Advances in VLSI, Communication, and Signal Processing (eBook)

VCAS 2018 Committees 6
Chief Patron 6
Patron 6
General Chair 6
Program Chair 6
Organizing Chair 6
Keynote Chair 7
Tutorial Chair 7
Workshop Chair 7
Public Relation Chair 7
Publication Chair 7
Finance Chair 7
Program Co-Chair 7
Event Management Chair 8
Publicity Chair 8
Industrial Chair 8
Hospitality Chair 8
Registration Chair 8
Resource Generation Chair 8
Website Chair 8
Workshop Co-Chair 9
Hospitality Co-Chair 9
Tutorial Co-Chair 9
Registration Co-Chair 9
Organizing Secretary 9
Advisory Committee 9
Technical Program Committee 10
Organizer 12
Preface 13
Contents 14
Editors and Contributors 22
Communication Engineering 35
BER Performance Evaluation of Different Modulation Techniques for Underwater FSO Communication System 36
1 Introduction 37
2 Motivation and Contribution 37
3 Proposed Work 38
4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Equation 40
5 Results and Discussion 41
6 Conclusion 43
References 44
Reliable Location-Aware Routing Protocol for Urban Vehicular Scenario 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Related Work 47
3 Protocol Overview 47
3.1 Forwarder Selection Process: A Two-Level Process 48
3.2 Road Selection Process 49
4 Simulation Results 51
4.1 Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) 51
4.2 Throughput 52
4.3 End to End Delay 53
5 Conclusion 54
References 54
DFT Precoder Technique Combined with µ-Law Companding for PAPR Reduction in OFDM System 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Problem Formulation 56
3 Proposed PAPR Reduction and System Model 58
3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and DFT Matrix 58
3.2 DFT Precoder Matrix Based OFDM System 59
3.3 Companded OFDM Signals 60
3.4 Receiver Section 60
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 61
5 Conclusion 65
References 67
Power Sector Reforms, Strategies, and Contribution of Private Sector 68
1 Key Issues Facing the Indian Power Sector 69
1.1 Financial Viability of the SEBs 69
1.2 Inadequate Investment in the Sector 69
1.3 T& D Losses
1.4 Inefficient Tariff Structure 69
2 Key Lessons from Latin America and East Asian Experience 70
3 Power Sector Reforms 70
3.1 Steps to Be Taken for Power Sector Reform in a Developing Country like India 71
4 Policies of Power Sector 72
4.1 Generation 72
4.2 Thermal Generation 73
4.3 Power 73
4.4 Nonconventional Energy Sources 73
4.5 Renovation & Modernization (R&
4.6 Transmission 74
4.7 Distribution 74
4.8 Technology Development and R& D
4.9 Transmission & Distribution Losses
4.10 Energy Conservation 75
4.11 Environmental Issues 75
4.12 Protection of Consumer Interests and Quality Standards 75
4.13 Fuel Usage 76
5 Private Sector Participation 76
5.1 Introduction 76
5.2 Need for Privatization 76
5.3 Financial Viability of the SEBs 77
6 Ensuring Long-Term Commitment of the Private Operators 78
6.1 Enron-Led Dabhol Power Project 79
6.2 Losses 79
7 Conclusion 80
References 80
Performance Evaluation of IEEE 802.11p Physical Layer for Efficient Vehicular Communication 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Related Works 84
3 IEEE 802.11p Transmission Process 85
4 Results and Discussion 87
5 Conclusions 89
References 91
A Robust Energy-Efficient Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Wireless Sensor Network 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Related Work 93
3 Proposed Protocol 94
3.1 Network Model 94
3.2 Cluster Head Selection and Cluster Formation 95
3.3 Proposed Routing Algorithm 96
4 Performance Evaluation 96
5 Conclusion and Future Work 99
References 99
A Resource Allocation Protocol to Meet QoS for Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) in Tactical Scenario 101
1 Introduction 101
2 Scenario Description 102
3 Waveform Design 102
3.1 Network Control Packet (NCP) 104
3.2 Traffic Data Packet (TDP) 105
3.3 Network Synchronization Packet (NSP) 105
3.4 Network Information Packet (NIP) 106
4 Channel Allocation Method 106
5 Implementation and Results 107
6 Conclusion 108
References 109
