ACMSM25 (eBook)

Members of ACMSM Scientific Committee 6
Local Organising Committee 8
Chairperson 8
Vice-Chairperson 8
Advisor 8
Members 8
Conference Manager 9
Conference Helpers 9
Preface 10
Contents 11
Advanced Structural Materials 21
Durability of Sustainable Construction Materials with Solid Wastes 22
1 Introduction 23
2 Experimental Section 24
2.1 Materials and Mix Proportions 24
2.2 Test Procedures 26
3 Results and Discussion 26
3.1 Mass Change 26
3.2 Compressive Strength 26
3.3 Splitting Tensile Strength 29
3.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity 30
3.5 Mineralogical and Microstructural Analyses 31
4 Conclusion 31
References 32
Effect of Carbon Nanotubes Treated Aggregates on Compressive Strength of Concrete 33
1 Introduction 33
2 Methodology 34
2.1 Material Properties 34
2.2 Compression Test 35
3 Results and Discussions 36
3.1 Compression Strength 36
3.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 37
4 Conclusion 39
References 39
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Rubberised Concrete With Non-thermal Plasma Treatment 40
1 Introduction 41
2 Experimental Program 42
2.1 Materials 42
2.2 Plasma Modification of Crumbed Rubber 42
2.3 Concrete Casting 43
2.4 Testing Characterizations 44
3 Results and Discussion 45
3.1 Plasma Treatment of Crumbed Rubber 45
3.2 Mechanical Properties of Rubberised Concrete 47
4 Conclusion 48
References 49
Fresh and Hardened Properties of Innovative Foamed-Rubberized Concrete 50
1 Introduction 51
2 Experimental Program 52
2.1 Materials 52
2.2 Concrete Mix Design 53
2.3 Concrete Mixing and Specimens’ Preparation 54
2.4 Tests and Mechanical Properties 55
3 Results and Discussion 57
3.1 Fresh Properties 57
3.2 Hardened Properties 58
4 Conclusions 60
References 60
Influence of Silica Fume on Material Properties of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement 62
1 Introduction 62
2 Materials 64
3 Experiment 64
4 Results and Discussion 65
4.1 Fluidity and Setting Time 65
4.2 Mechanical Behavior 66
5 Conclusion 67
References 67
Structural Properties of Lightweight Rubberized Concrete 69
1 Introduction 69
2 Experimental Program 70
2.1 Materials 70
2.2 Testing Program 72
3 Test Results 73
3.1 Compressive Strength 73
3.2 Indirect Tensile Strength 73
3.3 Modulus of Elasticity 75
3.4 Impact Resistance 75
4 Conclusions 75
References 76
Studies on Recycled Waste Glass Powder as Binder in Concrete 77
1 Introduction 77
2 Experimental Program 79
2.1 Materials 79
2.2 Mix Design 79
2.3 Specimens 80
3 Results and Discussions 80
3.1 Workability (AS 1012.3.1) 80
3.2 Hardened Density (AS 1012.12) 81
3.3 Compressive Strength and Strength Activity Index (AS 1012.9) 81
3.4 Tensile Strength (AS 1012.10) 83
4 Conclusion 83
References 85
Composite Structures 87
3D Numerical Simulation and Dynamic Analyses of Debonded GFRP Composite Slabs 88
1 Introduction 89
2 Development of the Model and Simulation 90
3 Selection of Parameters for the Dynamic Analyses 91
4 Results and Discussion 92
4.1 Results and Discussion for 800 mm Square Slab Panel 92
4.2 Results and Discussion for the 3000 mm2 Slab Panel 93
5 Conclusion 96
References 97
3D Printing and Numerical Modelling of Conch-Inspired Lamellar Structures 98
1 Introduction 98
1.1 Conch Shell Structure 98
1.2 3D Printing for Mimicry of Conch Shells 100
1.3 Finite Element Model 100
2 Experimental Results and Discussion 102
3 Conclusion 104
References 104
Efficiency of Sandwich Bamboo-Plywood Floor Panels with Various Core Configurations 106
1 Introduction 107
2 Ultimate Strength of the BCS Panel 108
2.1 Modelling 108
2.2 Failure Criteria 109
2.3 Validation of the FEA 112
2.4 Parametric Analysis 112
3 Results and Discussion 113
4 Conclusion 115
References 115
Evaluation of Shrinkage-Induced Deflections of Composite Slabs with a Simplified Design Approach and a Hygro-Thermo-Chemical-Mechanical Model 117
1 Introduction 118
2 Occurrence of Non-uniform Shrinkage Profile 118
3 Deflection Predictions 119
4 Comparisons Between Experimental and Numerical Results 122
5 Conclusion 124
References 124
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Innovative Composite Buckling-Restrained Fuse 126
1 Introduction 127
2 General Description and Innovation 127
3 Length of the CBRF 128
4 Experimental Program 129
