result and Discussion 181
6.1 Result of the Benchmark Functions Test 181
6.2 Result of the Parametric Modelling 183
7 Conclusion 185
References 185
The Investigation of Meat Classification Based on Significant Authentication Features Using Odor-Profile Intelligent Signal Processing Approach 187
1 Introduction 188
2 Methodology 189
2.1 Sample Preparation 189
2.2 Experimental Setup 190
2.3 Data Measurement 191
2.4 Data Pre-processing 191
2.5 Feature Extraction 191
2.6 CBR Classification 192
2.7 Performance Measure 192
3 Results and Discussion 193
3.1 Feature Extraction 193
3.2 CBR Classification 194
3.3 Performance Measure 197
4 Conclusion 198
References 198
The Study of Raw Water Based on Quality Parameter Using Smell-Print Sensing Device 200
1 Introduction 200
2 Methodology 202
2.1 Raw Water Sampling and Preparation 202
2.2 Data Pre-processing 203
2.3 Features Extraction 203
2.4 CBR Classification 203
2.5 Performance Measure 204
3 Result and Discussion 204
3.1 Data Measurement 204
3.2 Data Pre-processing 204
3.3 Features Extraction 205
3.4 Performance Measure 206
4 Conclusion 209
References 209
Camera Orientation Determination Based on Copper Wire Spool Shape 211
1 Introduction 212
2 Theoretical Background 213
3 Proposed Algorithm 214
3.1 Copper Wire Spool Detection 215
3.2 Camera and Spool Alignment 215
4 Experimental Results and Discussion 217
5 Conclusion 221
References 223
A Modified Symbiotic Organism Search Algorithm with Lévy Flight for Software Module Clustering Problem 225
1 Introduction 225
2 The Problem of Software Module Clustering 227
3 Symbiotic Organism Search and Its Modification 227
4 Benchmarking Case Studies 230
5 Discussion 232
6 Conclusion 233
References 233
Classification of Agarwood Types (Malaccensis and Crassna) Between Oil and Smoke Using E-Nose with CBR Classifier 236
1 Introduction 236
2 Methodology 238
2.1 Data Measurement 239
2.2 Data Pre-Processing 240
2.3 Features Extraction 240
2.4 CBR Classification 240
2.5 Performance Measurement 241
3 Results and Discussion 241
4 Conclusion 246
References 247
Applied Electronics and Computer Engineering 249
SCAR-CNN: Secondary-Classification-After-Refinement Convolutional Neural Network for Fine-Grained Categorization 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Related Work 251
3 Methodology 253
3.1 Datasets 253
3.2 Part Localization 254
3.3 Primary Classification 255
3.4 Secondary Classification 256
4 Experiments 257
4.1 Image Up-Scaling Method 257
4.2 First Classification Scenario 258
4.3 Second Classification Scenario 259
4.4 Overall Result 260
5 Conclusion 260
References 261
Forecasting Road Deaths in Malaysia Using Support Vector Machine 264
1 Introduction 265
2 Methodology 266
2.1 Datasets 267
2.2 SVM Model Development 267
3 Results and Discussion 268
4 Conclusion 269
References 270
Investigation of Dimensionality Reduction on Numerical Attribute Features in a Finger Vein Identification System 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Related Work 272
3 Propose Method 273
3.1 Finger Vein Database 273
3.2 Image Processing 274
3.3 Feature Extraction 274
3.4 Principal Components Analysis (PCA) Dimensionality Reduction 278
3.5 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 278
4 Experimental Results and Discussion 280
5 Conclusion 283
References 283
Intelligent Gender Recognition System for Classification of Gender in Malaysian Demographic 285
1 Introduction 285
2 Related Works 286
3 Method 287
3.1 System Architecture 288
3.2 Convolutional Neural Network Technique 289
4 Results and Discussion 292
4.1 Prototype Operation 292
4.2 Performance in Malaysian Demographic 293
5 Conclusion 296
References 297
A Novel Approach Towards Tamper Detection of Digital Holy Quran Generation 298