Comparative Study of Anomaly Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Different Kernel Functions 110
1 Introduction 111
2 Literature Review and Theory of SMO-SVM 111
2.1 Literature Review 111
2.2 Sequential Minimal Optimization SVM 112
3 Results and Discussion 114
4 Conclusion 117
References 117
Proactive Spectrum Handoff-Based MAC Protocol for Cognitive Radio Ad hoc Network 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Related Works 120
3 Problem Statement and System Model 121
4 Operation of the Proposed Protocol 122
4.1 Method to Check the Selected Channel Is Free or Not 124
5 Performance Evaluation 124
6 Conclusion 128
References 129
An Energy-Efficient Framework Based on Random Waypoint Mobility Model in WSN-Assisted IoT 130
1 Introduction 130
2 Related Work 132
3 Mobility Models Classification 133
3.1 Random Based Mobility Model 133
3.2 Temporal Dependencies 133
3.3 Geographic Restrictions 133
3.4 Hybrid Characteristics 133
4 System Model 133
4.1 Propose Framework 133
4.2 Assumptions 134
4.3 Energy Model 135
4.4 Network Life Time 136
5 Efficient Communication Algorithm 136
6 Result Discussion 138
7 Conclusion 139
References 140
A Scheduling Algorithm Including Deadline of Messages in Vehicular Ad hoc Network 142
1 Introduction 142
2 Related Works 144
3 Problem Statement and System Model 144
4 Proposed Scheme 145
5 Results and Discussions 146
6 Conclusion 149
References 149
Hardware Implementation of Simeck Cipher as a Lightweight Hash Function 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Simeck Cipher 152
3 Simeck Hash Generator 154
3.1 Simeck Architecture 154
4 Hardware Implementation 155
5 Security Analysis 156
5.1 Preimage Resistance 156
5.2 Second Preimage Resistance 156
5.3 Collision Attack 156
6 Conclusion 156
References 157
Comparative Study of PSO-Based Hybrid Clustering Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Background on Clustering Algorithms 160
2.1 K-Means (KM) [5] 160
2.2 K-Harmonic Means (KHM) [15, 16] 161
2.3 Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) [13] 161
2.4 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) 162
3 Results and Discussion 162
4 Conclusion 164
References 164
Modified Cluster Head Election Scheme Based on LEACH Protocol for MI-Driven UGWSNs 166
1 Introduction 166
1.1 Motivation 167
1.2 Contributions 168
2 LEACH Protocol 168
2.1 Proposed Heterogeneous WSN on MI-Based Approach 169
3 Results and Analysis 171
4 Conclusion 173
References 173
Stable Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithm for Dynamic Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks 175
1 Introduction 175
2 SERA Protocol 176
3 Simulation Results 178
4 Conclusion 183
References 183
Comparative Study of Different Routing Protocols for IEEE 802.15.4-Enabled Mobile Sink Wireless Sensor Network 185
1 Introduction 185
2 IEEE 802.15.4 186
3 Routing Protocols 187
4 Proposed Work 188
5 Simulation and Parameter Analysis 189
6 Results and Discussions 190
7 Conclusion 193
References 193
Cooperative Communications Framework for Industrial Applications 195
1 Introduction 195
2 The Proposed Framework 196
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 200
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 203
References 203
p-Cycles as Their Own m-Cycles for Fault Detection and Localization in Elastic Optical Networks 204
1 Introduction 205
2 p-Cycle Concept in Elastic Optical Networks 206
3 m-Cycle Concept in Elastic Optical Networks 207
4 ILP Optimization Model 208
5 Simulations and Results 209
6 Conclusion 210
References 210
Analysis of Modified Swastika Shaped Slotted (MSSS) Microstrip Antenna for Multiband and Ultra-wideband Applications 212
1 Introduction 212
2 Basic Microstrip Antenna 213
3 Description of MSSS Microstrip Antenna 214
4 Results and Discussion 217
5 Conclusions 220
References 221
A Compact Star Shaped Fractal Antenna for Multiband Applications 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Design of Antenna Geometry 223
3 Results and Discussion 225
3.1 First Iteration Structure 225
3.2 Second Iteration Structure 225