4.1 Loading Protocol 130
4.2 Test Setup 131
4.3 Experimental Results 131
5 Finite Element Modelling 132
6 Conclusion 133
References 133
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Flexural Behaviour of Composite Prefabricated Concrete Sandwich Panels 135
1 Introduction 135
2 Experimental Program 137
3 Finite Element Model 139
4 Experimental Results and Discussion 139
5 Conclusions 142
References 142
Fabrication and Characterisation of Nano-Additive Reinforced Polymeric Composites 143
1 Introduction 144
2 Experimental Setup 144
2.1 Material Selection 144
2.2 Sample Design and Fabrication 145
2.3 Microstructural Analysis 145
2.4 Materials Testing 146
3 Numerical Modelling and Simulations 146
4 Results and Discussion 147
4.1 Microstructural Analysis 147
4.2 Effects of Weight Fractions of Nano-Additives on Nanocomposites 150
5 Conclusions 152
References 152
Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar Composites Containing Graphene Oxide 153
1 Introduction 154
2 Experimental Program 154
2.1 Materials and Test Specimens 154
2.2 Instrumentation and Testing Procedures 155
3 Test Results 155
3.1 Mechanical Test Results 155
3.2 SEM, XRD, and FTIR Test Results 156
4 Conclusions 158
References 159
Numerical Study of Surface Regression of a Flame Retarded Expandable Polystrene 160
1 Introduction 161
2 Numerical Model 162
2.1 Governing Equations 162
2.2 Three-Dimensional Porous Media Solid Regression Model 163
2.3 Turbulence, Combustion and Soot Modelling 164
2.4 Extraction of TGA Kinetics for Numerical Modelling 165
3 Results and Discussions 166
3.1 Section Capitalise Each Word 166
4 Conclusion 167
References 168
Optimization Framework for the Design of Advanced Composite Structures 170
1 Introduction 171
1.1 Hypothesis for Large Scale Civil Infrastructure 172
1.2 Existing Comparisons of the Simultaneous and Sequential Approach 173
2 Methodology 174
2.1 Software Used 174
2.2 Optimization Approach 174
2.3 Design Example 175
3 Results and Discussion 175
3.1 Compliance Based Formulation 176
3.2 Mass Based Formulation 176
3.3 Discussion 177
4 Conclusion 178
References 179
Potential of Softwood Engineered Timber With Graphene 180
1 Introduction 180
2 Problem Formulation 182
2.1 Timber Material Properties 183
2.2 Effective Material Properties of the GPL/Epoxy Nanocomposite 183
2.3 Bending Analysis 185
3 Results and Discussion 185
4 Conclusions 188
References 189
Shear Strength of Cross Laminated Timber-Concrete Connections Reinforced With Carbon Fibre Polymer Composites 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Design of Timber-Concrete Connections 191
2.1 Materials 192
2.2 Instrumentation and Measurements 193
3 Results and Discussion 194
4 Conclusion 196
References 196
Computational Mechanics 197
A Moving Element Method for Hydroelastic Response of a Floating Thin Plate Due to a Moving Load 198
1 Introduction 198
2 Formulation 200
3 Numerical Study 203
4 Conclusion 207
References 207
A Pitching WEC-Type Attachment for Extracting Wave Energy and Reducing Hydroelastic Response of VLFS 208
1 Introduction 208
2 Problem Definition and Methodology 209
2.1 Problem Definition 209
2.2 Methodology 210
3 Results and Discussions 211
3.1 Effect of Incident Wave Angle 211
3.2 Effect Wave Period 213
3.3 Effect of PTO Stiffness 214
4 Conclusion 215
References 216
Flexural Behaviour of Functionally Graded-Graphene Reinforced Composite Plates 217
1 Introduction 218
2 Formulation 218
2.1 Effective Material Properties 220
2.2 Governing Equation 221
3 Results and Discussion 221
3.1 Case Study on GPL Distribution Patterns in Thickness Direction 221
3.2 Case Study on GPL Distribution Patterns in Plan 226
4 Conclusion 228
References 228
Free Vibration Analysis of Cracked Orthotropic Rectangular Plates Under Thermal Effect 230
1 Introduction 231
2 Theoretical Formulation 232
2.1 Governing Equation 232
2.2 Formulation of Crack Terms 233
2.3 Thermal Effect 234
3 Solution Procedure 235
3.1 DSC Algorithm 235
3.2 Boundary Conditions 236
4 Analysis Results and Discussion 237
5 Conclusions 238
References 239
Nonlinear Dynamical Analysis of a Three-Phase Composite Piezoelectric Plate 241
1 Introduction 241
2 The Constitutive Equation of MFC-GRAP Plate 242
3 The Nonlinear Dynamic Equations of MFC-GRAP Plate 243
