Design Tools and Methods in Industrial Engineering (eBook)

Preface 6
Letter to the Authors 7
Introduction 9
Organization 11
Organizing Committee 11
Scientific Committee 11
Conference Chair 11
Honorary Chair 11
Conference Program Chair 11
Members 12
Reviewers 13
Contents 14
Geometric Modelling and Analysis 23
Shape and Texture Analysis of Radiomic Data for Computer-Assisted Diagnosis and Prognostication: An Overview 24
1 Introduction 24
2 Methods 25
2.1 Image Acquisition 25
2.2 Pre-processing 26
2.3 Segmentation 27
2.4 Feature Extraction 27
2.5 Post-processing 30
2.6 Data Analysis/Classification 30
3 Discussion 31
4 Conclusions 31
References 32
Mandible Morphing Through Principal Components Analysis 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
2 Materials and Methods 37
2.1 3D Mandible Models from CT Scans 37
2.2 Principal Components Analysis 39
2.3 Evaluation of Reconstruction Accuracy 40
3 Results and Discussion 40
3.1 Principal Component Analysis 40
3.2 Reconstruction Accuracy 41
4 Conclusions 43
References 43
Flying Shape Sails Analysis by Radial Basis Functions Mesh Morphing 45
Abstract 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Geometric Parametrization Based on RBF-MM 46
2.1 RBF Background Theory 47
3 Case Study: Spinnaker Heavy Runner S4 49
3.1 Curvatures Sail Parametrization 50
3.2 Determination of Source Points 52
3.3 Fluid Dynamic Model 53
4 Results and Discussion 54
5 Conclusions 55
Funding Statement 55
References 55
Effect of Cell Shape on Nanoindentation Measurements 58
Abstract 58
1 Introduction 59
2 Materials and Methods 60
3 Results and Discussion 62
4 Conclusions 64
References 64
Industrial Design and Ergonomics 66
Nature Inspired Redesign of the Visual Appearance of an Industrial Product 67
Abstract 67
1 Introduction 67
2 Background of the Product 68
3 Methodology 70
3.1 Methodological Scheme 70
3.2 Design Process 71
3.3 Manufacturing Process 74
4 Results 75
5 Conclusions 76
Acknowledgment 77
References 77
Perceived Comfort and Muscular Activity: A Virtual Assessment of Possible Correlations 79
Abstract 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Materials and Methods 80
2.1 Comfort Curves with CaMAN Software 80
2.2 Human Body Simulation with ANYBODY 80
2.3 Muscle Activity and Muscle Recruitment 82
3 Simulations and Results 83
3.1 Comfort-Muscle Activity Correlations 85
4 Conclusions 89
References 90
Experimental Comfort Assessment of a T-Shirt for Roadrunner 91
Abstract 91
1 Introduction 91
1.1 The Current State of Art and Alternative Solution 92
2 Materials and Methods 93
2.1 Human Modelling and Data Acquisition 94
2.2 Ergonomic Assessment and Comfort Evaluation 95
3 Results and Conclusions 96
References 100
Virtual Reality and Interactive Design 102
Dynamic Projection for the Design of an Adaptive Museum Guide 103
Abstract 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Research Background 105
3 A SAR Application for Enhance Experience with Renaissance Visual Artworks 106
3.1 The Proposed Technological Architecture 106
3.2 Use Case Scenarios 108
4 Conclusion and Further Challenges 110
Acknowledgements 111
References 111
Enhancing Spatial Navigation in Robot-Assisted Surgery: An Application 113
Abstract 113
1 Introduction 113
2 Brief Overview of Related Works 114
3 The Software Applications 116
3.1 pViewer 117
3.2 pTracker 118
4 Conclusions 120
References 121
Informing the Use of Visual Assets in Industrial Augmented Reality 124
Abstract 124
1 Introduction 124
2 Visual Assets 126
2.1 Text 126
2.2 Signs 126
2.3 Photographs 126
2.4 Videos 127
2.5 Drawings 128
2.6 Technical Drawings 128
2.7 Product Models 128
2.8 Auxiliary Models 128
3 Heuristic Evaluation of Visual Assets 128
3.1 Text 129
3.2 Signs 130
3.3 Photographs 130
3.4 Videos 131
3.5 Drawings 131
3.6 Technical Drawings 131
3.7 Product Models 132
3.8 Auxiliary Models 132
