Intelligent Computing Techniques for Smart Energy Systems (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
About the Editors 18
LED Driver Design and Thermal Management 20
1 Introduction 20
1.1 Experimental Setup 21
2 Conclusion 26
References 26
Automatic Generation Control of Interconnected Power Systems Using Elephant Herding Optimization 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Modelling of Interconnected Three-Area Power System 29
3 Proposed Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) Based Strategy for LFC 31
3.1 Clan Updating Operator 31
3.2 Separating Operator 32
4 Control Strategy 32
5 Results and Discussions 33
6 Conclusion 33
References 36
Use of Ti-Doped Hafnia in Photovoltaic Devices: Ab Initio Calculations 38
1 Introduction 38
2 FP-LAPW Theory 39
3 Results and Discussion 40
4 Conclusions 42
References 42
Electronic and Optical Response of Photovoltaic Semiconductor ZrSxTe2-x 43
1 Introduction 43
2 FP-LAPW Method 44
3 Results and Discussion 44
3.1 Electronic Structure 44
4 Conclusions 46
References 47
Investigation of Optical Response of Silver Molybdate for Photovoltaic 48
1 Introduction 48
2 Methodology 49
2.1 Experiment 49
2.2 Theory 49
3 Results and Discussion 50
3.1 Electronic Response 50
3.2 Compton Profile 51
3.3 Optical Response 51
4 Conclusions 53
References 53
Comparative Analysis of Conventional and Meta-heuristic Algorithm Based Control Schemes for Single Link Robotic Manipulator 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Control of a Single Link Manipulator 56
3 Conventional Control Techniques 58
3.1 PID Control 58
3.2 FOPID Control 58
3.3 Tuning of Controller Using GA 58
4 Results 59
5 Conclusion 61
References 61
Synthesis of Antenna Array Pattern Using Ant Lion Optimization Algorithm for Wide Null Placement and Low Dynamic Range Ratio 63
1 Introduction 63
2 Problem Formulation 64
2.1 Wide Null Placement with Reduced SLL 65
2.2 Dynamic Range Ratio (DRR) Constraint-Based Peak Side Lobe Level (PSLL) Minimization 66
3 Results and Discussion 67
3.1 Wide Null Placement with Reduced SLL 67
3.2 Dynamic Range Ratio (DRR) Constraint-Based Peak Side Lobe Level (PSLL) Minimization 69
4 Conclusion 71
References 72
Design and Analysis of a Hybrid Non-volatile SRAM Cell for Energy Autonomous IoT 73
1 Introduction 74
2 Background 75
3 Proposed NV-SRAM Cell 76
3.1 Cell Design Concept 76
4 Results 79
5 Conclusion 80
References 80
Bandgap Engineering of AgGaS2 for Optoelectronic Devices: First-Principles Computational Technique 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Computational Details 83
3 Structural Information 84
4 Results and Discussion 85
4.1 Electronic Properties 85
4.2 Optical Properties 87
5 Conclusion 88
References 88
Intelligent Power Sharing Control for Hybrid System 90
1 Introduction 90
2 System Description and Modeling 91
3 Control Strategy 92
4 Proposed Intelligent Control 93
5 Results and Discussion 95
5.1 Steady-State Response 95
5.2 Dynamic Response 96
6 Conclusion 98
References 99
Comparative Analysis of Various Classifiers for Gesture Recognition 100
1 Introduction 101
2 Related Work 101
2.1 Detection of Target 102
2.2 Recognition of Target 102
3 Proposed Work 103
4 Result 104
5 Conclusion and Future Development 107
References 108
Artificial Intelligence Based Optimization Techniques: A Review 110
1 Introduction 110
2 Genetic Algorithm 111
3 Particle Swarm Optimization 112
4 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) 113
5 BAT Algorithm 114
5.1 Random Fly 114
5.2 Local Random Walk 115
6 Elephant Herding Optimization 115
6.1 Clan Updating Operator 115
6.2 Separating Operator 116
7 Conclusion 117
References 117
Optimal Location and Sizing of Microgrid for Radial Distribution Systems 119
1 Introduction 120
2 Problem Formulation 121
2.1 Objective Function 121
2.2 Constraints 121
3 Methodology 122
3.1 Proposed Algorithm 122
4 Case Study 123
5 Conclusion 126
References 126
Constraint Tariff Model to Reduce the Amount of Cross Subsidy Incorporated in Electricity Tariff Using Iterative Optimization Technique 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Basic Model and Recommended Modifications 129
3 Optimization Problem Formulation 130
3.1 The Objective Function 130
3.2 The Operating Constraints 130
3.3 The Bounds 131
4 Algorithm Developed 131
5 Availability of Data and Assumptions 133
6 Results and Discussion 134
7 Conclusion 135
References 136
Titration Machine: A New Approach Using Arduino 137
1 Introduction 137
2 Motivation 138
3 Experimental Setup 138
4 Working and Flowchart 139
5 Circuit Diagram of Arduino with Motor Shield 139
6 A Glimpse of the Titration Machine 140
7 Results 142
8 Conclusions 143
References 143
Hybrid Method for Cluster Analysis of Big Data 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Related Work 145
3 Proposed Work 146
3.1 The Proposed Model 146
3.2 Workflow of the Algorithm 146
4 Results and Discussion 147