4 Amplitude-Frequency Response Analysis 245
5 Numerical Simulation 246
6 Conclusion 249
References 250
Uncovering Physical Structural Model Behind Finite Difference Model for Vibration Analysis of Plates 251
1 Introduction 251
2 Finite Difference Model 252
3 Hencky Bar Net Model 253
4 Boundary Conditions 255
5 Example Problems 257
5.1 Square Plate with Two Parallel Edges Simply Supported and the Other Two Edges Free 257
5.2 Square Plate Three Edges Free and One Edge Clamped 258
5.3 Rectangular Plate with Simply Supported Edges and Mixed Elastically Restrained Edges 258
6 Concluding Remarks 259
References 259
Concrete Structures 261
A Novel Modular TLP-Design for Offshore Wind Turbines Using Ultra High Performance Concrete 262
1 Introduction 263
2 State-of-the-Art 265
2.1 The Preferred TLP Solution for Floating Offshore Wind 265
2.2 Added Mass and Morison Equation 267
3 Tank Test 269
3.1 Setup and Test Program 269
3.2 Decay Test Results 270
3.3 Calculation Results for the Eigenfrequencies 270
3.4 Comparison of Calculated and Measured Eigenfrequencies 271
4 Conclusion and Outlook 272
References 272
Autogenous Shrinkage of Concrete at Early Ages 274
1 Introduction 274
1.1 Plastic Shrinkage Cracking 276
1.2 Plastic Settlement Cracking 277
2 Autogenous Shrinkage 278
2.1 Autogenous Shrinkage of High Performance Concrete (HPC) 278
2.2 Autogenous Shrinkage of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) 279
3 Conclusions 281
References 281
Concrete Columns Confined with Large Rupture Strain Composites: An Emerging Field 282
1 Introduction 283
2 FRP Materials 284
3 FRP Confinement 285
3.1 Confinement Fundamentals 285
3.2 Confinement Studies 287
4 Discussion 289
5 Conclusion 289
References 290
Cyclic Behavior of Actively Confined Rubberized Concrete Under Axial Compression 291
1 Introduction 292
2 Experimental Program 292
2.1 Test Specimens and Materials 292
2.2 Instrumentation and Testing Procedures 293
3 Test Results 293
3.1 Axial Stress-Strain and Lateral-Axial Strain Relationships 293
4 Conclusion 295
References 297
Evolution of Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Concrete at Early Ages 298
1 Introduction 299
2 Test Setups 300
3 Thermal Strains and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 301
4 Experimental Study 302
4.1 Materials 302
4.2 Results and Discussions 303
5 Conclusion 305
References 306
Experimental Study on Ultra-High Performance Concrete Columns Against Low-Velocity Impact 308
1 Introduction 308
2 Experimental Program 309
2.1 Materials and Mix Proportions 309
2.2 Material Characterization 309
2.3 Drop-Weight Impact Tests 310
3 Conclusion 314
References 316
Investigations of Early Age Material Properties of Normal and High Strength Concrete Including Fracture Energy 318
1 Introduction 318
2 Specimen Preparation 321
3 Experimental Methods 321
3.1 Compressive Strength 321
3.2 Splitting Tensile Strength 321
3.3 Modulus of Elasticity 322
3.4 Fracture Energy by Wedge Splitting Test (WST) 323
4 Experimental Results 323
4.1 Compressive Strength 323
4.2 Splitting Tensile Strength 324
4.3 Modulus of Elasticity 325
4.4 Fracture Energy by Wedge Splitting Test (WST) 326
5 Conclusions 327
References 327
Model Error for Australian Code Shear Capacity of Concrete Structures 330
1 Introduction 331
2 Super-T Girder 332
2.1 Girder Properties and Design 332
2.2 Reliability Assessment and Sensitivity Analysis 334
3 Model Error 335
3.1 Real Shear Capacity: Response2000 335
3.2 Predictive Shear Capacity: Australian Codified MCFT 337
3.3 Results 338
4 Conclusion 338
References 339
Using the Double Ring Test to Assess the Effect of Type of Aggregate Used on Thermal Cracking Potential of Concrete 340
1 Introduction 341
2 Research Methods and Materials 342
2.1 Double Ring Test Setup 342
2.2 Materials and Mix Design 344
3 Results and Discussion 346
3.1 Mechanical Properties 346
3.2 Double Ring Test 347
4 Conclusions 349
References 349
Fatigue, Fracture and Damage Analysis 351
A Feasibility Study on Damage Detection of Nonlinear Railway Ballast by Measured Vibration of In-Situ Sleeper 352
1 Introduction 353
2 The Proposed Ballast Damage Detection Methodology 354
2.1 Track Superstructures Model 354
2.2 The Non-linear Ballast Model 355
2.3 Bayesian Model Updating 356