4 Results of Heuristic Evaluation 133
5 Conclusion 134
References 135
Integrated Design Tools for Model-Based Development of Innovative Vehicle Chassis and Powertrain Systems 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 The Design Process 137
2.1 Extension of the Model-Based Design Concept 137
2.2 Key Factors and Previous Work 137
2.3 Features and Interface of the Tool for Steering and Suspension Design 138
2.4 Additional Tools for Driver-In-the-Loop Simulation 140
2.5 The Virtual Testing Process 143
2.6 Applications 144
3 Conclusions 144
References 145
A Handheld Mobile Augmented Reality Tool for On-Site Piping Assembly Inspection 147
Abstract 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Mobile Computing Platforms for AR Applications 148
3 ARCore 149
4 Mobile AR Tool 149
4.1 User Interface 151
5 Experimentation 152
5.1 Results and Discussions 154
6 Conclusions 156
References 156
Multisensory Augmented Reality Experiences for Cultural Heritage Exhibitions 158
Abstract 158
1 Introduction 158
2 Literature Review 160
2.1 Multisensory Perception 160
2.2 Olfactory Displays for Virtual and Augmented Reality Environments 160
2.3 Multisensory, Interactive and Digital Exhibitions 161
3 Case Studies 162
3.1 The Stati d’animo - A new AR olfactory experience Case Study 162
3.2 The Senses of Religions Case Study 165
4 Conclusions 167
References 168
Reverse Engineering, Digital Acquisition and Inspection 170
Optical Stereo-System for Full-Field High-Frequency 3D Vibration Measurements Based on Low-Frame-Rate Cameras 171
Abstract 171
1 Introduction 171
2 Measurement Strategy 172
2.1 Physical Principle 172
2.2 Down-Sampling Approach 173
3 Optical Setup 174
4 Results and Discussion 175
4.1 Static Measurements 175
4.2 Dynamic Measurements 176
5 Conclusions 179
Acknowledgments 179
References 179
CAD Reconstruction: A Study on Reverse Modelling Strategies 181
Abstract 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Design Intent: The Human Factor 183
3 Reverse Modelling 184
4 Conclusions 191
References 192
3D Scanning Procedure for the Evaluation of Lymphedema of Upper Limbs Using Low-Cost Technolgy: A Preliminary Study 193
Abstract 193
1 Introduction 193
2 Scientific Background 194
3 Method and Tools 196
3.1 3D Scanning Procedure 197
3.2 Developed Application: Lym 3DLab 198
4 Preliminary Test 200
5 Conclusion 202
References 202
Low Cost Device to Perform 3D Acquisitions Based on ChAruCo Markers 205
Abstract 205
1 Introduction 205
2 Overall Description 206
3 Procedure Description 208
3.1 Marker Detection and Pose Estimation 208
3.2 Laser Line Detection 211
3.3 Triangulation 213
4 Hardware 213
5 Conclusions 215
References 215
Automatic Segmentation of Constant Radius Secondary Features from Real Objects 217
Abstract 217
1 Introduction 217
2 The Concept of Constant Radius Secondary Feature (CRSF) 219
3 The Fuzzy Approach for CRSF Recognition 222
4 Region Growing 224
5 Discussion and Conclusions 225
References 227
Comparison of Algorithms for Recognition of Cylindrical Features in a Voxel-Based Approach for Tolerance Inspection 229
Abstract 229
1 Introduction 229
2 Previous Developments 230
2.1 Voxel Structure 230
2.2 Voxel Surface Analysis 231
2.3 Region Growing 232
3 Fitting of Cylindrical Surfaces Inside Curved Voxels 233
3.1 LM(Kasa) Approach 233
3.2 RANSAC Approach 233
4 Set-Up and Evaluation of the Algorithms Through Case Studies 236
4.1 Flange for Aeronautical Applications 236
4.2 Latching Lever 237
4.3 Discussion 239
5 Conclusions 240
Acknowledgements 240
References 240
Geometrical Product Specification and Tolerancing 242
Tolerance Prediction for Determinate Assembly Approach in Aeronautical Field 243
Abstract 243
1 Introduction 243
2 State of Art: Traditional Assembly Issues 244
3 Tolerance Prediction and Determinant Approach 246
4 Assemblability Computation 250