3.3 Third Iteration Structure 227
4 Conclusion 229
References 231
Dual-Band Modified U-Shaped Slot Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for S-Band Applications 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Design of Antenna Geometry 233
2.1 Simple U-Shaped Slot Antenna 233
2.2 Modified U-Shaped Slot Antenna 233
2.3 Fabricated Antenna 235
3 Results and Discussion 238
3.1 Comparison of Results of Simple U-Shaped and Modified U-Shaped Slot Antenna 238
4 Conclusion 243
References 243
Localization of Sensor Nodes in WSN Using Area Between a Node and Two Beacons 244
1 Introduction 244
1.1 Related Work 245
1.2 Novelty 245
2 Proposed Scheme: Localization Using Area Between a Node and Two Beacons 246
3 Results and Performance Analysis 248
3.1 Simulation Results and Discussion 249
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 250
References 250
A Compact Rectangular Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Structure for Multiband Applications 252
1 Introduction 252
2 Design of Patch Antenna Geometry 253
3 Design of Multiband Antenna Using DGS 255
3.1 Patch Antenna with Dumbbell-Shaped DGS 255
4 Results and Discussion 256
4.1 Return Loss 256
4.2 VSWR 256
4.3 Radiation Pattern 257
4.4 Gain 258
4.5 Efficiency 259
5 Conclusion 261
References 261
Optimizing Resource Allocation of MIMO-OFDM in 4G and Beyond Systems 263
1 Introduction 264
2 Design of Cyclic Prefix 265
3 Capacity and Energy Efficiency in MU-MIMO 266
4 Conclusion 270
References 270
Design and Development of 2.1 GHz Horn Antenna 272
1 Introduction 272
2 Horn Antenna Design 273
3 Designing of Horn Antenna 276
3.1 Experimental Setup 276
3.2 Simulation Modeling 277
4 Result and Analysis 277
5 Conclusion 280
References 280
Full-Duplex Wireless Communication in Cognitive Radio Networks: A Survey 281
1 Introduction 282
1.1 Need for Full-Duplex Communication in CRN 282
1.2 Contributions of This Survey Article 283
2 Cognitive Radio and Full-Duplex (FD) Communication 283
2.1 Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) 283
2.2 Half-Duplex Versus Full-Duplex Communication 284
2.3 Network Topology 284
3 Energy Efficiency and Energy Harvesting in FD-CRN 285
3.1 System Model 285
3.2 Analysis of False Alarm Probability and Detection Probability 286
4 Throughput in Full-Duplex Cognitive Radio Network 289
4.1 Non-cooperative Spectrum Sensing System Model 289
4.2 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing System Model 291
5 Research Challenges and Issues 293
5.1 Spectrum-Related Issues and Research Directions 293
5.2 PU Activity 293
5.3 Energy Harvesting and Green Communications 294
5.4 Self-interference Suppression (SIS) 294
6 Conclusion 294
References 295
Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields (100 KHz–300 GHz) Exposure with Respect to Human Body Model and Methods for SAR Measurement 298
1 Introduction 298
2 Definition of SAR 299
3 Related Quantity to SAR Measurement 300
3.1 Dielectric Property 300
3.2 Internal Dose 302
3.3 Polarization 303
3.4 Biological Object Geometry and Size 303
3.5 Field Frequency 304
3.6 Source Configuration 304
3.7 Time Intensity Factors 304
3.8 Exposure Environment 305
3.9 Local SAR 305
3.10 Whole Body Averaged SAR 305
4 Methods for SAR Calculation 305
4.1 Quantities and Parameter to Be Measured 306
4.2 General Considerations About Phantom Modeling 306
4.3 Problem Associated with RF Exposure Measurement 307
4.4 Instrumentation 307
4.5 Measurement Techniques 308
5 Conclusion 312
References 312
Noise-Induced Training for Weak Signal Detection in Neyman–Pearson Framework 314
1 Introduction 314
2 Basic Mathematics 316
3 Proposed Neural Network-Based Weak Signal Detection Algorithm 317
3.1 Noise Benefitted Neural Network Detector 318
4 Simulation Results with Illustrative Example 319
4.1 Weak DC Signal with Inherent Non-Gaussian Noise 321
5 Conclusion 323
References 324
Optimum APD Gain Evaluation of FSO System for Inter-building Laser Communication Application 325
1 Introduction 325
2 System and Channel Model 326
3 Performance Analysis 327
4 Result and Discussion 328