3 Experimental Verifications 357
3.1 Experimental Set-up 357
3.2 Model Updating Using Experimental Time-Domain Data 358
4 Conclusions 361
References 361
Coupling Finite Elements for Modelling Fluid Flow in Fractured Porous Media 362
1 Introduction 363
2 Governing Equations of Fluid Flow 364
2.1 Strong Form 364
2.2 Weak Form 365
2.3 The FEM Discretisation 366
3 CFE Formulation 367
4 Case Studies 369
4.1 Porous Medium with a Single Discontinuity 369
4.2 Dam Foundation with Multiple Discontinuities 370
5 Conclusions 371
References 371
Fatigue Design Criteria for Adhesively Bonded Anchorage for CFRP Tendon 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Stress Distributions in Bonded Anchorage 374
3 Fatigue Crack Criteria 376
4 Determination of Fatigue Stress Level 379
5 Experimental 380
6 Conclusions 383
References 384
Monitoring the Evolution of Fatigue Damage for Composite Using Guided Waves 385
1 Introduction 385
2 Experimental Test 386
3 Signal Processing and Feature Extraction 389
4 Experimental Results 390
5 Conclusion 392
References 393
Numerical Simulation of the Interaction Between Chemical and Mechanical Damage for Cementitious Materials 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Reactive Transport Modelling 395
2.1 Transport Equation 396
2.2 Chemical Reactions 396
3 Mechanical Damage Modelling 397
3.1 Local Damage Model 397
3.2 Displacement Based Non-local Damage 397
4 The Interaction of Chemical and Mechanical Damage 398
5 The Simulation of Chemo-Mechanical Damage 399
5.1 The Simulation Setup 399
5.2 The Chemical System 400
5.3 The Results and Discussions of Simulation 401
6 Conclusion 404
References 404
Performance of Bridges with Damaged Elements in Extreme Flood Events 406
1 Introduction 406
2 Methodology 407
3 Case Study—Tenthill Creek Bridge 408
3.1 Finite Element Model Development 408
3.2 Flood Data 409
3.3 Applied Loads 410
3.4 Damage Scenario 411
4 Results and Discussion 411
4.1 Maximum Stress 411
4.2 Cross Sectional Stresses 414
5 Conclusion 416
References 416
Structural Performance of Steel Reinforced PVA-ECC Beams Subjected to Fatigue Flexural Loading 418
1 Introduction 418
2 Experimental Program 420
2.1 Material Properties 420
2.2 Beam Specimens and Fatigue Test Setup 420
3 Test Results and Discussion 421
3.1 Failure Mode 421
3.2 Development of Mid-Span Deflection 422
3.3 Load Range-Fatigue Life Relationship 422
4 Conclusion 423
References 424
Mesoscopic Plastic Strain-Based Multiaxial Fatigue Model for Random Loading 426
1 Introduction 426
2 Multiaxial Fatigue Model 427
2.1 Material Parameter Determination 430
3 Verification of Proposed Fatigue Model 430
4 Conclusions 432
References 433
Fibre Reinforced Structures 434
Investigation of the Properties of Natural Fibre Reinforced Polymer-Concrete Composite 435
1 Introduction 435
2 Experiments 437
2.1 BFRP Tube Fabrication and Concrete Specimen Preparation 437
2.2 FFRP Tube Fabrication and CFRC Preparation 438
2.3 Test Procedure 439
3 Results and Discussion 441
3.1 Test Results and Confinement Analysis of BFRP Confined Concrete Specimens 441
3.2 Compressive Results of DFFRP-CFRC Specimens 442
3.3 Compressive Stress–Strain Relationship of DFFRP-CFRC Specimens 443
4 Conclusions 444
References 444
Mechanical Properties of Nano-Particle Modified Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete 446
1 Introduction 446
2 Experimental Program 447
2.1 Raw Materials 447
2.2 Experimental Methods 448
3 Results and Discussion 449
3.1 Effect of Nano-CaCO3 Contents on Compressive Strength of UHP-FRC 449
3.2 Effect of Nano-CaCO3 Contents on Tensile Properties of UHP-FRC 450
4 Conclusions 450
References 451
Numerical Investigation on Hollow Pultruded Fibre Reinforced Polymer Tube Columns 452
1 Introduction 453
2 Simulation Methodology 453
3 Finite Element Simulation 455
3.1 Material Properties 456
3.2 Element Type and Failure Criteria 456
3.3 Boundary Conditions and Loading 457
4 Results and Discussion 458
5 Conclusions 461
References 461
Numerical Simulation of FRP-Concrete-Steel Double-Skin Tubular Column Under Lateral Impact Loading 463
1 Introduction 463
2 Finite Element Modelling 464
3 Model Validations 466
4 Parametric Analysis 468
4.1 Impactor Shape 469
4.2 Impact Energy 470
5 Conclusions 471
References 471