1 Introduction 298
2 Related Works 300
3 Methodology 301
3.1 System Design 301
3.2 Jaro-Winkler Similarity 303
3.3 Performance Measure Parameters 303
4 Implementation Details 304
5 Experimental Results and Analysis 304
6 Conclusion 308
References 308
A Comparative Study of AFM-Assisted Direct and Least-Square Attitude Determination Algorithm 310
1 Introduction 311
2 Ambiguity Resolution 311
2.1 Ambiguity Function Method (AFM) 311
2.2 New Method Based on AFM 313
3 Attitude Determination 314
3.1 DAD Method (Direct Attitude Determination) 314
3.2 LSAD Method (Least Square Attitude Determination 317
4 Verification and Analysis 318
4.1 Two Antenna Experiment 318
4.2 Three Antenna Experiments 318
5 Conclusions 321
References 321
Design and Development of Wearable Human Activity Recognition for Healthcare Monitoring 323
1 Introduction 323
2 System Modelling and Design 325
3 Results and Discussions 327
4 Conclusion 331
References 331
Region of Interest Extraction of Finger-Vein Image Using Watershed Segmentation with Distance Transform 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Proposed ROI Extraction Method 335
2.1 Finger Vein Image Segmentation and Edge Detection 336
2.2 Finger Vein Image Orientation Correction 336
2.3 ROI Extraction 338
3 Results and Discussions 340
3.1 Comparison of the Proposed and Previously Proposed Finger Edge Detection Methods 340
3.2 Comparison of Various ROI Extraction Methods 342
4 Conclusion 344
References 344
The Classification of Skateboarding Trick Manoeuvres Through the Integration of Image Processing Techniques and Machine Learning 346
1 Introduction 347
2 Methodology 348
2.1 Experimental Setup 348
2.2 Data Collection 348
2.3 Image Processing 348
2.4 Machine Learning 350
3 Results and Discussion 353
4 Conclusion 354
References 355
Review and Analysis of Risk Factor of Maternal Health in Remote Area Using the Internet of Things (IoT) 356
1 Introduction 356
2 Analysis of Risk Factor during Pregnancy 357
2.1 Literature Search and Selecting Risk Factors Intensity 357
2.2 Analyzing the Common Risk Parameters from an Existing Diabetes Dataset for Women 359
2.3 Analyzing Sample Real Data to Explore the Status of Accuracy 360
3 The Experimental Result Over Pima-Indians-Diabetes Data Set 360
3.1 Classification Accuracy 360
3.2 Making Prediction 361
4 Proposed System Model 362
4.1 Integrated Model 362
4.2 Model of IoT Device 362
5 Conclusion 363
References 363
Recent Trends and Open Challenges in EEG Based Brain-Computer Interface Systems 365
1 Introduction 366
2 Recent Advancements in BCI System 366
2.1 Data Acquisition for BCI 366
2.2 EEG Modalities Used in BCI 367
2.3 Data Pre-Processing 368
2.4 Feature Extraction and Classification 368
2.5 EEG Based BCI Technologies 369
3 Challenges in BCI System with Possible Solutions 369
3.1 Absence of Standard Data Acquisition Protocol 372
3.2 Low ITR of BCI System 372
3.3 Lack of Autonomous Operation of BCI System/Expert Dependency of BCI System 373
3.4 Dissimilar Performance Evaluation Metric of BCI System 373
4 Conclusions 373
References 374
Early Rubeosis Iridis Detection Using Feature Extraction Process 377
1 Introduction 377
2 Research Background 378
3 Methodology 380
4 Result and Discussion 382
5 Conclusion 383
References 385
Multi-hop File Transfer in WiFi Direct Based Cognitive Radio Network for Cloud Back-Up 386
1 Introduction 387
2 The System Model 388
2.1 Routing Protocol Selection 388
2.2 Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) Activity Implementation 388
2.3 WiFi Direct Based Multi-hop Data Transfer and Cloud Synchronization 390
2.4 System Implementation 390
3 Performance Analysis 390
4 Conclusion and Future Works 395
References 396