5 Conclusions 149
References 150
A New Radio Frequency Harvesting System 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Overview of the System 152
2.1 Rectenna 153
2.2 Power Converter 153
2.3 Flyback Converter 154
3 Methodology 155
3.1 Conceptual Frame Work and Simulations 156
4 Results 160
5 Conclusion 161
References 162
Backpropagation Algorithm-Based Approach to Mitigate Soiling from PV Module 163
1 Introduction 164
2 Factors Influencing Dust Settlement 164
3 Training and Modeling of ANN 166
4 Results and Discussion 168
5 Conclusion 170
References 171
Real-Time Low-Frequency Oscillations Monitoring and Coherency Determination in a Wind-Integrated Power System 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Problem Formulation 174
2.1 Damping Index (DI) 174
2.2 Coherent Groups Determination 175
3 Proposed Methodology 175
3.1 Optimal PMU Placement 175
3.2 Wind Site Selection 175
3.3 Proposed PMU-ANN Based Method 176
4 Results 177
4.1 Optimal PMU Placement 178
4.2 Proposed Real-Time Monitoring 178
5 Conclusion 180
References 180
Design and Performance Analysis of Different Structures of MEMS PVDF-Based Low-Frequency Piezoelectric Energy Harvester 182
1 Introduction 183
2 Mathematical Modeling 184
3 Design Parameters of Cantilever Beam 185
3.1 Design Parameters for the Straight T-Shaped Cantilever Structure 186
3.2 Designing Parameters of the Pi-Shaped Cantilever Structure 186
4 Results and Discussion 187
4.1 Modal Analysis 187
4.2 Dynamic Analysis 189
4.3 Piezoelectric Analysis 189
4.4 Stress Analysis 189
5 Conclusion 189
References 190
Designing and Implementation of Overhead Conductor Altitude Measurement System Using GPS for Sag Monitoring 192
1 Introduction 193
2 Designing of Overhead Conductor Altitude Measurement System 194
2.1 Field Test 195
3 Accuracy Enhancement Techniques 197
4 Results 198
4.1 Error Analysis 200
5 Sag Estimation 201
6 Conclusion 201
References 202
Risk-Averse G2V Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Aggregator for Improved Market Operations 204
1 Introduction 204
2 Risk Controlling in Stochastic Optimization 206
3 Scenario Generation and Reduction 206
4 Risk-Aversive Formulation of Stochastic Programming Problem 207
5 Simulation Results of Risk-Constrained Stochastic Scheduling 209
6 Conclusion 211
References 211
Optical Gain Tuning in Type-I Al0.45Ga0.55As/GaAs0.84P0.16/Al0.45Ga0.55As Nano-heterostructure 213
1 Introduction 214
2 Theoretical Background 214
3 Simulation Results 215
4 Conclusions 217
References 218
Semantic Similarity Computation Among Hindi Words Using Hindi Lexical Ontology 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Theoretical Background of Hindi Ontology 220
2.1 The Structure for Indo WordNet 221
3 Proposed Semantic Similarity Method 221
4 Experiments and Analysis 222
5 Conclusion 225
References 226
A Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Applications 227
1 Introduction 227
2 Antenna Geometry 228
3 Results and Discussion 229
4 Conclusion 230
References 233
Analysis of Energy Consumption and Implementation of R-Statistical Programming for Load Forecasting in Presence of Solar Generation 234
1 Introduction 234
2 Details of the Installed System 235
3 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) Architecture 235
3.1 Smart Energy Meters 236
3.2 Communication Network 236
3.3 Smart Grid Control Center 236
4 Advanced Data Analysis Using Smart Meter Data 236
4.1 Signature of Monthly Energy Consumption of the House 237
4.2 Signature of Daily Energy Consumption of the House 237
5 Impact of Renewable Integration 238
5.1 Grid-Connected Solar PV System Without Battery Backup 239
5.2 Grid-Connected Solar PV System with Battery Backup for Partial Load 240
5.3 Comparison of Monthly Consumption Pattern 240
6 Forecasting of Consumer Energy Consumption 241
6.1 ARIMA Forecasting Model 241
6.2 Simple Exponential Smoothing Forecasting Model 242
7 Results 243
8 Conclusion 244
References 245
A Comprehensive Analysis of Delta and Adaptive Delta Modulated Modular Multilevel Converter 246
1 Introduction 246
2 Delta Modulation 248
3 Adaptive Delta Modulation 248
4 Results and Discussion 248
5 Conclusion 252
References 253
Speed Control of PMSM Drive Using Jaya Optimization Based Model Reduction 254
1 Introduction 254
2 Mathematical Modeling of PMSM Drive and Control 255
2.1 PMSM Drive 256
3 Order Reduction and Controller Design for PMSM 257
3.1 Jaya Optimization Algorithm [21, 22] 257
3.2 Current Control Loop 257
3.3 Speed Control Loop 259
3.4 Tuning of PI Controller Using Optimization Algorithm 260
4 Conclusion 262
References 262
Jaya Optimization-Based PID Controller for Z-Source Inverter Using Model Reduction 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Z-Source Inverter 266
3 Jaya Optimization Algorithm 268
4 Simulation and Results 271
5 Conclusion 273
References 273
Stability Analysis of an Offshore Wind and Marine Current Farm in Grid Connected Mode Using SMES 275