Toughness of Polypropylene Fibre-Reinforced Sprayed Geopolymer Concrete 473
1 Introduction 473
2 Materials and Methods 475
3 Results and Discussion 477
4 Conclusion 479
References 480
Impact Loadings 482
Response of Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars Under Impact Loads 483
1 Introduction 483
2 Finite Element Model 484
2.1 Mesh Size 485
2.2 Contact and Boundary Conditions 485
2.3 Material Models 486
3 Calibration of the Finite Element Model 486
4 Parametric Study 489
4.1 Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio 489
4.2 Compressive Strength of Concrete 490
5 Conclusion 490
References 491
CFRP Rod Panel Retrofit of Impact Damaged RC Bridge Girders 492
1 Introduction 492
2 CFRP Rod Panels (CRPs) 493
3 Bridge and Impact Damage Details 494
4 CRP Retrofit Design 496
5 Retrofit Construction 498
6 Conclusions 501
References 501
Contact Force Generated by Impact of Boulder on Concrete Barriers 503
1 Introduction 504
2 Large Scale Test 504
2.1 Experimental Set-up 504
2.2 Results and Discussion 505
3 Closing Remarks 510
References 510
Detection of Impact Damage for Composite Structure by Electrical Impedance Tomography 511
1 Introduction 511
2 Experimental Set-up 512
3 Image Reconstruction Algorithm of EIT 514
4 Results and Discussion 515
5 Conclusion 518
References 519
Development of a Raised Rail-Road Crossing 520
1 Introduction 521
2 Modelling of a Road Vehicle Crossing the RC 522
3 Structural Design Options for the Raised Crossing 524
3.1 Simulation of Impact Loading on RC 525
3.2 FE Model of a RC Structure Subjected to Impact Loading 525
3.3 Comparison Between Design Options 527
4 Conclusion 528
References 528
Impact Response Behaviour of Gabion Cells Filled with Different Cushion Materials 530
1 Introduction 531
2 Outline of the Experiment 532
3 Results 534
3.1 Stress Distribution in Cushion Layer 534
3.2 Contact Force and Transmitted Force in First Impact 535
3.3 Contact Force Calculation for Gabion Cushion Layer 536
4 Conclusion 538
References 538
Pendulum Impact Test on a Reinforced Concrete Wall 540
1 Introduction 541
2 Experimental Setup 541
3 Results and Discussions 543
4 Conclusion 546
References 547
Numerical Study of Precast Concrete Beam Under Impact Loads 548
1 Introduction 548
2 Numerical Model Calibrations 549
2.1 Available Drop-Weight Impact Test 549
2.2 Numerical Model 550
3 Parametric Study 553
3.1 Influence of Impact Energy 555
3.2 Influence of Concrete Strength 556
4 Conclusions 558
References 559
Pavements and Geomaterials 560
An Experimental Micromechanical Study on the Shearing Behavior of Soil 561
1 Introduction 561
2 Materials Tested 562
3 Experimental Equipment and Testing Program 563
4 Results and Discussion 565
4.1 Pre-loading and Pre-shearing 565
4.2 Microscopic Observations 568
5 Conclusions 569
References 569
Localisation and Lode-Angle Dependence of Geomaterial Behaviour 571
1 Introduction 572
2 Failure Mechanism and Lode-Angle Dependent Yield Locus 572
3 Embedding Failure Mechanism in a Model 574
3.1 Incorporating Localisation Band in Continuum Models 574
3.2 Localisation Band Initiation 576
4 Model Capability to Capture the Lode-Angle Dependence 577
4.1 Typical Yield Surface Produced by the Proposed Approach 577
4.2 Experimental Validation 578
5 Conclusion 579
References 579
Mix Design and Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Cement Stabilized Soil (RCSS) Pavers 581
1 Introduction 582
2 Experimental Program 583
2.1 Material Properties 583
2.2 Mixing Procedures and Sample Preparation 583
2.3 Mix Design and Test Results 585
3 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 590
References 592
Moisture Damage in Asphalt Pavements at Aggregate-Asphalt Interface—A Finite Element Study 594
1 Introduction 594
2 Methodology 596
3 Results and Discussions 598
4 Conclusions 600
References 601
Numerical Study on the Feasibility of Flexible Runway Pavement to Resist Impact Loading 603
1 Introduction 604
2 Finite Element Model and Validation 605
3 Comparative Study of Multi Layer Composites 606
4 Conclusion 608
References 609
Prediction of Moisture Degradation in Enzyme-Stabilized Unsealed Road Pavements 610
1 Introduction and Background 611
2 Laboratory Tests 612
2.1 Soil Description 612
2.2 Enzyme Description 613
2.3 Soil Preparation 613