5 Conclusion 329
Appendix 330
References 331
EM Analysis of RF Interaction Structures for Gyrotron Devices 333
1 Introduction 333
2 EM Analysis of RF Structures 335
2.1 Tapered Structure 335
2.2 Taper Design 336
2.3 Vane-Loaded Structure 339
2.4 Disc-Loaded Structure 343
3 Result and Discussion 350
3.1 Tapered Structure 350
3.2 Vane-Loaded Structure 352
3.3 Disc-Loaded Structure 355
4 Conclusion 357
References 357
LTE-Advanced Carrier Aggregation for Enhancement of Bandwidth 359
1 Introduction 359
1.1 Related Work 360
2 System Model 361
2.1 LTE Advanced and Its Features 361
2.2 Carrier Aggregation 361
2.3 Intra-band Contiguous Carrier Aggregation 361
2.4 Intra-band Noncontiguous Carrier Aggregation 362
2.5 Inter-band Carrier Aggregation 363
3 Performance Analysis 363
3.1 Steps to Optimize the Bandwidth 364
4 Design Specification and Simulation for Carrier Aggregation 364
5 Results and Discussion 365
6 Conclusion 367
References 369
VLSI 370
Temperature-Dependent Analog, RF, and Linearity Analysis of Junctionless Quadruple Gate MOSFETs for Analog Applications 371
1 Introduction 372
2 Device Structures 372
3 Temperature-Dependent Performance Analysis 374
3.1 Temperature-Dependent Short Channel Effects (SCEs) 374
3.2 Temperature-Dependent Analog Performance Analysis 374
3.3 Temperature-Dependent RF Performance Parameters 377
3.4 Temperature-Dependent Linearity Distortion Analysis 379
4 Conclusion 381
References 381
A Hardware Minimized Gated Clock Multiple Output Low Power Linear Feedback Shift Register 383
1 Introduction 383
2 Traditional LFSR 385
3 Multiple Output Low Power Parallel LFSR 386
4 Clock Gated Circuits 387
5 Proposed Work 387
5.1 Hardware Comparison 388
5.2 Power Calculation 390
5.3 Simulation and Results 390
6 Conclusion 391
References 391
A Novel Dual Material Extra Insulator Layer Fin Field Effect Transistor for High-Performance Nanoscale Applications 393
1 Introduction 394
2 Device Structure 394
3 Results and Discussions 396
4 Conclusion 400
References 400
Performance of Double Gate Tunnel FET Devices with Source Pocket 402
1 Introduction 402
2 Device Design and Simulation 404
3 Simulation Result and Discussion 404
4 Conclusion 410
References 410
The Parameters Affecting Graphene Conductivity for Sensor and High-Frequency Application 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Computational Detail 413
3 Result and Discussion 414
4 Conclusion 416
References 416
Numerical Measurement of Oscillating Parameters of IMPATT Using Group IV and Group III–V Materials 418
1 Introduction 418
2 Modeling and Design Parameters 419
3 Results and Discussion 421
4 Conclusion 424
References 424
Analysis of SRAM Cell for Low Power Operation and Its Noise Margin 426
1 Introduction 426
2 Minimum Energy Consumption Modeling 427
3 Short Channel Effect 428
4 Leakage Current 428
5 SRAM Cell 432
6 Static Noise Margin 432
7 Simulation and Results 433
8 Conclusion 438
References 438
Fabrication of Nano-petals Zn0.97Cu0.03O Thin Film and Application in Methane Sensing 440
1 Introduction 440
2 Experimental 441
3 Results and Discussions 441
4 Conclusions 445
References 445
Study and Analysis of Low Power Dynamic Comparator 447
1 Introduction 447
2 Clocked Based Dynamic Comparator 448
2.1 Clocked Based Conventional Dynamic Comparator 449
2.2 Clocked Based Double Tail Dynamic Comparator 451
2.3 Double Tail Dynamic Comparator with Enhanced Latch Regeneration Speed 452
2.4 Proposed Comparator 453
3 Simulation Results and Discussion 454
4 Conclusion 460
References 461
Tuned Universal Filter Design Using Single Differential Difference Current Conveyor for Sub-GHz Frequency Band 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Methodology 463
3 Proposed Configuration 465
4 Simulation Results 466
5 Conclusion 472
References 472
0.5 V Two-Stage Subthreshold Fully Differential Miller Compensated OTA Using Voltage Combiners 473
1 Introduction 473
2 Circuit Description 474
3 Analysis and Design 476
3.1 Differential Gain and Common-Mode Gain for First Stage 476
3.2 Differential Gain and Common-Mode Gain for Second Stage 479