1 Introduction 275
2 Configuration of the Studied Systems 276
2.1 Modeling of OWF 276
2.2 DFIG Modeling 277
2.3 Marine Current Turbine 278
2.4 SCIG Modeling 279
3 SMES Modeling 279
4 H-Infinity Controller of SMES 280
5 Simulation Results and Discussion 282
6 Conclusion 283
References 284
Modeling and Simulation of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle 286
1 Introduction 286
2 Architecture of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicle 288
2.1 Fuel Cell 288
2.2 Unidirectional DC–DC Converter 288
2.3 Bidirectional DC–DC Converter 289
2.4 Energy Storage System (ESS) 289
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 290
3.1 Case Study 1 (Cold Start Mode) 290
3.2 Case Study-2 (Normal Operating Mode) 290
3.3 Case Study 3 (Acceleration Mode) 291
3.4 Case Study 4 (Deceleration Mode) 292
4 Conclusion 293
References 294
Optimum Performance of Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Based Sense Amplifier D Flip-Flop Circuits 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Theoretical Analysis and Design Consideration of Existing D Flip-Flop Topologies (CNFET) 298
3 Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor (CNFET) 300
3.1 Diameter of CNFET (DCNT) 300
3.2 Threshold Voltage (Vth) 301
3.3 Width of CNTFET 301
3.4 On Off Current Ratio 301
3.5 Transconductance (gm) 302
4 Simulated Results of Various High-Performance D Flip-Flop Designs 302
5 Conclusion 304
References 304
Flower Pollination Based Solar PV Parameter Extraction for Double Diode Model 306
1 Introduction 307
2 Modeling of Solar PV 308
3 Problem Formulation 309
4 Flower Pollination Algorithm 310
5 Simulation Results and Discussions 312
6 Conclusion 314
References 314
Cost–Benefit Calculation Using AB2X4 (A = Zn, Cd B = Ga
1 Introduction 316
2 Theoretical Methodology 317
3 Result Discussion 317
3.1 Method Overview 318
3.2 PV Module Cost Calculation 318
4 Conclusion 320
References 320
Detection and Analysis of Power System Faults in the Presence of Wind Power Generation Using Stockwell Transform Based Median 321
1 Introduction 322
2 Test System Used for the Proposed Study 323
3 Proposed Methodology 324
3.1 Proposed Fault Index 324
3.2 Stockwell Transform 324
4 S-Transform Based Simulation Results with Discussion 325
4.1 Line to Ground Fault 325
4.2 Double Line Fault 326
4.3 Double Line to Ground Fault 327
4.4 Three-Phase Fault Involving Ground 328
4.5 Comparative Study 329
5 Conclusion 330
References 330
A Directional Relaying Scheme for Microgrid Protection 332
1 Introduction 332
2 Test Microgrid 334
3 Directional Relaying Algorithm 334
3.1 Detectors for the Directional Approach 334
3.2 Proposed Technique 336
4 Simulation Results 336
4.1 Faults During Grid-Connected Mode 337
4.2 Results for Fault During Islanded Mode 338
4.3 Results for Load Switching 338
4.4 Results for High-Impedance Fault (HIF) in Islanding Mode 339
5 Conclusion 340
References 340
Wavefunctions and Optical Gain in In0.24Ga0.76N/GaN Type-I Nano-heterostructure Under External Uniaxial Strain 342
1 Introduction 342
2 Device Structure and Modeling 343
3 Results and Discussion 345
4 Conclusions 349
References 349
Cost–Benefit Analysis in Distribution System of Jaipur City After DG and Capacitor Allocation 351
1 Introduction 351
2 Problem Formulation 352
3 Proposed Technique 353
4 Results 354
4.1 69 Bus Test System 354
4.2 130 Bus (Jaipur City) System 356
5 Conclusion 357
References 358
Comparative Simulation Study of Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System on Simulink Platform 359
1 Introduction 359
2 Developed Solar Tracking System 360
3 Characteristics of PV Cell 361
3.1 Simulink Block Diagram 362
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 364
4.1 Elevated Tracking Results 364
4.2 Azimuthal Tracking Results 364
5 Conclusion 365
References 365
Performance Evaluation and Quality Analysis of Line and Node Based Voltage Stability Indices for the Determination of the Voltage Instability Point 366
1 Introduction 366
2 Existing Line and Node Based Voltage Stability Indices 367
2.1 Maximum Loadability Index (MLI) 367
2.2 Loadability Index (Lp) 368
2.3 Line Loadability Index (Ls) 368
2.4 Line Stability Index (Lmn) 368
2.5 Line Stability Factor (LQP) 369
2.6 Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) 369
2.7 Line Collapse Proximity Index (LCPI) 369
2.8 L-Index 369
3 Illustrative Example 370
3.1 With One Fictitious Bus in the Middle of the Transmission Line 371
3.2 With One Fictitious Bus at (3/4)th Length of the Transmission Line 373
4 Conclusion 374
References 374
Channel Estimation in Massive MIMO with Spatial Channel Correlation Matrix 376
1 Introduction 376
2 System Model for Uplink Pilot Transmission 377
3 MMSE Channel Estimation 378
4 Spatial Channel Correlation and Pilot Contamination 379
4.1 Impact of Spatial Correlation on Channel Estimation 380
4.2 Impact of Pilot Contamination on Channel Estimation 380