5 Conclusion 253
References 253
Robust Parameter Analysis of Compliant Part Models for Computer Aided Tolerancing 255
Abstract 255
1 Introduction 255
2 Method 257
2.1 Computer-Aided Tolerancing Workflow 257
2.2 The Variational Model 258
2.3 CAT Modelling and Simulation Factors 260
3 Case Study on a Car Fender Assembly 262
3.1 Automotive Fender Characteristics 262
3.2 Design of Experiments: Factors, Levels, and Responses 263
4 Results Discussion and Conclusions 265
References 267
Design for Manufacturing and Assembly 269
An Improved Design Method for Net-Shape Manufacturing in Powder Metallurgy 270
Abstract 270
1 Introduction 270
2 Dimensional Change on Sintering 272
2.1 Influence of Material 272
2.2 Influence of Process Parameters 273
2.3 Influence of Geometry 274
3 Design Method to Predict Anisotropic Dimensional Changes 275
4 Design Method Applied to a Real Part 277
4.1 Tolerance Classes 278
5 Conclusions 279
References 279
Design for Assembly in the Conceptual Development of Aircraft Systems 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction and Context 281
2 Materials and Methods 283
2.1 Conceptual Design for Assembly Framework 283
2.2 Assembly Attributes and Domains 285
2.3 Knowledge Formalization 285
3 Case Study 286
4 Results 287
5 Conclusions 289
References 290
A Knowledge Formalization Approach for Manufacturing Cost Estimation 292
Abstract 292
1 Introduction and State of the Art 292
2 The Knowledge Formalization Approach 294
2.1 Manufacturing Cost Breakdown Data Structure 294
2.2 Procedure for Manufacturing Process Estimation 296
2.3 Manufacturing Cost Model 298
3 Achievements and Benefits 300
4 Conclusions 301
Appendix 1: Open-Die Forging Cost Model 302
References 303
Vibration-Assisted Face Grinding of Mould Steel 304
Abstract 304
1 Introduction 304
2 Experimental Methodology 306
3 Results 310
4 Summary and Outlook 314
References 315
Virtual Design for Assembly Improving the Product Design of a Two-Way Relief Valve 317
Abstract 317
1 Introduction 317
2 DFA Guidelines 318
3 DFA’s Methods Analysis 320
4 Methods Application to the Two-Way Relief Valve 320
5 Valve Optimization: Results 322
5.1 AEM Method 324
5.2 DFA Method 325
5.3 LUCAS Method 325
6 Conclusion 327
References 327
Integrated Product and Process Design 328
Improving the Shoes Customization Process Through a Digitally-Enabled Framework 329
Abstract 329
1 Introduction 329
2 The AS-IS Shoes Customization Process 331
3 The Digitally-Enabled Shoes Customization Process 333
3.1 The Proposed Customization Framework 333
3.2 The Proposed Shoes Customization Workflow 335
4 Framework Implementation and Discussion of Potential Benefits and Limitations 336
4.1 Preliminary Implementation in an Italian Shoe Manufacturer 336
4.2 Benefits and Limitations Related to the Framework Implementation 338
5 Conclusions 339
References 340
Conceptual Design of a Functional Orthodontic Appliance for the Correction of Skeletal Class II Malocclusion 341
Abstract 341
1 Introduction 341
2 Background 342
2.1 Malocclusion and Functional Appliances 342
2.2 Systematic Approaches for Conceptual Design 343
3 The Proposed Design Methodology and the Case Study 345
3.1 Collect Data 346
3.2 Generate Functions 348
3.3 Generate Concepts 350
4 Conclusions 351
Acknowledgments 352
References 352
ANOVA Applied to the Taguchi Method: A New Interpretation 354
Abstract 354
1 Introduction 354
2 Definition of the Problem 355
2.1 The ANOVA Identity 356
2.2 The ANOVA Identity Applied to Each Parameter 356
2.3 The Basic Relation of ANOVA Applied to the Taguchi Method 358
2.4 Discussion on the Such Basic Relations 359
3 Re Elaboration of the Results on a Test Case 360
4 Conclusion 363
Acknowledgements 363
References 363
Proposal of a Framework Based on Continuous Brainwriting to Expand Mindfulness in Concept Generation 364