3.3 Total Differential Gain and Common-Mode Gain of the Proposed OTA 479
3.4 Frequency Response 480
4 Simulation Results 480
5 Comparison 483
6 Conclusion 485
References 489
Current Feedback Operational Amplifier-Based Biquadratic Filter 490
1 Introduction 490
2 CFOA Circuit Schematics 493
2.1 The Basic Principle of CFOA 493
2.2 Simulation Results 495
3 Biquadratic Universal Filter Using CFOA Cells 497
4 Performance Comparison 499
5 Conclusion 502
References 503
Modeling and FEM-Based Simulations of Composite Membrane Based Circular Capacitive Pressure Sensor 505
1 Introduction 505
2 Mathematical Modeling of Sensor 507
2.1 Membrane Deflection and Capacitance Variation 507
2.2 Sensitivity and Nonlinearity 509
3 Results and Discussion 509
3.1 Analytical Design for Membrane Deflection 510
3.2 FEM Simulations and Comparison with Analytical Results 511
4 Conclusion 512
References 513
Comparative Study on Structural and Electrical Characteristics of TiO2 Film Deposited by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition and RF Sputtering 515
1 Introduction 515
2 Experimental Procedure 516
3 Results and Discussion 517
4 Conclusion 521
References 521
Impact of HfO2 as Passivation Layer in the Simulation of PERC-Type Solar Cell 522
1 Introduction 522
2 Solar Cell Simulation 524
3 Results and Discussion 524
3.1 Al-BSF and PERC Structure 524
3.2 Al-BSF and PERC Structure with HfO2 Passivation Layer 525
3.3 PERC Structure with Al2O3 and HfO2 Passivation Layer 528
4 Conclusion 529
References 529
Effect of Micro Lever Width on the Mechanical Sensitivity of a MEMS Capacitive Accelerometer 531
1 Introduction 531
2 Dynamics of the Device 533
2.1 Device Structure and Working 533
2.2 Analytical Modelling 534
3 Results and Discussion 536
4 Conclusion 538
References 538
Noise and Linear Distortion Analysis of Analog/RF Performance in a Two Dimensional Dielectric Pocket Junctionless Double Gate (DP-JLDG) MOSFET to Control SCEs 539
1 Introduction 539
2 DP-JLDG Device Structure and Simulation Setup 540
3 Noise and Linear Distortion Analysis 541
4 Noise and Linear Distortion Analysis 543
5 Conclusion 548
References 552
Finite Element Modeling of a Wideband Piezoelectric Energy Harvester for Ambient Vibration Extraction 554
1 Introduction 554
2 Device Dynamics 556
2.1 Operation of Device 556
2.2 Device Dimensions 558
2.3 Resonant Frequency Analysis 558
3 Result and Discussion 559
4 Conclusion 561
References 561
Impact of Oxide Engineering on Analog/RF Performance of Doping-Less DMDG MOSFET 562
1 Introduction 562
2 Device Structure and Simulation Setup 564
3 Simulation Results 565
3.1 Electrostatic Parameters 565
3.2 Analog/RF Parameters 565
4 Conclusion 571
References 571
Phosphorene: A Worthy Alternative of Graphene and MoS2 in Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor 573
1 Introduction 574
2 Theory 575
2.1 Sensor Structure and Design Parameter 575
2.2 Mathematical Modeling of Reflectance Curve 576
2.3 Principle of Operation 577
2.4 Performance Parameters 578
3 Result and Discussion 578
4 Conclusion 581
References 581
Substrate Integrated Waveguide Wideband and Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filters Using Multimode Resonator 583
1 Introduction 583
2 Design and Analysis of Proposed Filters 584
2.1 Design of Dual-Band Bandpass Filter 585
2.2 Design of Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Quintuple Mode Resonator 587
2.3 Design of Ultra-Wideband Bandpass Filter Using Sextuple Mode Resonator 587
3 Results and Discussion 588
4 Conclusion 589
References 590
Impact of Dimensional Effects on Subsurface Leakage Current of a Low-VTH Nanoscale MOSFET Under Accumulation Bias 591
1 Introduction 591
2 Device Structure and Simulation Setup 593
3 Impact of Dimensional Effects on Subsurface Leakage Current 594
3.1 Drain-to-Source Voltage and Gate Length 594
3.2 Source/Drain Junction Depth 597
4 Conclusion 598
References 598
Dielectric Pocket (DP) Based Channel Region of the Junction-Less Dual Material Double Gate (JLDMDG) MOSFET for Enhanced Analog/RF Performance 600