5 EW-MMSE and LS Estimation Schemes 380
5.1 Element-Wise MMSE Channel Estimator 380
5.2 Least-Square Channel Estimator 381
6 Simulation Results 381
7 Conclusion 382
References 383
A New Array Reconfiguration Scheme for Solar PV Systems Under Partial Shading Conditions 385
1 Introduction 385
2 System Description 387
2.1 Modeling of a Total Cross Tied TCT Connection 387
3 Methodology 388
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 389
4.1 Pattern 1—Short Wide 389
4.2 Pattern 2—Long Wide 392
5 Conclusion 393
References 394
Adaptability Analysis of Particle Swarm Optimization Variants in Maximum Power Tracking for Solar PV Systems 395
1 Introduction 395
2 System Description 396
3 Modelling of PV Cell 396
3.1 Characteristics of PV Module 398
3.2 Characteristics of PV Array Under Partial Shading Conditions 399
4 Particle Swarm Optimization: Outline of PSO 399
4.1 Neighbourhood Selection Scheme 401
5 Simulation and Results Discussion 402
6 Conclusion 403
References 407
Fault Location Methods in HVDC Transmission System—A Review 408
1 Introduction 408
2 Literature Review on Fault Location Techniques 412
3 Conclusion 415
References 415
Optimal Reactive Power Dispatch Through Minimization of Real Power Loss and Voltage Deviation 417
1 Introduction 419
2 Problem Formulation 420
2.1 Objective Function 420
2.2 System Constraints 420
2.3 General Formulation of the Objective Function 421
3 Solution Methodology 421
4 Simulation Result 422
5 Conclusion 425
References 425
IoT Enabled Intelligent Energy Management and Optimization Scheme with Controlling and Monitoring Approach in Modern Classroom Applications 427
1 Introduction 428
2 Related Works 428
3 Contextual Analysis/Background Survey 429
4 Energy Management in Campus: Challenges 430
5 Existing System 431
6 Methodology 431
6.1 Design Criteria 431
6.2 Device Configuration and Working Principles 431
7 Testing and Evaluation of Project Implementation 432
8 Future Scope and Conclusion 435
References 435
High Power Density Parallel LC-Link PV Inverter for Stand-alone and Grid Mode of Operation 437
1 Introduction 438
2 Operation Principle Under Different Modes 439
2.1 Configuration 439
2.2 Principle of Operation 440
3 Parameter Design Procedure 441
4 Zero Voltage Switching Operation (ZVS) 444
5 Simulation Results 445
6 Conclusions 448
References 449
A Hybrid Forecasting Model Based on Artificial Neural Network and Teaching Learning Based Optimization Algorithm for Day-Ahead Wind Speed Prediction 450
1 Introduction 450
2 Working Principle of Hybrid Forecasting Model 451
3 Forecasting Results and Discussions 453
4 Conclusion 458
References 458
Risk Averse Energy Management for Grid Connected Microgrid Using Information Gap Decision Theory 459
1 Introduction 460
2 Information Gap Decision Theory 461
3 Problem Formulation 462
3.1 Deterministic MG Energy Management 462
3.2 IGDT Based MG Energy Management 462
4 Numerical Simulation 463
5 Conclusions 466
References 466
Power Quality Improvement of Microgrid Using Double Bridge Shunt Active Power Filter (DBSAPF) 468
1 Introduction 468
2 Shunt Active Power Filter 469
3 Hysteresis Control Technique 470
4 Proposed Double Bridge SAPF 471
5 Simulation Results 472
5.1 Case Study 1 473
5.2 Case Study 2 474
6 Conclusion 475
References 476
Opposition Theory Enabled Intelligent Whale Optimization Algorithm 477
1 Introduction 477
2 Whale Optimization Algorithm 479
2.1 Girdling Prey 479
2.2 Bubble-Net Attacking Method (Exploitation Phase) 480
2.3 Prey Search (Exploration Phase) 480
3 Opposition Theory Enabled Intelligent Whale Optimization Algorithm 481
3.1 Implementation of OBL on OIWOA 481
3.2 Implementation of Sinusoidal Function 482
3.3 Implementation of Crossover 482
4 Results and Discussions 482
5 Conclusions 484
References 484
Adaptive Inertia-Weighted Firefly Algorithm 486
1 Introduction 486
2 Firefly Algorithm 488
3 Improved Firefly Algorithm 489
4 Simulation Results and Discussions 491
4.1 Results on Uni-modal Functions 491
4.2 Results on Multi-modal and Fixed Dimension Multi-modal Functions 492
5 Conclusions 492
References 493
A Review of Scheduling Techniques and Communication Protocols for Smart Homes Capable of Implementing Demand Response 495
1 Introduction 495
2 Scheduling Techniques 496
2.1 Rule-Based Scheduling Techniques 496
2.2 Training-Based Artificial Intelligent Techniques 497
2.3 Heuristic and Meta-Heuristic AI Techniques 497
3 Communication 498
3.1 Wired Communication Protocols 498
3.2 Wireless-Based Communication 499
3.3 Hybrid and Integrated Protocols 499
4 Conclusion 500
References 500
A Robust Open-Loop Frequency Estimation Method for Single-Phase Systems 504
1 Introduction 504
2 Even Harmonics Generation 505
3 Filtering Requirements 506
3.1 DC-Offset Rejection 506
3.2 Extraction of Fundamental Orthogonal Components 507
3.3 Elimination of Higher Order Harmonics 508
4 Frequency Estimation 509
4.1 Simulation Setup and Results 509