The Multifocus Images Fusion Based on a Generative Gradient Map 398
1 Introduction 399
2 Methodology 400
2.1 Multifocus Images Fusion 401
2.2 Multifocus Images Fusion with Generative Gradient Map 402
2.3 The Generative Gradient Map 404
2.4 Morphology Filtering 405
2.5 Guided Image Filter 406
3 Test and Results 406
4 Conclusions and Future Work 409
References 409
A Comparative Analysis of Four Classification Algorithms for University Students Performance Detection 411
1 Introduction 412
2 Literature Review 412
3 Methodology 414
3.1 Data Collection 414
3.2 Null Data Reduction 416
3.3 Label Encoding 416
3.4 Feature Selection 417
4 Results and Discussions 418
5 Conclusions and Future Directions 419
References 420
Open-Set Face Recognition in Video Surveillance: A Survey 421
1 Introduction 421
2 Closed-Set Versus Open-Set Face Recognition 422
3 Literature Review 424
3.1 One-Class Classification Based Approaches 424
3.2 Two-Class Classification Based Approaches 425
3.3 Multi-class Classification Based Approaches 426
4 Current Problems and Future Research 427
5 Performance Evaluation 428
6 Face Video Surveillance Databases 429
7 Conclusion 430
References 430
Hardware Development of Auto Focus Microscope 433
1 Introduction 434
2 Methods 435
2.1 Hardware Design 436
2.2 Circuit Interfacing 437
2.3 System Workflow 438
3 Results and Discussions 440
3.1 Fine and Corse Knob 440
3.2 Sputum Image Analysis 443
4 Conclusion and Future Works 444
References 445
Overview on Fingerprinting Authentication Technology 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Fingerprint Characteristics 447
2.1 Identification 447
2.2 Permanence 447
3 Authentication System 448
3.1 Data Acquisition 449
3.2 Feature Extraction 450
3.3 Matching 452
4 System Security 453
5 Future Technology 454
6 Conclusion 456
References 456
Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of a Modified Ultra-wideband (UWB) Micro-strip Patch Antenna Using a Reflecting Layer 458
1 Introduction 459
2 Antenna Design 460
2.1 Calculation of the Associated Parameters 460
2.2 Reflecting Layer (A Second Layer of Antenna) Design 463
3 Results and Discussions 463
4 Conclusion 466
References 467
Oil Palm Tree Detection and Counting in Aerial Images Based on Faster R-CNN 469
1 Introduction 469
2 Methodology 471
3 Experiments 473
3.1 Experimental Set-Up 473
3.2 Results and Discussion 473
4 Conclusions 475
References 476
EEG Pattern of Cognitive Activities for Non Dyslexia (Engineering Student) due to Different Gender 477
1 Introduction 478
2 Methodology 479
2.1 Subjects 479
2.2 Data Collection 480
2.3 Analysis of Data 481
3 Results and Discussions 481
3.1 Distribution Results 481
3.2 Results of Average 483
3.3 Correlation 485
4 Conclusion 485
References 486
Intelligent Autism Screening Using Fuzzy Agent 488
1 Introduction 488
2 Related Works 489
3 Methodology 490
3.1 Overview of Fuzzy Agents 490
3.2 The Working Mechanism of Fuzzy Agent for Autism Screening 491
4 Results and Discussion 493
5 Conclusions 495
References 495
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Based Early Breast Cancer Detection Using Artificial Intelligence 497
1 Introduction 498
2 Methodology 499
2.1 The Experimental Set Up and Data Collection 500
2.2 Feature Extraction 502
2.3 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 502
3 Result and Discussion 503
4 Conclusion 505
References 506
Design and Analysis of Circular Shaped Patch Antenna with Slot for UHF RFID Reader 508
1 Introduction 508
2 Antenna Geometry and Design 510
3 Results and Discussions 512
3.1 Result of Simulation of the Proposed Antenna 512
3.2 Parametric Studies 514
4 Conclusion 516
References 517
Analysis of EEG Features for Brain Computer Interface Application 519