1 Introduction 601
2 Device Structure and Simulation 601
3 Results and Discussion 603
3.1 Sensitivity Analysis of the Devices 606
4 Conclusion 606
References 607
Study and Performance Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as a Global VLSI Interconnects 608
1 Introduction 608
2 Physical Structures of CNTs Interconnects 609
2.1 An Isolated SWCNT 609
2.2 SWCNT Bundle 610
2.3 MWCNT Bundle 611
3 Proposed ESC Model 612
4 Simulation Setup 614
5 Results and Discussions 614
6 Conclusions 617
References 617
Parasitic Series Resistance for 4H-SiC and Diamond-Based IMPATT Diode at Ku Band 619
1 Introduction 619
2 Numerical Estimation of Series Resistance 620
2.1 Material Parameters 622
3 Results and Discussion 623
4 Conclusion 623
References 626
Design and Analysis of Self-biased OTA for Low-Power Applications 628
1 Introduction 629
2 Separate Biased OTA 629
3 Self-biased OTA 630
4 Proposed OTA Design 631
4.1 Design of Input Stage 631
4.2 Bulk-Driven MOS Transistor 632
4.3 Proposed Circuit and Discussion 632
5 Conclusion 637
References 638
Work Function Estimation of Copper-Doped ZnO Thin Film 639
1 Introduction 639
2 Experimental Details 640
3 Result and Discussion 641
4 Conclusion 645
References 645
Refractive Index and Dielectric Constant Evaluation of RF Sputtered Few Layer MoS2 Thin Film 647
1 Introduction 647
2 Experimental Details 648
3 Result and Discussion 648
3.1 Structural Analysis 648
3.2 Morphological Analysis 649
3.3 Morphological Analysis 650
4 Conclusion 653
References 653
Design and Optimization of MEMS Piezoelectric Cantilever for Vibration Energy Harvesting Application 655
1 Introduction 655
2 Design of Cantilever Beam 656
3 Analytical Modeling and Functioning 658
4 Simulation Results 660
5 Conclusion 660
References 662
Analyzing the Sensitivity of Heterostructure of BP-Graphene/TMDC Layer Coated SPR Biosensor 663
1 Introduction 663
2 Proposed SPR Biosensor Design Considerations 665
2.1 Proposed Design for SPR Biosensor 665
2.2 N-Layer Modeling 666
3 Simulation and Results 667
4 Conclusion 670
References 670
Short Channel Effects (SCEs) Based Comparative Study of Double-Gate (DG) and Gate-All-Around (GAA) FinFET Structures for Nanoscale Applications 672
1 Introduction 673
2 Device Structure And Simulation Setup 674
3 Results And Discussion 675
3.1 Comparison of GAA FinFETs with DG FinFETs 675
3.2 Cylindrical and Rectangular GAA FinFETs 676
4 Conclusions 679
References 679
Cross-Coupled Bulk-Degenerated OTA Using Source Follower Auxiliary Pair to Improve Linearity 681
1 Introduction 681
2 The Proposed Cross-Coupled Source Follower Bulk-Degenerated (CCSFBD) OTA 682
3 Simulation Result and Discussion 685
4 Conclusion 687
References 688
Highly Linear Source-Degenerated OTA with Floating Gate Auxiliary Differential Pair 690
1 Introduction 690
2 Basic OTA Structures 691
3 Proposed OTA 695
4 Simulation Results 696
5 Conclusions 698
References 700
Application of Petri Net Model in High-Level Scheduling Algorithm 702
1 Introduction 702
2 Literature Survey 703
3 High-Level Synthesis 704
4 Control and Data Flow Graphs 705
5 Scheduling 705
5.1 Scheduling Problem 705
5.2 Scheduling Algorithms 706
6 Petri-Nets 707
6.1 Components of Petri-Nets 708
6.2 Dynamic Behavior of PN 709
6.3 Petri-Net Model Definition 710
6.4 Analysis Techniques of Petri-Nets 710
7 Simulation Result 711
8 Conclusion and Future Scope 712
References 713
Design of Full Adder with Self-checking Capability Using Quantum Dot Cellular Automata 715
1 Introduction 715
2 QCA Overview 716
2.1 QCA Wire 717
2.2 Majority Voter 717
2.3 Majority Gate 717
2.4 QCA Clocking 718
2.5 QCA Designer 719
2.6 Reversible Gates and Reversibility 719
3 Proposed Full Adder and Presentation 720
3.1 Parity-Preserving Reversible Gate 720
3.2 Full Adder Using PPRG 721
4 Result 722
5 Conclusion 723
References 726
A Novel Approach for Reversible Realization of 4 × 4 Bit Vedic Multiplier Circuit 728
1 Introduction 728
2 Basic Concepts of Vedic Multiplier 729
3 Reversible Logic Approach 731
3.1 Reversible Logic Gates 732
3.2 Performance Parameters for Reversible Designs 733