Abstract 364
1 Introduction 364
2 Conceptual Design Experience 365
3 Proposal of a Framework to Support Creativity 369
4 Discussion and Conclusions 371
Acknowledgements 371
References 371
Morphological and Mechanical Characterization of P-Scaffolds with Different Porosity 373
Abstract 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Materials and Methods 376
2.1 P-Scaffold Modelling 376
2.2 Experimental Characterization of P-Scaffold 377
2.3 FEM Analysis 378
3 Results and Discussions 378
3.1 MicroComputed Tomography (MicroCT) 378
3.2 Numerical and Experimental Mechanical Characterization 380
4 Conclusions 382
References 383
Automotive Design Engineering: Material and Processes Selection Problems 385
Abstract 385
1 Introduction 385
2 Analysis of Decision-Based Applications in Automotive Engineering Design: Selection Problems in the Detail Design 386
2.1 The Review Method 386
2.2 Identification of Engineering Design Key Words 387
2.3 Detail Design: Material Selection 387
2.4 Detail Design: Manufacturing Process Selection 390
3 Discussion and Conclusions 392
References 392
Integrated Methods for System Design, Simulation, Analysis and Optimization 397
Development of an Exhaust System for Agricultural Tractors 398
Abstract 398
1 Introduction 398
2 Materials and Methods 399
3 Results and Discussion 401
3.1 Acoustic and Mechanical Design of the New Exhaust System 401
3.2 Experimental Validation 408
4 Conclusions 409
References 409
A Topology Optimization of a Motorsport Safety Device 411
Abstract 411
1 Introduction 411
2 Materials and Methods 412
2.1 The Topology Optimization Method 412
2.2 Geometry Acquisition 414
2.3 The Material 414
2.4 The FE Model 415
3 Results and Discussion 416
3.1 The Topology Optimization 416
4 Conclusions 419
References 419
A Cooperative Monitoring System for Diver Global Localization and Operation Support 421
Abstract 421
1 Introduction 421
2 Competitive and Technological Reference Context 423
3 Project Overview 424
4 Remote Supervision and Control Unit 427
5 Underwater Tablet 427
6 Autonomous Surface Vehicle 429
7 Conclusions 430
Acknowledgements 430
References 431
Design and Simulation of the Hull of a Small-Sized Autonomous Surface Vehicle for Seabed Mapping 433
Abstract 433
1 Introduction 434
2 Hull Design 434
3 CFD Analysis 436
4 Model Validation in a Recirculating Water Channel 439
4.1 Prototyping 440
4.2 Experimental Setup 440
4.3 Test 441
5 Conclusions 441
References 442
Machine Health State Recognition Through Images Classification with Neural Network for Condition-Based Maintenance 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Background 444
3 Introduction to the Case Study: Retail Refrigerators 445
3.1 Refrigerators and Their Working Principle 445
3.2 Failures Modeling 447
4 Image Generation and Setup of the Virtual Experiments 448
5 Discussion of the Results 451
6 Conclusions 453
References 453
Mechanics–Based Virtual Prototyping of Robots with Deformable Bodies and Flexible Joints 455
1 Introduction 455
2 The Mechanics–Based Method for Virtual Prototyping of Soft Robots 457
2.1 The Geometric Finite Element Approach for Modeling of Soft Articulated and Soft–Bodied Robots 458
2.2 Equations of Motion 459
3 Example 459
4 Applications 462
4.1 Serial/Parallel Soft Articulated Robot for Remote Transportation of Large Payloads 463
4.2 Hyper–redundant Soft Articulated Robot for Remote Inspection and Maintenance 463
4.3 Soft Continuum Robot for Intravascular Shaping Operations 463
4.4 Soft Actuators for Rehabilitation Robots 465
5 Three Major Challenges 465
5.1 Conceptual Design Tools 465
5.2 Integrated Software Tools for Design, Analysis and Control 466
5.3 Interactive and Real–Time Virtual Simulation Tools 466
6 Conclusions 466
References 467
Virtual Prototyping Design Method to Optimize Mechanical Spring Devices for MV Switch Disconnector 469