1 Introduction 519
2 Methodology 520
2.1 EEG Measurement and Protocol 521
2.2 Preprocessing and Feature Extraction 521
3 Result and Discussion 524
3.1 EEG Raw Data 524
3.2 Filtered EEG Data 524
3.3 Average Power Spectral Density 526
3.4 Average Spectral Centroid 526
3.5 Average Log Energy Entropy 527
4 Conclusion 529
References 529
Hybrid Sampling and Random Forest Based Machine Learning Approach for Software Defect Prediction 531
1 Introduction 532
2 Related Works 532
3 Data Pre-processing 533
3.1 Removing Highly Correlated Features 533
3.2 Feature Scaling 533
3.3 Feature Selection 534
3.4 Algorithms for Random Forest Importance and Chi-Square 535
4 Proposed Methodology 536
4.1 Imbalanced Dataset 537
5 Experiment Results 537
5.1 Evaluation Matrices 537
5.2 Results and Analysis 538
5.3 Results Discussion 542
6 Conclusion 542
References 543
kNN and SVM Classification for EEG: A Review 544
1 Introduction 544
2 EEG Signal Processing Architecture 546
3 Previous Studies 547
3.1 k-Nearest Neighbour 547
3.2 Support Vector Machine 548
3.3 Comparison Studies 550
4 Discussion 551
5 Conclusion 552
References 552
Flexible Graphene-Silver Nanowires Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Directional Coupler 555
1 Introduction 555
2 Experimental Method 556
2.1 Graphene–Silver Nanowires Dispersion 556
2.2 PDMS Substrate 557
2.3 Directional Coupler Design 557
2.4 Four-Point Probe Technique 558
3 Results and Discussion 559
4 Conclusion 562
References 564
Investigating the Possibility of Brain Actuated Mobile Robot Through Single-Channel EEG Headset 566
1 Introduction 566
2 Methodology 568
2.1 Data Acquisition Protocol 568
2.2 Feature Extraction and Classification 571
2.3 Translational Algorithm and Device Command 572
2.4 Hardware Setup 573
3 Result and Discussion 573
4 Conclusion 576
References 576
Campus Hybrid Intrusion Detection System Using SNORT and C4.5 Algorithm 578
1 Introduction 579
2 Related Works 579
3 Hybrid Intrusion Detection System 580
3.1 Component of Hybrid Intrusion Detection System 580
3.2 Intrusion Detection System (IDS) 581
4 Research Methods 581
4.1 Stage of Analysis 581
4.2 Stage of Design 582
4.3 Stage of Implementation 583
4.4 Stage of Enforcement 586
4.5 Stage of Enhancement 589
5 Conclusions and Recommendations 589
References 590
Image Segmentation of Women’s Salivary Ferning Patterns Using Harmony Frangi Filter 591
1 Introduction 591
2 Research Method 593
2.1 Hessian Matrix as Edge Detection Method 594
2.2 Harmony Frangi Filter 597
2.3 Block Diagram 598
3 Results and Analysis 599
3.1 Stages of the Image Segmentation Process 599
3.2 Measurement of Segmentation 605
4 Conclusion 606
References 608
Autonomous Self-exam Monitoring for Early Diabetes Detection 609
1 Introduction 609
2 Research Background 610
3 Methodology 612
3.1 Data Collection 612
3.2 Segmentation 613
3.3 Threshold 615
3.4 Feature Extraction 615
3.5 Classification 615
4 Result and Discussion 616
5 Conclusion 617
References 618
Quantitative Assessment of Remote Code Execution Vulnerability in Web Apps 619
1 Introduction 620
2 Literature Review 620
3 RCE Exploitation Process 621
4 Methodology 622
4.1 Data Collection 622
4.2 Pre-Processing Phase 623
5 Results 623
6 Discussions 626
7 Conclusion 627
References 627
Sustainable Energy and Power Engineering 629
A Salp Swarm Algorithm to Improve Power Production of Wind Plant 630
1 Introduction 630
2 Problem Framework 631
2.1 Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) Mathematical Model 632
2.2 SSA Approach to Increase Wind Plant Power Production 633
3 Results and Discussion 633
3.1 Wind Plant Dynamic Model 634
3.2 Example of a Singular Row Wind Plant Consisting of 10 Turbines 635
4 Conclusions 637
References 638