3.3 Reversible Circuit Design Approach 735
4 Proposed Design for 4 × 4 Vedic Multiplier Using Reversible Logic Approach 736
4.1 Reversible Realization of 2 × 2 Size Vedic Multiplier Circuit 736
4.2 Reversible Realization of 4-Bit Adder Circuit 736
5 Result and Analysis 737
6 Conclusion 739
References 739
Design and Implementation of 32-bit MIPS-Based RISC Processor 741
1 Introduction 742
1.1 MIPS Framework 742
2 Proposed ALU Design 747
3 Result and Analysis 748
4 Conclusion 749
References 750
Signal Processing 752
Image Compression Using Hybrid Approach and Adaptive Scanning for Color Images 753
1 Introduction 753
2 Proposed Method 754
2.1 RGB to YCbCr Conversion 755
2.2 Hybrid Transform 755
2.3 Quantization 757
2.4 Lossless Projected Encoder 758
3 Experimental Results and Comparison 759
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 765
References 765
MR Image Denoising Using Adaptive Wavelet Soft Thresholding 767
1 Introduction 768
2 Background 769
2.1 NIG Distribution and Goodness-of-Fit Test 770
2.2 MAD Estimator 773
3 Proposed Methodology 773
4 Simulated Results 775
5 Conclusion 776
References 777
A Brief Survey on Hardware Realization of Two-Dimensional Adaptive Filters 778
1 Introduction 778
2 Basic Technique of Adaptive Filters 780
2.1 Error Measurements 781
2.2 Adaptive Algorithms 782
3 A Brief Survey 784
4 Conclusions 785
References 785
A Survey on  Hinfty Control Techniques 788
1 Introduction 788
1.1 Finite Horizon Hinfty Control Problem 790
2 A Brief Survey Report 791
3 Conclusions 793
References 793
An Efficient High-Speed CORDIC Algorithm Using Parallel-Prefix Adders (PPA) 796
1 Introduction 796
2 CORDIC Algorithm for Trigonometric Functions 797
2.1 Mathematical Analysis of CORDIC Algorithm 797
2.2 Optimization 799
3 Adders 799
3.1 Parallel-Prefix Adder Mechanism 800
3.2 Kogge-Stone Adder 800
3.3 Brent-Kung Adder 801
3.4 Han-Carlson Adder 801
4 Implementation Results 802
5 Results 803
6 Conclusion 804
References 804
Stockwell Transform Based Time-Frequency Analysis of the ECG Features for Assessment of Risk of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertension Patients 805
1 Introduction 806
2 Methodology 808
2.1 Data Acquisition System for Recording of Lead 1 and Lead 2 ECG 809
2.2 Labchart-Based ECG Analysis 809
2.3 Statistical Analysis of ECG Features 810
2.4 FDST-Based Time-Frequency Analysis 810
3 Result and Discussion 811
4 Conclusion 816
References 817
Secure Image Restoration and Contrast Enhancement Using Wavelet Transform and Thresholding Technique 819
1 Introduction 819
2 Overview of the Proposed Method 820
2.1 Discrete Wavelet Transform 820
2.2 Stationary Wavelet Transform 821
2.3 Thresholding Technique 822
2.4 Threshold Selection 823
2.5 Noise Variance Calculation 823
3 The Proposed Method 824
4 Results and Discussion 824
5 Conclusion 828
References 828
An Efficient Image Watermarking Technique Based on IWT-DCT-SVD 830
1 Introduction 830
2 Preliminaries 831
2.1 Integer Wavelet Transform 831
2.2 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) 832
2.3 Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) 832
3 Proposed Algorithm 833
3.1 Embedding Algorithm 833
3.2 Extraction Algorithm 835
4 Experimental Results 835
5 Conclusions 838
References 838
Sparse Matrix Completion for Effective Recommendation System 839
1 Introduction 840
2 Related Works 841
3 Problem Definition 842
4 Methodology and Implementation 843
4.1 Matrix Completion 843
5 Results and Evaluation 845
6 Conclusion 846
References 847
Realization of Efficient Architectures for Digital Filters: A Survey 848
1 Introduction 848
2 2-D Digital Filters 850
3 Separable Digital Filters 859
3.1 Separable Denominator 2-D IIR Filter 859
3.2 Separable 2-D FIR Filter 861
4 Symmetries in 2-D Digital Filters 861
5 2-D Block Digital Filter 863
6 Complexities Comparisons 864
7 Conclusions 867
References 868
New LMI Criteria to the Global Asymptotic Stability of Uncertain Discrete-Time Systems with Time Delay and Generalized Overflow Nonlinearities 870
1 Introduction 870
2 System Description 872