2.4 Test Plan 613
3 Numerical Modelling 614
3.1 Pavement Model 615
3.2 Finite Element Model 615
3.3 Unsaturated Soil Model 615
3.4 Analysis Plan 616
4 Results and Discussion 616
4.1 Effect of Enzyme Content 616
4.2 Effect of Enzyme Stabilization on Volume Change 616
4.3 Effect of Enzyme Stabilization on Shear Strength Parameters 617
4.4 Numerical Modelling and Application to Pavements 618
5 Conclusion 620
References 621
Stereoscopic Modelling and Monitoring of Roughness in Concrete Pavements 622
1 Introduction 623
2 Background 623
3 Objective and Scope 624
4 Experimental Study 625
4.1 Spatial and Visual Data Acquisition 625
4.2 Camera Calibration and Correlation 626
4.3 Surface Roughness Parameters 627
5 Conclusion and Future Work 629
References 630
Tyre-Derived Aggregates in Pavement Subbases 632
1 Introduction 632
2 Materials Tested 633
3 Specimen Preparation 635
4 Results and Discussion 636
4.1 Optimum Moisture Content and Maximum Dry Density 636
4.2 California Bearing Ratio (CBR) 636
4.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) 637
4.4 Thickness Comparison 638
5 Conclusions 640
References 640
Pipelines 642
Bending Capacity of Pipe-in-Pipe Systems Subjected to External Pressure 643
1 Introduction 644
2 Numerical Modelling and Validation 645
2.1 FE Analysis 645
2.2 Validation of the FE Analysis 646
3 Pipe Systems Subjected to Pure Bending 647
4 Collapse of Pipe Systems Due to External Pressure 648
5 Bending Response of Pipes Subjected to External Pressure 650
6 Conclusion 651
References 651
Extreme Value Statistics for Pitting Corrosion of Steel Pipelines 653
1 Introduction 653
2 Pit Depth Data and Variability 656
3 Extreme Value Analysis of Pit Depth Data 657
4 Application to Pit Depth Data for WIPs 658
5 Discussion 661
6 Conclusion 661
References 662
Failure Prevention of Large-Diameter Cast Iron Water Pipes Using Leak-Before-Break Concept 663
1 Introduction 663
2 Process Leading to a Pipe Failure 664
2.1 Crack Initiation 664
2.2 Crack Propagation 666
2.3 Validation Examples 666
3 Leak Before Break (LBB) Concept 668
3.1 Proposed Approach 668
3.2 Leak Detection 671
4 Conclusion 671
References 672
Guided-Wave-Based Damage Detection in Steel Pipes 674
1 Introduction 675
2 Wavelet-Based Damage Identification 676
2.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) 677
2.2 Damage Detection Index 677
2.3 Damage Localization Index 678
3 Case Study 679
3.1 Damage Scenarios 679
3.2 Excitation and Response 680
3.3 Damage Identification Results and Discussion 681
4 Conclusion 684
References 686
Reinforced Concrete Structures 687
Expereimental Uni-axial Behaviour of UHSCFST Columns with External Confinement 688
1 Introduction 688
2 Experimental Program 689
3 Experimental Results and Discussions 698
3.1 Failure Modes 698
3.2 Axial Load Against Axial Strain (Displacement) Curves 700
4 Conclusion 703
References 703
Experimental Testing Program to Investigate the Collapse Drift Capacity of Limited Ductile High-Strength RC Columns 705
1 Introduction 705
2 Experimental Program 707
2.1 Specimen Design 707
2.2 Test Setup, Loading Protocol and Instrumentation 709
3 Preliminary Experimental Results 710
4 Comparison of Experimental Drifts with Empirical Model Predictions 712
5 Conclusion 713
References 714
Non-uniformity of Porous Band in Steel-Concrete Interface and Its Influence on Formation of Corrosion Products 715
1 Introduction 715
2 Experimental Program 716
2.1 Specimen Preparation 716
2.2 BSE Image Analysis 718
2.3 Statistical Analysis 719
3 Results and Discussion 720
3.1 Porous Band at Steel-Concrete Interface 720
3.2 Corrosion Products at Steel-Concrete Interface 721
4 Conclusions 724
References 724
Numerical Analysis of Reinforced Corbel Width Using High Strength Concrete 726
1 Introduction 726
2 Methodology 728
2.1 Corbels Design Chart 728
2.2 Finite Element Modelling 728
3 Results and Discussion 730
4 Conclusion 733
References 734
Response of Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars Under Static Loads 744
1 Introduction 744
2 Finite Element Model 745
2.1 Mesh Size 746
2.2 Contact and Boundary Conditions 746
2.3 Material Models 747
3 Calibration of the Finite Element Model 747
4 Parametric Study 750
4.1 Compressive Strength of Concrete 751