Improvement of Performance and Response Time of Cascaded Five-Level VSC STATCOM Using ANN Controller and SVPWM During Period of Voltage Sag 640
1 Introduction 641
2 Proposed STATCOM 642
2.1 Cascaded 5-Level VSC 643
2.2 SVPWM Circuit Scheme 644
2.3 Control Circuit of STATCOM 645
2.4 ANN Controller 646
3 Simulation Results 647
3.1 Case A: Voltage Sag Engendered by SLG Fault 647
3.2 Case B: Voltage Sag Engendered by LL Fault 650
4 Conclusion 650
References 652
Development of Maximum Power Point Tracking for Doubly-Fed Induction Generators in Wind Energy Conversion Systems 654
1 Introduction 655
2 MPPT in DFIG-WECS 656
3 CS Algorithm Based MPPT in DFIG-WECS 657
4 Numerical Result 658
5 Conclusion 663
References 663
Development of PV Module Power Degradation Analyzer 665
1 Introduction 665
2 Literature Review 666
2.1 PV Module’s Parameters 666
2.2 Recent Studies 667
3 Methodology 668
3.1 Overview 668
3.2 System Design 668
4 Result and Discussion 670
4.1 Comparison with I–V Tracer 670
4.2 Degradation Calculation 671
5 Conclusion 672
References 673
Direct Power Control Method of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Algorithm for Pico-Hydrokinetic River Energy Conversion System 675
1 Introduction 675
2 Pico-Hydrokinetic System Configuration 677
2.1 Turbine Model 677
2.2 Analysis of PMSG and Rectifier 679
2.3 Design of DC Boost Converter 680
3 MPPT Control Algorithm 681
3.1 Hill-Climbing Search Algorithm 681
3.2 Proposes Modify Hill-Climbing Search with PI Current Controller 682
4 Results and Discussion 684
5 Conclusion 685
References 686
Load Estimation of Single-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier Using Kalman Filter 688
1 Introduction 688
2 Kalman Filter Method-Based on RC Estimation 689
2.1 Kalman Filter 691
3 Theoretical Analysis 692
4 Simulation Results and Analysis 693
5 Conclusion 698
References 698
A Study on Residual Current Device Nuisance Tripping Due to Grounding Resistance Value 700
1 Introduction 700
2 Experiment Arrangement 701
3 RCD Performance Due to Grounding Resistance Value 702
3.1 Effect of Grounding Resistance 702
3.2 Effect of Load and Grounding Resistance Value 704
4 Conclusion 705
References 706
DC-Link Protection for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System: A Review 707
1 Introduction 707
2 Photovoltaic (PV) System 708
3 Impacts of Grid Faults on Grid-Connected PV System 708
4 Conventional Protection Schemes of Grid-Connected PV System 710
5 Proposed New Protection Scheme (Zero State Protection Scheme) 715
6 Conclusion 717
References 717
An Improved Efficiency of Solar Photo Voltaic System Applications by Using DC-DC Zeta Converter 719
1 Introduction 719
2 Detailed Arrangement of Projected System 721
2.1 SPV Based Zeta Converter Control 721
2.2 Scheme of Projected System 722
3 Control of Projected System 725
3.1 INC-MPPT Algorithm 725
3.2 BLDC Motor Under Electronic Commutation 726
4 BLDC Speed Controller Method 726
4.1 Control Speed of BLDC Motor 728
5 MATLAB/Simulation Results 728
6 Conclusion 730
References 733
Hydrophobic Sol-Gel Based Self-cleaning Coating for Photovoltaic Panels 734
1 Introduction 735
2 Experimental Details 735
2.1 Materials 735
2.2 Fabrication of VTT Sol-Gel Based Coating 736
2.3 Characterization 737
3 Results and Discussions 739
3.1 Experimental Preparation of VTT Sol 739
3.2 Heat Treatment of the Coating 740
3.3 Transmittance and Transparency 740
4 Conclusions 744
References 745
Effect of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles on Thermal Properties of Paraffin Wax 747
1 Introduction 748
2 Methods 749
2.1 Fabrication of Nano-enhanced PCM 749
2.2 Analysis Methods 749
2.3 Theoretical 751
3 Results and Discussion 752
3.1 Melting and Solidifying Time 752