3 Main Results 875
4 Numerical Examples 880
5 Conclusions 880
References 881
Improved DWT-SVD-Based Medical Image Watermarking Through Hamming Code and Chaotic Encryption 883
1 Introduction 884
2 Related Research 884
3 Design and Outline of the Proposed Scheme 885
4 Results 886
5 Conclusion 889
References 889
Dynamically Tuned PIDD2 Controller for Single-Link Flexible Manipulator 892
1 Introduction 892
2 Modeling the Flexible Link 894
2.1 Single-Link Manipulator System Model 894
2.2 Servomotor Model 894
2.3 Mathematical Model 895
3 Problem Definition 898
3.1 PID Controller 898
3.2 PIDD2 Controller 899
4 Tuning of Controllers 900
4.1 Ziegler–Nichols Method 900
4.2 Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization (DPSO) 900
4.3 Dynamic Particle Swarm Optimization Procedure 901
5 Simulation Results and Discussion 905
6 Conclusion 907
References 908
Design of an Optimal Microstrip Butterworth Low-Pass Filter Using Colliding Bodies Optimization 910
1 Introduction 911
2 Design of Butterworth Low-Pass Filter 912
2.1 Problem Formulation 912
2.2 Colliding Bodies Optimization Algorithm 913
2.3 Proposed Design and Comparisons 915
3 Simulation Results for the Proposed Microstrip BLPF 916
4 Conclusion 917
References 918
Short-Term Load Forecasting Using Hybrid ARIMA and Artificial Neural Network Model 920
1 Introduction 920
2 Short-Term Load Forecasting 921
2.1 Factors Influencing the Load Behaviour 921
2.2 Need for Short-Term Load Forecasting [5] 922
3 Methodology Used 922
3.1 ARIMA Model 922
3.2 Artificial Neural Network Model 924
3.3 Hybrid Model of ARIMA and Artificial Neural Network 925
4 Results and Discussion 926
5 Conclusion 931
References 931
Enhanced XOR-Based Progressive Visual Secret Sharing Using Multiple Decryptions 933
1 Introduction 933
2 Related Work 934
3 Proposed Work 935
4 Performance Analysis of Proposed Algorithm 937
4.1 Definition (Average Light Transmission) 937
4.2 Definition (Area Representation) 938
4.3 Definition (Contrast) 938
4.4 Definition (Mean Squared Error (MSE)) 938
4.5 Theorem 1. (Security) 939
5 Experimental Results and Analysis 939
6 Conclusion 945
References 946
EEG Seizure Detection from Compressive Measurements 947
1 Introduction 948
2 Background 949
3 Proposed Model 949
4 Results and Discussion 951
5 Conclusion 952
References 952
A Medical Diagnostic Information System with Computing with Words Using Hesitant Fuzzy Sets 954
1 Introduction 954
2 Preliminary 955
2.1 Hesitant Fuzzy Set (HFS) AA2 955
2.2 Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic Term Set (HFLTS) AA10 956
2.3 Context-Free Grammar 956
2.4 Transformation of Linguistic Expressions into HFLTS AA10 957
2.5 HFLTS Aggregation Operators 957
3 Medical Diagnosis Decision-Making Model 958
3.1 Problem Formulation 958
3.2 Model Designing 959
4 Case Studies 960
5 Conclusion and Future Work 962
References 962
Noise Cancelation Using Adaptive Filter 964
1 Introduction 964
2 Adaptive Algorithm 967
2.1 The LMS Algorithm 967
2.2 Normalized LMS Algorithm 967
3 Adaptive Noise Cancelation 968
4 Results and Discussion 968
4.1 Simulink Model 968
4.2 Adaptive Noise Cancelation Set for Fetal ECG 969
4.3 Results 970
5 Conclusion 972
References 972
Abrupt Scene Change Detection Using Spatiotemporal Regularity of Video Cube 974
1 Introduction 974
2 Proposed Detection Method 975
2.1 SPREF-Based Detection Method 976
2.2 Boundary Detection in Spatiotemporal Frames 977
3 Experimental Results 978
4 Conclusion 984
References 984
A Novel Approach for Compensation of Light Variation Effects with KELM Classification for Efficient Face Recognition 986
1 Introduction 986
2 Preliminaries 988
2.1 AHELT 988
2.2 DCT 988
2.3 Fuzzy Filter 989
2.4 KELM 989
3 Proposed Approach 990
4 Experimental Results and Analysis 993
4.1 Database 993
4.2 Result 993
5 Conclusion 994
References 994
A Hybridization of Fuzzy Logic and Deterministic Learning Machine for Face Recognition 996
1 Introduction 996
2 Proposed Approach 998
2.1 Feature Extraction Phase 998
2.2 Classification 1000
3 Experimental Results 1001
4 Conclusion 1003
References 1003