4.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio 751
5 Conclusion 752
References 753
Role of Multifunctional Sulfonated Graphene Oxide in Foam Concrete System: Reinforcement and Surfactant 754
1 Introduction 754
2 Experiment Program 755
2.1 Material and Equipment 755
2.2 Mix Design 756
2.3 Foam Concrete Production and Compression Test 756
3 Results and Discussions 757
3.1 Stability of Foam Structure 757
3.2 Strength of Control Samples 758
3.3 Effect of SGO Incorporation 758
4 Conclusion 759
References 759
Small-Scale Pull-Out Testing on Bond Behaviour of Profiled Steel Reinforced CRC Composite Slabs 761
1 Introduction 762
2 Experimental Tests 763
2.1 Materials 763
2.2 Specimens 764
2.3 Test Setup and Loading Procedures 765
3 Test Results 766
3.1 Overall Performance 766
3.2 Failure Mode 768
4 Conclusion 769
References 769
Variation of Shear Strength Components of RC Beams 771
1 Introduction 772
2 Experimental Methodology and Program 772
2.1 Experimental Methodology 772
2.2 Experimental Program 773
3 Test Results and Analyses 776
4 Discussions 776
4.1 Strain in Transverse Reinforcement 776
4.2 Quantification of Shear Strength Components 778
4.3 Evaluation of Shear Strength Components Vc and Vs 779
5 Conclusions 780
References 780
Steel Structures 782
Cyclic Behavior of Steel-Rubcrete-Steel Sandwich Beams 783
1 Introduction 784
2 Experimental Program 785
2.1 Instrumentation and Test Setups 786
3 Experimental Results and Discussion 786
3.1 Test Observations and General Behaviour 786
3.2 Hysteretic Behaviour 790
3.3 Bottom Steel Plate Strains 791
4 Conclusions 792
References 793
Cyclic Loading Applied to Sleeve Couplers for Tube and Fitting Scaffolds 795
1 Introduction 796
2 Experimental Procedure 797
2.1 Introduction 797
2.2 Four-Point Bending Tests 797
2.3 Cyclic Tests 798
3 Experimental Results 800
3.1 Material Tests 800
3.2 Four-Point Bending Tests 800
3.3 Cyclic Tests 801
4 Conclusions 805
References 805
Investigation and Strengthening of Cracked Web of Broad Flange Beams of Railway Bridge 807
1 Introduction 807
2 Engineering Inspection 808
3 Fem Investigation and Strengthening Design 811
4 Conclusions 813
References 815
Structural Health Monitoring 837
An Improved SSI Approach for Structural Modal Identification 858
1 Introduction 859
2 Methodology 860
2.1 SSI Parameters Selection 860
2.2 Automated Interpretation of SSI Output 860
3 Numerical Studies 863
4 Experimental Study 864
5 Conclusions 867
References 867
An Optimised Support Vector Machine Model for Elastic Modulus Prediction of Concrete Subject to Alkali Silica Reaction 869
1 Introduction 870
2 Data Set 870
3 Proposed Learning Model for Elastici Modulus Prediction 871
3.1 Introduction of Support Vector Machine 871
3.2 SVM Parameter Analysis 872
3.3 Proposed Optimised SVM Model 873
4 Results and Analysis 874
5 Conclusion 878
References 879
Bridge Operational Modal Identification Using Sparse Blind Source Separation 880
1 Introduction 881
2 Vehicle-Bridge Interaction Model 882
3 Signal Model and Assumptions 883
4 Component Separation Algorithm for the UBSS 884
5 Modal Frequency Assessment of a Cable-Stay Bridge 886
6 Conclusion 888
References 889
Damage Identification of Civil Structures Using Modal Kinetic Energy Change Approach 890
1 Introduction 891
2 Theory 892
2.1 Modal Kinetic Energy (MKE) 893
2.2 Modal Kinetic Energy Change 893
2.3 Sensitivity Matrix 895
3 Numerical Example 896
3.1 Beam Model with Damage and Without Noise 897
3.2 Beam Model with Damage and Noise 897
4 Conclusion 898
References 898
Smart Monitoring and Assessment for Safe and Resilient Civil Infrastructure 900
1 Introduction 901
2 Smart Sensors and Monitoring 901
2.1 Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks 901
2.2 Piezo-Electric, Magneto-Strictive, and Elasto-Magneto-Electric Sensors 903
2.3 Multi-metric Data Fusion 904
3 Finite Element Model Updating 905
3.1 International Benchmark Problem on Canton TV Tower 905
3.2 FE Model Updating of a Bridge with 5 Continuous Spans 906
4 Resilience for Natural Disaster 906
4.1 Socio-economic Analysis Related to Retrofit of Highway Bridges 907
4.2 Community Resilience for Earthquake Hazard 907
5 Concluding Remarks 908
References 908
Non-destructive Techniques for Condition Assessment of Timber Utility Poles 910