5 Conclusion 512
References 512
Demand-Side Load Management for Peak Shaving 514
1 Introduction 514
2 Demand-Side Load Management 515
3 Modeling and Simulation 517
3.1 Modeling 517
3.2 Simulation Process 518
4 Simulation Results 520
5 Conclusions 523
References 523
A New Line Voltage Stability Index (NLVSI) For Voltage Stability Assessment 524
1 Introduction 524
2 Existing Line Based Voltage Stability Indices 526
2.1 Line Stability Index (Lmn) 526
2.2 Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) 526
2.3 Line Stability Factor (LQP) 526
2.4 Line Voltage Reactive Power Index (VQIline) 527
2.5 New Voltage Stability Index (NVSI) 527
3 Effect of Delta on Voltage 527
4 Proposed Index Formulation 529
5 Representation of ZIP Load Model 531
6 Test Case Results 531
6.1 When Conventional (i.e. Constant Power) Load is Used 532
6.2 When ZIP Load Model is Used 534
6.3 Results Comparison Between Conventional Load and ZIP Load Model 534
7 Conclusion 536
References 537
A Comprehensive Comparative Economic Analysis of ACO and CS Technique for Optimal Operation of Stand-alone HES 538
1 Introduction 540
2 Mathematical Formulation 541
2.1 Modeling of System Components 542
2.2 Operation Strategy 545
2.3 Objective Function 546
2.4 Constraints 546
3 Ant Colony Optimization 547
4 Cuckoo Search Technique 548
4.1 Levy Flights Technique 548
4.2 Random Walk Technique 549
5 Comparative Analysis 549
6 Conclusion 552
References 553
Demand Response in Distribution Systems: A Comprehensive Review 554
1 Introduction 554
2 Background and Classification of DRPs 555
3 An Overview of DR 557
4 Conclusion 560
References 560
Stochastic Operational Management of Grid-Connected Microgrid Under Uncertainty of Renewable Resources and Load Demand 562
1 Introduction 562
2 Stochastic Modeling of Renewable Generation and System Load 563
2.1 Stochastic Modeling of Wind Power Generation 563
2.2 Stochastic Modeling of PV Power Generation 564
2.3 Stochastic Modeling of System Load Demand 565
2.4 Combined Stochastic Modeling of the System 565
2.5 Tournament Selection Based Scenarios Sampling 565
3 Problem Formulation 565
3.1 Objective Function 565
3.2 Constraints 566
4 Solution Methodology 567
5 Simulation Results and Discussion 567
6 Conclusion 569
References 570
Real-Time High-Speed Novel Data Acquisition System Based on ZYNQ 571
1 Introduction 572
2 Overview of the Hardware Platform and Contemporary Solutions 572
3 Firmware Design of Data Acquisition System 573
4 Software Interface for Data Acquisition System 574
5 Results and Discussion 576
6 Conclusion 577
References 578
Exergetic Analysis of Glazed Photovoltaic Thermal (Single-Channel) Module Using Whale Optimization Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm 579
1 Introduction 580
2 System Description 582
3 Tool Used for Optimization 582
4 Result and Discussion 583
5 Conclusion 587
Appendix: Optimized Value of Parameters 587
References 588
An 8-Bit Charge Redistribution SAR ADC 589
1 Introduction 589
2 8-Bit SAR ADC Architecture 591
3 Implementation of Inner Blocks 593
3.1 S/H Circuit 593
3.2 Comparator 594
4 Simulation Results 595
5 Conclusion 597
References 597
Analysis of Triple-Threshold Technique for Power Optimization in SRAM Bit-Cell for Low-Power Applications at 45 Nm CMOS Technology 598
1 Introduction 598
2 Approach 600
3 Analysis and Result 600
3.1 Data Stability 600
3.2 Read Noise Margin 600
3.3 Write Noise Margin 601
3.4 Average Power and Leakage Power 602
4 Conclusion 604
References 604
Low Power Adder Circuits Using Various Leakage Reduction Techniques 606
1 Introduction 606
2 Literature Review 607
2.1 Sleep Transistor Technique 607
2.2 Stack Transistor Technique 608
2.3 Super Cutoff (SCCMOS) Technique 609
3 Implementation of Adder Circuit 610
3.1 1-Bit Full Adder 610
3.2 4-Bit Ripple Carry Adder 612
4 Simulation and Analysis 612
5 Conclusion 614
References 615
A Nature-Inspired Metaheuristic Swarm Based Optimization Technique BFOA Based Optimal Controller for Damping of SSR 617
1 Introduction 617
2 System Configuration 618
3 Development of Overall System Model 619
4 Application of Optimal Control Theory 619
5 Optimal Parameter Selection Using BFOA 619
5.1 A Brief Overview of BFOA 619
6 Results and Discussions 620
6.1 Case Study with 60% Series Compensation 620
7 Conclusion 622
References 624
New Fuzzy Divergence Measures, Series, Its Bounds and Applications in Strategic Decision-Making 626
1 Introduction 626
2 New Information Divergence Measures 627
3 Series of Fuzzy Divergence Measures 628
4 Some New Other Fuzzy Information Divergence Measures 632
5 New Information Divergence and Their Relation with Other Well-Known Divergence Measures 633
6 Application of Proposed Series of Fuzzy Divergence Making in Strategic Decision-Making 635
7 Conclusion 638
References 638
Mutual Coupling Reduction of Biconvex Lens Shaped Patch Antenna for 5G Application 639
1 Introduction 639
