Connected Vehicles in the Internet of Things (eBook)

Preface 8
Overview 8
Objectives 9
Organization 9
Target Audiences 10
Acknowledgements 12
Other Books by Zaigham Mahmood 14
Software Engineering in the Era of Cloud Computing 14
The Internet of Things in the Industrial Sector: Security and Device Connectivity, Smart Environments, and Industry 4.0 14
Security, Privacy and Trust in the IoT Environment 14
Guide to Ambient Intelligence in the IoT Environment: Principles, Technologies and Applications 15
Fog Computing: Concepts, Frameworks and Technologies 15
Smart Cities: Development and Governance Frameworks 15
Data Science and Big Data Computing: Frameworks and Methodologies 15
Connected Environments for the Internet of Things: Challenges and Solutions 16
Connectivity Frameworks for Smart Devices: The Internet of Things from a Distributed Computing Perspective 16
Cloud Computing: Methods and Practical Approaches 16
Cloud Computing: Challenges, Limitations and R& D Solutions
Continued Rise of the Cloud: Advances and Trends in Cloud Computing 17
Software Engineering Frameworks for the Cloud Computing Paradigm 17
Cloud Computing for Enterprise Architectures 17
Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology & Architecture
Software Project Management for Distributed Computing: Life-Cycle Methods for Developing Scalable and Reliable Tools 18
Requirements Engineering for Service and Cloud Computing 18
User Centric E-Government: Challenges & Opportunities
Cloud Computing Technologies for Connected Government 18
Human Factors in Software Development and Design 19
IT in the Public Sphere: Applications in Administration, Government, Politics, and Planning 19
Emerging Mobile and Web 2.0 Technologies for Connected E-Government 19
E-Government Implementation and Practice in Developing Countries 19
Developing E-Government Projects: Frameworks and Methodologies 20
Contents 21
About the Editor 23
Contributors 23
Technologies and Architectures 26
1 Connected Vehicles in the IoV: Concepts, Technologies and Architectures 27
Abstract 27
1.1 Introduction 27
1.2 Connected Vehicles: Concepts and Architectures 29
1.2.1 Types of Vehicle (or Car) Connectivity 29
1.2.2 Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) 31
1.2.3 Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) 32
1.2.4 Internet of Vehicles (IoV) 33
1.2.5 Vehicle-Embedded Software Applications 34
1.3 Connected Vehicles: Enabling Technologies 35
1.3.1 Internet of Things 35
1.3.2 Cloud Computing 36
1.3.3 AI and Machine Learning 37
1.3.4 5G and DSRC Technologies 37
1.3.5 Other Related Technologies 38
1.4 Connected Vehicles: Issues and Challenges 38
1.5 Future Directions 40
1.6 Conclusions 41
References 41
2 Spatial Intelligence and Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: Topologies and Architectures 43
Abstract 43
2.1 Introduction 44
2.2 Background 45
2.3 Spatial Intelligence 46
2.4 Managing Data in Vehicular Networks 47
2.5 Vehicle Communication Models 48
2.5.1 Internet of Vehicles (IoV) 48
2.5.2 Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Communication 49
2.6 Node Information Dissemination Behaviour 51
2.7 Network Topologies and Information Architecture 51
2.8 Design of Vehicular Communication Models 55
2.9 Inherent Challenges and Issues 57
2.10 Future Directions in Vehicular Networks 58
2.11 Conclusion 59
References 60
3 Seamless V2I Communication in HetNet: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Directions 61
Abstract 61
3.1 Introduction 62
3.2 Radio Access Technologies for V2I Communication 64
3.2.1 Wi-Fi 66
3.2.2 DSRC/IEEE 802.11 66
3.2.3 LTE-A/4G 68