Abstract 469
1 Introduction 469
2 Mechanical Spring Device 470
3 Parametric Modelling and Optimization 474
3.1 DOE Optimization 474
3.2 Optimality Criteria 476
4 Result 478
5 Conclusions 479
References 479
Design and Process Optimization of a Sintered Joint for Power Electronics Automotive Applications 481
1 Introduction 481
2 Methods 483
3 Sample Preparation 483
4 Experimental Characterization 484
5 Modelling 486
5.1 Sintering Unit Cell: CAD and FE Model 486
5.2 Thermal Shocks Simulation 488
6 Conclusion 489
References 490
An Integrated Approach to Optimize Power Device Performances by Means of Stress Engineering 492
1 Introduction 492
2 Device Description 494
3 Warpage Measurement 495
3.1 Mathematical Model 495
3.2 Experimental Procedure 497
4 Modeling and Experimental Correlation 497
4.1 Finite Element Model 497
4.2 Piezoresistive Effect 499
5 Conclusion 500
References 500
Iterative and Participative Axiomatic Design Process to Improve Conceptual Design of Large-Scale Engineering Systems 503
Abstract 503
1 Introduction 504
2 An Innovative AD Process: IPADeP 505
2.1 Motivation 505
2.2 Iterative and Participative Axiomatic Design Process 507
2.2.1 First Iteration 508
2.2.2 Subsequent Iterations 510
3 Design Progress of DEMO Divertor Cassette to Vacuum Vessel Locking System 510
3.1 Third Iteration 511
4 Conclusions 514
References 515
Industrial Noise Modelling and Control: The Case of Natural Gas Distribution Systems 517
Abstract 517
1 Introduction 517
2 The Tartarini Algorithm 518
3 Attenuations Due to the Containment Box 520
4 Algorithm’s Validation Procedure 521
5 Comparison Between Measured and Simulated Results 522
6 A New Simplified Acoustic Impact Assessment Procedure 523
6.1 Design and Implementation of an Automated Tool for Simulation 524
7 Conclusions 525
Acknowledgment 525
References 525
Design Optimization: Tools and Methods for ETO Products 527
Abstract 527
1 Introduction 527
2 Materials and Methods 529
3 Test Case 532
3.1 Configurations 532
3.2 CSP 533
3.3 CAD Automation 534
3.4 Optimization 536
4 Conclusions 537
References 537
Design and Optimization of the Thermo-Mechanical Behavior in Glass Reinforced Polyamide 6 for Automotive Application 539
Abstract 539
1 Introduction 539
2 Materials and Methods 541
2.1 Composite’s Fabrication 541
2.2 Characterization 541
3 Calculation 542
4 Results and Discussion 543
5 Conclusion 548
Acknowledgements 548
References 548
A Fiber Optic Strain Gage Sensor for Measuring Preload in Thick Composite Bolted Joints 551
Abstract 551
1 Introduction 551
2 Instrumentation of the Bolt 553
3 Experimental Tests 556
4 Numerical Analysis 557
5 Conclusions 560
References 561
How to Classify Compliant Mechanisms 563
Abstract 563
1 Introduction 563
2 Compliant Mechanisms Classification According to FBS 565
3 Literature Survey According to FBS Classification 567
4 Single Compliants Family Classification 571
5 Proposal for an Universal Compliants Family Classification 573
6 Conclusions and Future Developments 574
References 575
Condition Monitoring Techniques of Ball Bearings in Non-stationary Conditions 576
Abstract 576
1 Introduction 576
2 Methods Based on the Mechanical Model of the Defect 577
2.1 Computed Order Tracking 578
2.2 Cross-Correlation Function 579
3 Expert Systems 581
3.1 Artificial Neural Networks 582
3.2 Artificial Immune Systems 582
3.3 Support Vector Machines 582
4 Conclusions 584
References 585
A CAE-Based Model of Aluminium Alloys Welded T-Joints for TEP Analysis 588
Abstract 588
1 Introduction 588
2 CAE-Base Predictive Model for TEP Analysis 592
3 Welding T-Joint Model and Experimental Setup 593
4 Results 596
5 Conclusion 598
References 599
Dynamic Modelling of Mechanical System for the Packaging Industry 600
Abstract 600
1 Introduction 600
2 Model 601
3 Test Rig 603
4 Results 605
5 Conclusion 607
References 608