2 Design of the Proposed Antenna 640
2.1 Rotman Lens Equations and Proposed Modification 640
2.2 Design of the Perturbed Strip 641
3 Design and Simulation of Proposed Antenna 641
3.1 Substrate Material and Height 641
3.2 Design of the Proposed Antenna 642
3.3 Results from Simulation of the Proposed Antenna 642
4 Conclusion 644
References 646
Analysis of Anti-Islanding Protection Methods Integrated in Distributed Generation 647
1 Introduction 647
2 Passive Methods 648
3 Active Methods 650
4 Simulation Results 652
5 Conclusion 654
References 654
Color Image Watermarking with Watermark Hashing 656
1 Introduction 656
2 Background 657
2.1 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) 657
2.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) 658
3 Hashing Techniques 658
4 Experiments and Results 659
5 Conclusions 662
References 663
Global Neighbourhood Algorithm Based Event-Triggered Automatic Generation Control 665
1 Introduction 665
2 AGC System Modelling 667
3 Problem Formulation 668
3.1 Objective Function 668
3.2 Global Neighbourhood Algorithm (GNA) 668
3.3 Delay/Sampling Time Dependent Stability 668
4 Case Study 670
4.1 Case I 670
4.2 Case II 672
5 Conclusions 673
References 673
A Review on Voltage and Frequency Control of Micro Hydro System 675
1 Introduction 675
2 Voltage and Frequency Regulation in Micro Hydro System 677
3 Classification of ELC on the Basis of Loading 679
4 Discussion 681
5 Conclusion 682
References 682
Performance Analysis of Solar and Plug-in Electric Vehicle's Integration to the Power System with Automatic Generation Control 684
1 Introduction 684
2 Proposed System Study 685
3 Selection of Controller and Objective Function 686
4 Jaya Optimization Technique 687
5 Result and Analysis 688
6 Conclusion 691
7 Appendix 691
References 691
A Bibliographical View on Research and Developments of Photovoltaic and Thermal Technologies as a Combined System: PV/T System 693
1 Introduction 694
2 PV/T Air Collector 695
2.1 Effect of Glazing 696
2.2 Effect of Adding Thin Metallic Sheets (TMS) and Fins 696
2.3 Effect of Packing Factor 697
3 PV/T Water 697
4 PV/T Combi 698
5 Modelling of PV/T Collector 699
6 Optimization Using Soft Computing 700
7 Conclusion 701
References 701
UPM-NoC: Learning Based Framework to Predict Performance Parameters of Mesh Architecture in On-Chip Networks 703
1 Introduction 704
2 Related Work 705
2.1 Learning Models Used in Different Aspects of NoC 705
3 Design Strategy 706
3.1 Detailed Layout of Unified Performance Model 706
3.2 Data Collection Using Booksim Simulator 707
3.3 Generation of Dataset 708
4 Results and Discussion 708
4.1 Experimental Results 708
4.2 Validation 710
4.3 Runtime Comparison 711
5 Conclusion 712
References 712
Comparison of Performance Analysis of Optimal Controllers for Frequency Regulation of Three-Area Power System 714
1 Introduction 714
2 Three-Area System Under Study 716
3 Optimization of Controller Gains 717
4 Results and Discussion 718
5 Conclusion 721
References 721
Optimal DG Allocation in a Microgrid Using Droop-Controlled Load Flow 723
1 Introduction 723
2 Problem Formulation 725
3 Methodology 726
3.1 Droop-Controlled Load Flow (DCLF) 726
3.2 Non-Dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm 727
3.3 Fuzzy Satisfying Method 727
4 Results and Discussions 727
5 Conclusion 728
References 729
A Comparative Study of Classification Algorithms for Predicting Liver Disorders 731
1 Introduction 731
2 Literature Review 732
3 Methodology 734
3.1 Data Collection 734
3.2 Data Preprocessing 734
3.3 Applying Different Classification Algorithms 734
3.4 Predicting the Test Set Results 735
3.5 Comparison of Models 735
4 Results and Discussion 735
5 Conclusion and Future Work 737
References 737
Performance Analysis of Fabricated Buck-Boost MPPT Charge Controller 739
1 Introduction 739
2 Experimental Setup 740
3 Experimental Result 741
4 Conclusion 745
References 745
Performance Improvement of Cycloconverter Fed Induction Machine Using Shunt Active Power Filter 747
1 Introduction 747
2 Input Current of Cycloconverter 748
2.1 Harmonic Analysis of Input Current 749
3 Harmonic Analysis of Input Current of Cycloconverter Fed Induction Machine 749
4 Design Shunt Active Power Filter 751
4.1 Voltage Source Converter 751
4.2 Fuzzy Logic Based Controller 752
4.3 Hysteresis Band Current Control Technique 754
4.4 Simulation of Cycloconverter Fed Induction Machine with Shunt Active Power Filter 754
5 Conclusion 757
References 758
Comparative Analysis of Speaker Recognition System Based on Voice Activity Detection Technique, MFCC and PLP Features 759
1 Introduction 759
2 Methodology 760
2.1 Voice Activity Detection (VAD) 761
2.2 MFCC 762
2.3 Vector Quantization 762
2.4 Perceptual Linear Predictive (PLP) 763
2.5 Database 763
3 Results and Discussion 764
4 Conclusions 765
References 765
Nonintrusive Load Monitoring: Making Smart Meters Smarter 766
1 Introduction 766
1.1 Need for NILM in Smart Meters 766