3.2.4 Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) 69
3.2.5 5G New Radio (NR) 70
3.3 Handover Process in Radio Access Technologies 70
3.3.1 Handover Process 71
3.3.2 Handover in Wi-Fi 73
3.3.3 Handover in DSRC/IEEE 802.11p 77
3.3.4 Handover in LTE-A/4G 79
3.3.5 Handover in 5G 82
3.4 Connectivity in HetNet: State-of-the-Art 83
3.4.1 Solutions by 3GPP 84
3.4.2 Solutions by IEEE 89
3.4.3 Other Solutions 94
3.5 V2I Connectivity: Inherent Challenges 95
3.5.1 Challenges Associated with RATs 96
3.5.2 Challenges Associated with Current HetNet Solutions 98
3.6 Future Research Directions 99
3.6.1 Multi-path TCP (MPTCP) 99
3.6.2 Multi-path IP (MPIP) 100
3.6.3 Software-Defined Vehicular HetNet 101
3.6.4 Combination of MIH and ANDSF 102
3.6.5 Combination of ANDSF and Hotspot 102
3.6.6 5G-Enabled Internet-of-Vehicles 103
3.7 Conclusion 103
References 104
4 Integrating Vehicular Technologies Within the IoT Environment: A Case of Egypt 108
Abstract 108
4.1 Introduction 109
4.2 Vehicular Technologies: State-of-the-Art 111
4.3 Vehicular Technologies: Architecture, Components, and Limitations 112
4.4 ITS—An Emerging IoV Application 114
4.5 Vehicular Clouds 115
4.6 Possible Solutions 117
4.7 Opportunities and Challenges for the Future 119
4.8 Conclusion 120
References 121
5 Protocols and Design Structures for Vehicular Networks 124
Abstract 124
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Background 127
5.3 Communication in Vehicular Networks 128
5.4 Vehicular Network Principles 131
5.5 Protocols in Ubiquitous Networks 133
5.6 Issues and Emerging Themes in VANET 135
5.7 Proposed MANET Structure 138
5.8 Future Research 140
5.9 Conclusion 141
References 141
Frameworks and Methodologies 143
6 Intelligent Traffic Management Systems for Next Generation IoV in Smart City Scenario 144
Abstract 144
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Conventional Traffic Management Systems and Practices 147
6.2.1 Drawbacks of Conventional Traffic Management Systems 149
6.3 Intelligent Traffic Management Systems 149
6.3.1 Incident Detection and Emergency Response 150
6.3.2 Intelligent Urban Parking Assistance 151
6.3.3 Route Optimization 152
6.3.4 Vehicle Theft Identification and Detection 152
6.3.5 Automated Toll Management 153
6.4 Advancements in Intelligent Traffic Management Systems 153
6.4.1 Reinforcement Learning Approach 154
6.4.2 Local Context Awareness 156
6.5 Challenges and Future Perspective 158
6.5.1 Data Integration 159
6.5.2 Security and Privacy 159
6.5.3 Investment and Operating Costs 160
6.5.4 Sabotage and System Evasion 160
6.6 Conclusion 161
References 161
7 Smart Transportation Tracking Systems Based on the Internet of Things Vision 163
Abstract 163
7.1 Introduction 164
7.2 Data Collection and Analysis 168
7.3 Data Analysis and Result 168
7.3.1 Measuring Attributes of Using IoT Smart Sensors in Tracking Systems 168
7.3.2 Commonly Used IoT Sensors in Vehicular Tracking Systems 176
7.3.3 Data Transfer Methods Between Sensors and Actuators 177
7.3.4 Network and Protocols Utilized in Communication Methods 177
7.3.5 Data Storage Approaches 178
7.3.6 Use of Languages and Software Systems for Tracking 179
7.3.7 Algorithms Used in Vehicular Tracking Systems 180
7.4 Discussion 180
7.5 Conclusion 183
Author Contribution and Acknowledgements 184
References 184
8 REView: A Unified Telemetry Platform for Electric Vehicles and Charging Infrastructure 187
Abstract 187
8.1 Introduction 188
8.2 Background 190
8.2.1 Adoption of Electric Vehicles and Charging Stations 190
8.2.2 Measuring the Environmental Impact 191
8.2.3 Telemetry Platforms and Networks 193
8.3 System Design: Overview 194
8.4 Charging Infrastructures 195