3.2 Temperature of Melting Process 753
3.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry Curve 756
3.4 Total Heat Stored 759
4 Conclusion 760
References 760
Reliability Performance of Low Voltage (LV) Network Configuration 762
1 Introduction 762
2 Reliability Input 764
2.1 LV Distribution Network 764
2.2 Mean Fault Rates and Repair Times 765
3 Reliability Assessment 767
3.1 Reliability Method 767
3.2 Reliability Indices 769
4 Result 769
5 Discussion 770
6 Conclusion 771
References 771
Detailed Non-Linear Constrained Multi-Objective Optimal Operation of Power Systems Including Renewable Energy Sources 773
1 Introduction 773
2 Renewable Power Sources 774
2.1 Solar Power 774
2.2 Wind Power 775
3 Optimal Operation of Integrated Power Systems 775
3.1 Objective Function 776
3.2 Constraint Condition 777
4 Optimal Operation of an Integrated Power System Using a MCS Algorithm 778
4.1 CS Algorithm 779
4.2 MCS Algorithm 779
5 Numerical Results 780
6 Conclusion 785
References 786
Voltage Sag Immunity Testing for AC Contactors in Industrial Environment 787
1 Introduction 787
1.1 Voltage Sag 787
1.2 AC Contactors 789
2 Previous Research 790
2.1 Laboratory Testing 790
3 Methodology 792
3.1 Selection of AC Contactors 792
3.2 Practical Test Setup 793
3.3 Test Procedure 793
3.4 Selection of Variables 794
4 Result and Analysis 794
4.1 New and Ageing Contactor 794
5 Conclusion 797
References 798
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: An Overview 799
1 Introduction 799
2 Wind Energy 800
2.1 Wind Power 800
2.2 Global Expansion of Wind Energy Generation 801
2.3 Implementation of Wind Energy Generation in Malaysia 801
3 Wind Turbine Classification 802
3.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) 802
3.2 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) 802
3.3 Savonius Type 804
3.4 Darrieus Type 805
3.5 Hybrid Savonius–Darrieus VAWT 808
4 Proposed Design Methodology for Hybrid VAWT 810
5 Future Development of VAWTs for Energy Generation 811
6 Conclusion 811
References 812
Hyperheuristics Trajectory Based Optimization for Energy Management Strategy (EMS) of Split Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle 814
1 Introduction 814
2 HEV Free Model 815
3 Methodology 816
4 Result 819
5 Discussion 822
6 Conclusion 822
References 825
Utilization of Filter Harmonic Current Based on Shunt HPF Within the Acceptable IEEE-519 Standard 826
1 Introduction 826
2 System Description 827
2.1 Simulation Results and Discussion 829
3 Conclusion 834
References 834
Vehicle-to-Grid as Frequency Regulator in a Micro Grid System 836
1 Introduction 836
2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Load Profile (PHEVCLP) 837
2.1 Vehicle Daily Mileage Analysis 838
2.2 Vehicle Arrival Time Analysis 839
2.3 PHEV Load Charging Profile 840
2.4 Model of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) System 842
3 Results and Discussion 843
3.1 Increases of Residential Load Due to the PHEV Charging 843
3.2 Different Charging Level and Its Impact on System Frequency 844
4 Conclusion 849
References 849
Development of PV Module Hotspot Detector 851
1 Introduction 851
2 Literature Review 852
3 Methodology 854
4 Results and Discussion 856
5 Conclusion 860
References 860
Comparative Analysis for LED Driver with Analog and Digital Controllers 861
1 Introduction 861
2 Modelling of the Controller 863
3 Parameter Calculations 863
4 Simulation 867
5 Conclusions 871
References 872
Characterization of Positive Porous Electrode Felt for Organic Redox Flow Battery Application 874
1 Introduction 874
2 Methodology 875
2.1 Material Preparation 875
2.2 Felt Preparation 876
2.3 Electrochemical Investigation 876
3 Result and Discussion 877
4 Conclusion 879
References 879