2 Working of NILM and Challenges with It 767
2.1 Data Acquisition 768
3 Proposal 768
3.1 Security Feature to Safeguard Consumer as Well as Appliance 768
3.2 NILM to Predict Appliance Health 770
4 Conclusion 770
Stabilization of Chaotic Systems Using Robust Optimal Controller 772
1 Introduction 772
2 Problem Statement 773
3 Optimal Controller Design 774
4 Design of Sliding Mode Controller 775
5 Simulation Results 777
6 Conclusion 779
References 779
Jaya Algorithm Based Optimal Allocation of Distributed Energy Resources 781
1 Introduction 781
2 Problem Description 783
2.1 Boundary Limit of Node Voltage 783
2.2 Power Balance 784
2.3 Distribution Thermal Limit 784
2.4 DERs Generation 784
3 Description of the Jaya Algorithm 784
4 Simulation Results 786
4.1 Test System 1:33 Bus Radial Distribution Network 787
4.2 Test System 2: 69 Bus Radial Distribution Network 787
5 Conclusion 789
References 789
Bayesian Game Model: Demand Side Management for Residential Consumers with Electric Vehicles 791
1 Introduction 791
2 System Model 792
2.1 Energy Consumption Cost Model 793
2.2 Payoff Model for EV’s 794
3 Bayesian Game for Household Consumers 795
4 Simulation Results 796
5 Conclusion 798
References 798
Classification of Power System Disturbances Using Support Vector Machine in FPGA 800
1 Introduction 800
2 Support Vector Machine 801
2.1 Linear SVM 801
2.2 Nonlinear SVM 802
3 Power System Transient 804
4 SVM Implementation 805
4.1 Software Simulation of SVM in MATLAB 805
4.2 Hardware Co-simulation of SVM in FPGA 806
5 Simulation Result 808
6 Conclusion 809
References 809
Designing a Smart System for Air Quality Monitoring and Air Purification 811
1 Introduction 811
2 Filters and Sensors 812
2.1 Filters 812
2.2 Comparison of Various Filters Used in the Air Purifiers 814
2.3 Sensors 814
3 Proposed Model 815
4 Results 816
5 Conclusion 816
6 Future Scope 817
References 817
Activation Map Networks with Deep Graphical Model for Semantic Segmentation 819
1 Introduction 820
2 Context Deep CRFs 820
3 Pairwise Potential Functions 821
4 Prognostic Process 822
5 Prognostic Consummation Phase 823
6 Practical Experiments with Validation Set on Matlab Contextual Modeling 823
7 Conclusion 823
References 825
Grey Wolf Optimized PI Controller for Hybrid Power System Using SMES 827
1 Introduction 827
2 Hybrid Power System 828
2.1 Mathematical Modelling of HPS 828
3 Grey Wolf Optimization 830
4 Simulation Results and Analysis 831
5 Conclusion 834
References 835
JAYA-Evaluated Frequency Control Design for Hydroelectric Power System Using RFB and UPFC 836
1 Introduction 837
2 Studied Model 838
3 JAYA-Optimized LFC Designs 838
4 Result Analysis 841
5 Conclusion 842
References 844
A Human Face-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Ultra-Wideband Applications 845
1 Introduction 845
2 Antenna Geometry 846
3 Simulation Results 847
4 Conclusion 849
References 851
Scheduling Energy Storage to Provide Balancing During Line Contingency at High Wind Penetration 853
1 Introduction 855
2 Problem Formulation 856
2.1 Objective Function 856
2.2 Operating Constraints 856
2.3 Wind Generation Constraints 857
2.4 Storage Constraints 857
2.5 Power Balance 858
3 Data and Result Analysis 858
3.1 Data 858
3.2 Result Analysis 858
4 Conclusion 861
References 861
Multilevel Inverter Topologies in Renewable Energy Applications 863
1 Introduction 864
2 Classical MLI Topologies 865
2.1 Neutral Point Clamped MLI (NPC MLI) 865
2.2 Flying Capacitor MLI (FC MLI) 866
2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge MLI (CHB MLI) 867
3 RCC Topologies for LV Applications 867
3.1 Developed Cascaded MLI (DC MLI) 867
3.2 Cascaded Sub-multilevel Inverter (CSMLI) 867
3.3 Multilevel DC-Link Inverter (MLDCLI) 869
4 MLIs in Renewable Energy Applications 869
4.1 Photovoltaic Systems 869
4.2 Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) 870
4.3 Battery Storage Energy Systems (BSES) 870
5 Conclusion 871
References 871
A Review on Demand Side Management Forecasting Models for Smart Grid 875
1 Introduction 875
2 Load Forecasting 877
2.1 Traditional Forecasting Method 877
2.2 Modern Forecasting Method 879
3 Comparative Study of Forecasting Techniques 880
4 Challenges and Conclusion 881
References 881
Detection of Suspicious Activity in ATM Booth 883
1 Introduction 883
1.1 Video Surveillance 884
1.2 Overview 884
2 Related Work 884
3 Background 885
3.1 Automated Teller Machine 885
3.2 Suspicious Activities in ATM Booth 886
4 Multiple Object Detection 886
4.1 Viola–Jones Algorithm 886
4.2 Approach Used for Multiple Person Detection 888
5 Helmet Detection 888
5.1 Circle Hough Transformation 888
5.2 Approach Used for Helmet Detection 891
6 Results Analysis 891
7 Conclusion 895
References 896
Mitigation of Power Quality for Wind Energy Using Transmission Line Based on D-STATCOM 898
1 Introduction 898
2 Proposed Work 899
3 Result and Discussion 900
4 Conclusion 904
References 905