8.4.1 DC Charging 195
8.4.1.1 Communication Protocols 197
8.4.1.2 User Authentication 198
8.4.1.3 Data Visualization 199
8.4.2 AC Charging 200
8.4.2.1 Communication Protocols 201
8.4.2.2 Telemetry Parameters 204
8.4.2.3 User Authentication 205
8.4.2.4 Database 206
8.4.2.5 Data Visualization 209
8.5 Vehicle Monitoring 210
8.5.1 Communication Protocols 211
8.5.2 Database 213
8.5.3 Data Visualization 214
8.5.3.1 Vehicle Tracking 214
8.5.3.2 Driving Statistics 215
8.5.3.3 Heat Maps 217
8.5.3.4 Journey Logs 218
8.6 EV Charging Power Generation 219
8.6.1 Data Visualization 220
8.7 Usage Billing 221
8.7.1 Itemized Billing 222
8.7.2 Station Operator Billing 223
8.7.3 Network Overview 224
8.8 Mobile Applications 225
8.9 Results 225
8.9.1 Overall Energy Usage 227
8.9.2 Usage of Charging Infrastructure 228
8.9.3 Solar PV Monitoring 230
8.9.4 Heat Maps for EV Tracking 231
8.9.5 Charging Infrastructure Usage Forecast 231
8.10 Conclusion 235
Acknowledgements 236
References 236
Security and Privacy in the IoT 240
9 Security and Privacy Challenges in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 241
Abstract 241
9.1 Introduction 242
9.2 VANET Overview 243
9.2.1 VANET Architecture Components 244
9.2.2 VANET Characteristics 246
9.3 Security and Privacy in Vehicular Networks 247
9.3.1 Need for Security 248
9.3.2 Security and Privacy Requirements 249
9.3.3 Challenges in Implementing Security in VANETs 251
9.3.4 Adversaries and Adversary Models 253
9.4 Threats and Attacks in Vehicular Networks 255
9.4.1 Attacks on Authenticity and Identification 255
9.4.2 Attacks on Availability 258
9.4.3 Attacks on Confidentiality and Privacy 260
9.4.4 Attacks on Non-repudiation (Accountability) 260
9.4.5 Attacks on Integrity and Data Trust 261
9.5 Mitigation and Countermeasures 261
9.5.1 Intrusion Detection Systems 262
9.5.2 ID-Based Security Systems 263
9.5.3 Public Key/Asymmetric-Based Schemes 263
9.5.4 Symmetric-Based Schemes 264
9.5.5 Secure Routing Protocols 264
9.6 Conclusion 265
References 266
10 Security Issues in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks for Evolution Towards Internet of Vehicles 270
Abstract 270
10.1 Introduction 271
10.2 Related Work 273
10.3 Existing Schemes 277
10.4 LIAT 278
10.4.1 Network and System Assumptions 279
10.4.2 Root-BS Registration Phase 280
10.4.3 BS-Vehicle Registration Phase 282
10.4.4 Authentication Phase 283
10.4.5 Algorithmic Complexity 285
10.4.5.1 Algorithmic Complexity of Root-BS Registration Phase 285
10.4.5.2 Algorithmic Complexity of BS-Vehicle Registration Phase 286
10.4.5.3 Algorithmic Complexity of Authentication Phase 286
10.5 LoWVR 290
10.5.1 Network Description 291
10.5.2 Algorithms 291
10.5.3 Correctness Proof of Basic Properties 296
10.6 Performance Analysis of LIAT 297
10.6.1 Qualitative Performance 297
10.6.1.1 Security Analysis 297
10.6.1.2 Overhead Analysis 300
10.6.2 Quantitative Performance 302
10.6.2.1 Simulation Metrics 302
10.6.2.2 Simulation Results 306
10.7 Performance Analysis of LoWVR 312
10.7.1 Qualitative Performance 312
10.7.1.1 Security Analysis 312
10.7.1.2 Overhead Analysis 314
10.7.2 Quantitative Performance 316
10.7.2.1 Simulation Metrics 318
10.7.2.2 Simulation Results 318
10.8 Conclusion 322
References 323
11 Cloud-Based Secured VANET with Advanced Resource Management and IoV Applications 325
Abstract 325
11.1 Introduction 325
11.2 Cloud-based VANET Architecture 327
11.3 VANET Resource Management System 331
11.4 IoV Applications of Cloud-based VANET 334
11.5 VANET Communication Modes 336
11.6 Proposed Distributive Security Algorithm for VANET Communication Modes 336
11.7 Conclusion 339
References 340
Index 342