Experimental Methods in Product Development 609
How Do Design Changes and the Perception of Product Creativity Affect Value? 610
Abstract 610
1 Introduction and Background 610
2 Experiments and Sources of Data for the Present Investigation 612
3 Statistical Analysis and Main Outcomes 614
3.1 Procedure to Obtain Statistical Evidence 614
3.2 Most Meaningful Results 614
4 Discussions 616
4.1 Comments on the Results 616
4.2 Limitations 617
5 Final Remarks 618
Acknowledgements 618
References 619
Improving the Efficiency of Design Protocol Analysis: An Approach to Speed Up the Coding Stage 621
Abstract 621
1 Introduction 621
2 Tools and Instruments to Support Protocol Analysis 622
3 A Coding Scheme to Map the Superficial Characteristics of Products and Related Designers’ Intentions 624
4 Tables and Decision Tree to Improve Coding Efficiency 625
5 Experimental Application and Related Results 628
5.1 Description of Experimental Case Studies and Setting 628
5.2 Profile and Role of the Involved Coders 628
5.3 Results of the Investigation 629
6 Conclusions 631
Acknowledgements 632
References 632
Proof of Concept as a Multidisciplinary Design-Based Approach 634
Abstract 634
1 Introduction 634
1.1 The Model: Design, Representation, Experimentation and Communication 635
1.2 Devices for Research Purposes 636
2 Case Histories 636
2.1 The Cosmos Project 636
2.2 Cosmic Ray Detector 638
3 Conclusions and Laboratory Development Outlook 642
Acknowledgments 643
References 644
Experimental Study on Nonlinear Random Excitation 646
Abstract 646
1 Introduction 647
2 Setup 648
3 Test Procedure and Methods 650
4 Results 651
5 Conclusions 656
References 656
Knowledge and Product Data Management 658
A Knowledge Repository to Support Ecodesign Implementation in Manufacturing Companies 659
Abstract 659
1 Introduction 659
2 State of the Art 660
3 Methodology and Tool Functions 661
4 Implementation in Industrial Contexts 664
5 Result and Discussions 666
6 Conclusion 667
References 668
Engineering Methods in Human-Related Applications 670
Deep CNN for 3D Face Recognition 671
1 Introduction 671
2 Methodology 672
2.1 Data Preparation 673
2.2 CNN 675
3 Results 676
4 Conclusions 679
References 680
Multiperspective Ergonomic Assessment Approach for Human Centered Workplace Design 681
Abstract 681
1 Introduction 681
2 Method 682
3 Case Study 686
4 Results and Discussion 687
4.1 Workstation Re-design 688
4.2 Human Experience Evaluation 689
5 Conclusions 690
References 691
Towards a Non-invasive Pectus Excavatum Severity Assessment Tool Using a Linear Discriminant Analysis on 3D Optical Data 692
Abstract 692
1 Introduction 692
2 Materials and Methods 693
3 Data Analysis 697
4 Conclusions 700
References 700
A Preliminary 3D Depth Camera-Based System to Assist Home Physiotherapy Rehabilitation 702
Abstract 702
1 Introduction 702
2 Methodology 704
3 Experimental Results 708
4 Conclusions 709
Funding 710
References 710
Design of a Customized Neck Orthosis for FDM Manufacturing with a New Sustainable Bio-composite 713
Abstract 713
1 Introduction 713
2 Design Procedure 715
3 Numerical Assessment of the Customized Cervical Orthoses 717
4 Additive Manufacturing of a Prototype Cervical Orthosis 721
5 Conclusions 723
Acknowledgements 723
References 723
A Multi-layer Approach for the Identification and Evaluation of Collaborative Robotic Workplaces Within Industrial Production Plants 725
Abstract 725
1 Introduction 725
2 State of the Art 726
3 The Proposed Multi-layer Approach for Process Modelling 727
3.1 The Characterisation of the Multi-layer Approach 729
4 Conclusions and Future Work 735
Acknowledgements 735
References 735
Accurate Liver 3D Reconstruction from MRE Images Using Shift-Compensated Volumetric Interpolation 737
Abstract 737
1 Introduction 737
2 Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) 738