Performance Evaluation of Solar Power Plant 907
1 Introduction 907
2 Methodology and Input Parameters 908
3 Result and Discussion 909
4 Conclusion 909
References 911
GWO Based PID Controller Optimization for Robotic Manipulator 913
1 Introduction 913
2 Modeling of Robotic Manipulator 914
3 Trajectory for Manipulator 916
4 PID Controller 916
5 Optimization Technique 917
5.1 GWO Optimization 917
6 Simulation and Result Analysis 918
7 Conclusion 920
References 921
A 26 W Power Supply Based on Luo Converter with Improved Power Factor and Total Harmonic Distortion 922
1 Introduction 922
2 Proposed Model: A Power Factor Corrected (PFC) Power Supply Based on Luo Converter 923
3 Components Selection of Power Supply 924
4 System Loop Gain Analysis 924
5 Model Stability Without Controller in Feedback 926
6 Controller Design and Analysis of Stability System with Compensation Network 926
6.1 Proportional Integral (PI) Controller 927
6.2 Compensator’s Component Design 928
6.3 Model with Proposed Compensated Network: Stability Analysis 928
7 Simulated Circuit Diagram and Analysis 929
8 Results Analysis 929
9 Conclusions 931
References 931
Optimal Strategic Bidding Using Intelligent Gravitational Search Algorithm for Profit Maximization of Power Suppliers in an Emerging Power Market 932
1 Introduction 932
2 Problem Formulation 934
3 Intelligent GSA 935
3.1 Opposition Phenomenon in GSA 936
3.2 Update Mode of Gravity Constant 936
4 Results and Discussion 936
5 Conclusion 939
References 939
Synchrophasor Measurements Assisted Naïve Bayes Classification Based Real-Time Transient Stability Prediction of Power System 941
1 Introduction 941
2 Naïve Bayes Classifier 942
3 Proposed Methodology 943
3.1 Optimal PMU Placement Formulation 944
3.2 Data Generation 944
3.3 Feature Selection and Target Assignment 944
3.4 Training, Testing and New Data 945
3.5 Proposed Synchrophasor Measurement Assisted Naïve Bayes Classifier 945
4 Simulation and Results 945
4.1 Optimal PMU Placement 945
4.2 PMU-Naïve Bayes Based Real-Time Transient Stability Prediction 946
5 Conclusion 947
References 947
Device Modeling and Characteristics of Solution Processed Perovskite Solar Cell at Ambient Conditions 949
1 Introduction 949
2 Methodology 951
2.1 Materials 951
2.2 Preparation of Layers 952
2.3 Device Fabrication 952
3 Characterization 954
3.1 I–V Measurement 954
3.2 UV-Visible Analysis 954
4 Summary 955
References 956
Control and Remote Sensing of an Irrigation System Using ZigBee Wireless Network 957
1 Introduction 958
2 Materials and Methods 959
2.1 Conceptual System Design 959
2.2 Sensor-Based In-field Station 960
2.3 Irrigation Control Station 961
2.4 Base Station 962
2.5 Graphical User Interface (Gui) 962
2.6 Mail Transfer 964
3 Application and Observations 964
4 Limitation 965
5 Conclusion and Future Work 965
References 966
Analysis and Classification of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Techniques: A Review 967
1 Introduction 967
2 Introduction to MPPT Techniques 968
3 Types of MPPT Techniques 969
3.1 Conventional Methods 969
3.2 Soft Computing Methods 972
3.3 Comparative Study 974
4 Conclusion 975
References 975
A Study and Comprehensive Overview of Inverter Topologies for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (PVS) 977
1 Introduction 978
2 Evolution of Grid-Connected Inverter Topologies for PVS 978
2.1 Centralized Inverters 981
2.2 String Inverters and AC-Modules 981
2.3 Multi-string Inverters and Cascaded Inverters 982
3 Power Processing Stages-Based Inverters 982
3.1 SSI: Single-Stage Inverter 982
3.2 MSI: Multiple-Stage Inverter 983
4 Conclusion 983
References 984
IOT Based Smart Writer 986
1 Technical Details of the Paper 987
1.1 Origin of Idea 987
1.2 Definition of the Problem 987
2 Objectives 987
2.1 Printing 987
2.2 Android/IOS Development 988
2.3 App to Machine Communication 988
2.4 Speech to Text Conversion 988
2.5 Signature Printing and Encryption 988
3 Workplan 988
3.1 Literature Survey 988
3.2 Writer Installation 988
3.3 Arduino Programming 989
3.4 Mobile App Development 989
3.5 Paper Representation 989
4 Methodology 989
5 Organization of the Work Elements 990
6 Time Schedule Chart 991
7 Technologies Used 991
8 Conclusion 991
References 991
Design and Implementation of Arduino Based Control System for Power Management of Household Utilities 992
1 Introduction 992
2 Environmental Impact of Conventional Energy Resources 993
3 Solar Power and Scope in India 993
4 Experimental Setup 994
5 Results and Discussion 995
6 Conclusion 998
References 998
Interfacing Python with DIgSILENT Power Factory: Automation of Tasks 999
1 Python Interpreter 999
2 Python Power Factory Module 1000
3 Python Power Factory Module Usage 1000
4 Conclusion 1002
References 1003
Recent Development in Perovskite Solar Cell Based on Planar Structures 1004
1 Introduction 1004
2 Planar Structure 1006
3 The Inverted Planar Structure 1007
4 Summary 1009
References 1009