3 Optical Flow Based Interpolation 740
3.1 Motion Estimation 741
3.2 Motion Compensated Interpolation 742
4 Experimental Results 742
4.1 Real Low-Resolution MRE Sequence 744
5 Conclusion 744
References 745
A Multi-disciplinary Assessments Tool for Human-Machine Interaction 747
Abstract 747
1 Introduction 747
2 Assessment of the Human-Machine Interaction 749
3 The Multi-dimensional Assessment Matrix 750
4 The Industrial Case Study 753
5 Discussion of the Results 756
6 Conclusions 757
Acknowledgements 757
References 757
Understanding the Human Motor Control for User-Centered Design of Custom Wearable Systems: Case Studies in Sports, Industry, Rehabilitation 759
1 Introduction 759
2 Method 760
2.1 Biomechanics of Human Motion 761
2.2 Neuroscience of Human Motion 762
3 Examples of Applications 762
3.1 Sports 762
3.2 Industry 763
3.3 Rehabilitation 766
4 Discussion 767
5 Conclusions 768
References 769
3D Digital Surgical Planning: An Investigation of Low-Cost Software Tools for Concurrent Design 771
Abstract 771
1 Introduction 771
2 Preoperative Planning Software 775
3 Materials and Methods 776
4 Results 776
5 Conclusions 779
6 Future Developments 780
References 780
CAD Modeling for Evaluating LVOT Obstruction in Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement 782
Abstract 782
1 Introduction 782
1.1 Clinical Need 782
1.2 Role of CAD Modeling and Virtual Simulation 783
2 Methods 784
2.1 Transcatheter Heart Valve Model 784
2.2 Anatomic Heart Segmentation 785
2.3 Workflow of THV Modeling for Neo-LVOT Quantification 786
3 Results 787
3.1 Case Study #1 787
3.2 Case Study #2 789
4 Discussion 791
5 Conclusion 792
References 792
A Reliable Procedure for the Construction of a Statistical Shape Model of the Cranial Vault 794
Abstract 794
1 Introduction 794
2 Statistical Shape Model 797
3 The Proposed Procedure 799
3.1 Alignment and Scaling 800
3.2 External Crust Selection 801
3.3 Non-rigid ICP 801
3.4 Correspondence 802
4 Results 803
5 Discussion and Conclusions 804
References 804
A New Approach to Evaluate the Biomechanical Characteristics of Osseointegrated Dental Implants 807
Abstract 807
1 Introduction 807
2 CAD Modelling 809
2.1 CAD Modelling of the Fixtures 809
2.2 3D Acquisition and CAD Modelling of the Mandible 809
3 FEM Analyses 810
4 New Numerical Model to Simulate Different Levels of Osseointegration 813
5 Conclusions 815
References 816
Biomechanical Analysis of a New Elbow Prosthesis 818
Abstract 818
1 Introduction 818
2 Case Study: Linked Prosthesis LINK Endo-Model® 819
2.1 3D Acquisition and CAD Modelling 820
2.2 Virtual Assembling 821
3 Musculoskeletal Model 822
4 FEM Analysis 825
4.1 Results 826
5 Conclusions 827
References 827
Additive Manufacturing 830
Adoption of Additive Technologies by Florence Industries: Designing a Survey Session 831
Abstract 831
1 Introduction 831
2 Surveys as Investigation Tools for Understanding Prototypes and AT 832
3 Designing the Survey 833
4 The Designed Survey: First Impressions 836
5 Discussions 837
6 Conclusions 838
Acknowledgments 839
References 839
Properties Enhancement of Carbon PA 3D-Printed Parts by Post-processing Coating-Based Treatments 841
Abstract 841
1 Introduction 841
2 Materials and Methods 842
2.1 Materials and Specimen’s Fabrication 842
2.2 Coating Treatment Process 844
2.3 Water Absorption 845
2.4 Mechanical Tests 846
3 Experimental Results 846
3.1 Absorption Behaviour 846
3.2 Tensile Behaviour 848
4 Conclusions 850
References 851
Sensor Embedding in a 3D Printed Flexure Hinge 852
1 Introduction 852
2 A Brief Overview on 3D-Printed Compliant Mechanisms 854
3 Embeddable Sensors for Deformation Measuring 855
4 Optical Fiber Embedding 856
4.1 First Tests 856
4.2 Micro-holes 857
4.3 Rectangular Cuts 858
5 Flexure Hinge 858
5.1 The Design 858
5.2 Fiber Embedding and Strains Monitoring 859
6 Smart FH Testing and Calibration 860
7 Conclusions 862
References 862
A Virtual Design Process to Produce Scoliosis Braces by Additive Manufacturing 864
Abstract 864
1 Introduction 864
1.1 Scoliosis and Brace Treatment 864
1.2 As-Is Manufacturing Process 865
1.3 To-Be Manufacturing with Additive Manufacturing 866
1.4 Proposed Approach for Virtual Modelling 866
2 Methods and Tools 867
2.1 Virtual Design Process 867
2.2 Polymer 3D Printing 869
3 Results 870
3.1 Model from Virtual Design Process 870
3.2 Skeleton Model from DICOM 871
3.3 Printed Back Brace 872
4 Conclusions and Discussion 873
References 874
High Density AlSi10Mg Aluminium Alloy Specimens Obtained by Selective Laser Melting 875
Abstract 875
1 Introduction 875
2 Materials and Methods 877
3 Results and Discussion 879
3.1 Microstructure 879
3.2 Tensile Tests 881
4 Conclusions 881
Acknowledgments 882
References 882
Scale and Shape Effects on the Fatigue Behaviour of Additively Manufactured SS316L Structures: A Preliminary Study 883
Abstract 883
1 Introduction 884
2 Materials and Methods 885
2.1 Specimens 885
2.2 Experimental Tests 887
3 Results and Discussions 888
4 Conclusions 892
Acknowledgments 893
References 893
Additive Manufacturing Challenges and Future Developments in the Next Ten Years 895
Abstract 895
1 Introduction 895
1.1 Historical Background 896
1.2 AM Process Terminology and Classification 897
2 Additive Manufacturing Advantages and Weaknesses 898
2.1 Advantages 898
2.2 Weaknesses 901
3 Future Challenges and Developments 902
4 Conclusions 905
References 905
Investigating the Relationships Between Additive Manufacturing and TRIZ: Trends and Perspectives 907
Abstract 907
1 Introduction 907
2 Overview of Additive Manufacturing and TRIZ 908
2.1 Additive Manufacturing 908
2.2 TRIZ - The Theory of Inventive Problem Solving 909
3 Research Method 909
4 Data Analysis and Discussion 912
5 Conclusions and Future Developments 913
References 914
Optimizing the Nozzle Path in the 3D Printing Process 916
1 Introduction 916
2 Literature Review 918
3 The 3D Printing Routing Problem 919
4 Heuristic Algorithms 921
5 Computational Results 923
6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 925
References 926
A Build-Time Estimator for Additive Manufactured Objects 929
Abstract 929
1 Introduction 929
2 Proposed Method 930
3 The Results 935
4 Conclusions 937
References 938
3D Printed Materials for High Temperature Applications 940
Abstract 940
1 Introduction 940
2 3D Printed Materials for HT Applications 942
2.1 Metals and Alloys 943
2.2 Thermoplastic Materials 944
2.3 Materials for Surgical Sterilization 946
3 Conclusions 949
Optimization Design Strategy for Additive Manufacturing Process to Develop 3D Magnetic Nanocomposite Scaffolds 952
Abstract 952
1 Introduction 952
2 Materials and Methods 953
2.1 Design and Fabrication of 3D Additive Manufactured PCL/Iron Oxide Scaffolds 953
2.2 Mechanical Compression Tests 955
3 Results and Discussion 955
3.1 Process Temperature (PT) 956
3.2 Deposition Velocity (DV) 956
3.3 Screw Rotation Velocity (SRV) 957
3.4 Slice Thickness (ST) 958
3.5 Optimization of Process Parameters 958
4 Conclusions 960
References 961
Determination of Adhesive to Be Applied in the Fabrication of Prototypes Using FDM Techniques of 3D Printing in Component Parts Using ULTEM™ 1010 963
Abstract 963
1 Introduction 963
2 Materials and Methods 964
2.1 Materials 964
2.2 Adhesion Test 966
2.3 Tensile Test 967
2.4 Mixer Agitator Design 967
3 Results and Discussion 967
4 Conclusions 972
Acknowledgements 972
References 972
Assessment of Design for Additive Manufacturing Based on CAD Platforms 974
Abstract 974
1 Introduction 974
1.1 Critical Issues 976
2 Data Consistency Through a Computer Aided Platform 978
3 Case Study - Topology Optimized Wheel Knuckle 979
4 Results 981
5 Conclusions 983
References 984
Author Index 986