1 Introduction 911
2 Deterioration, Decay and Termite Attack 912
3 Pole Inspection Processes 912
4 Stress Wave Propagation Technique 913
5 Wavelet Transform 914
6 Shear Wave Propagation by Transverse Impact 915
7 Analysis of Field Results 916
8 Conclusion 918
References 920
Numerical Validation Framework of GFRP Floor Models Using Structural Health Monitoring 921
1 Introduction 922
1.1 Background 922
1.2 Contribution 923
2 Model Development and Validation Framework 923
2.1 Description of Representative GFRP Structure 923
2.2 Finite Element Model 924
2.3 Moving Force Model for Pedestrian Representation 924
3 Results and Discussion 925
3.1 Verification Example 925
3.2 Dynamic Properties of GFRP Footbridge 926
3.3 Vibration Responses Due to Single Pedestrian 927
4 Conclusions and Future Works 929
References 929
Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using Advanced Non-destructive Testing Technique 931
1 Introduction 931
2 Advanced Non-destructive Testing (NDT) Technique 932
2.1 IBIS-S Interferometric Radar Technology 932
2.2 ARAMIS 3D Optical Measurement System 933
3 Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges 934
4 Reliability Analysis of the Life-Cycle Performance of Bridges 936
5 Conclusions 939
References 939
Structural Mechanics 941
An Efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo Method for Bayesian System Identification of Tower Structures 942
1 Introduction 942
2 Methodology 943
3 Case Studies 945
3.1 System Identification of a 12-Story Shear Building 945
3.2 System Identification of a Steel Tower 947
4 Conclusion 949
References 950
An Electrothermally Actuated MEMS Braille Dot 951
1 Introduction 952
2 Design 952
2.1 Braille Cell 952
2.2 Braille Dot 953
2.3 Analytical Considerations 954
3 Simulation 955
4 Results 956
5 Conclusion 958
References 958
Floodway Design Process Revisited 960
1 Introduction 961
2 Available Design Guidelines 961
3 Finite Element Model Development 962
3.1 Assumptions 962
3.2 Modelling Process 962
4 Results and Discussion 965
4.1 Sample Load Combination B—Boulder Impact and Hydrostatic Loading 966
4.2 Boulder Mass 967
4.3 Cut-off Wall Configuration 967
4.4 Downstream Rock Protection 968
4.5 Varying Soil Types 969
4.6 Design Charts 969
5 Proposed Floodway Design 970
6 Conclusion 971
References 971
Impact of Spatial Variation of Ground Motions on the Seismic Performance of a Bridge Structure 972
1 Introduction 972
2 Methodology 974
2.1 Bridge Prototype and Experimental Model 974
2.2 Ground Motions 975
3 Results and Discussion 976
4 Conclusions 978
References 979
Lateral Distribution Factors in Heavy Vehicle Bridge Access Decision-Making 981
1 Introduction 982
2 Methodology 982
2.1 Bridge Families 982
2.2 Test Vehicles 983
2.3 Finite Element Modelling 983
2.4 Lateral Distribution Factors 985
2.5 AASHTO Formulae 986
3 Results 987
4 Conclusions 989
References 990
Numerical Modelling of Rectangular Footing on a Sand Embankment over Mine Tailings 991
1 Introduction 992
2 Problem Definition and FE Model 992
2.1 Sand and Clay Model and Material Properties 993
3 Model Validation (Comparison with Centrifuge Test Results) 995
3.1 Soil Failure Mechanisms 996
4 Foundation Rotation and Slope Monitoring 996
5 Effect of Foundation Roughness 998
6 Mobilised Sand Friction Angle and Density Effect 998
7 Conclusion 999
References 999
Opportunities for Out-of-Grade Sawn Pine in Sustainable Building Systems 1001
1 Introduction 1002
2 Out-of-Grade Timber 1002
3 Building Systems 1004
4 Building Technologies 1005
5 Conclusion 1008
References 1009
TechnoLab™—Innovative Experiential Learning Platform for Mechanics and Dynamics 1011
1 Introduction 1011
1.1 Changes in the Design and Delivery of Engineering Courses at Tertiary Institutions 1011
1.2 Technology in the Delivery of Engineering Courses at Tertiary Institutions 1012
1.3 TechnoLab™’s Quest for “Resurgence” of “Hands”-on Experimentation 1013
2 Technolab™ Beam Experiment Kit Options 1013
2.1 Bending Moment and Shear Force in a Simply Supported Beam 1014
3 Technolab™ Truss Experiment Kits 1019
4 Concluding Remarks 1021
References 1021
Wind Engineering 1022
Effect of Opening Size and Wind Speed on Internal Pressures in Full-Scale Buildings 1023
1 Introduction 1023
1.1 Flow Through Openings 1024
1.2 Building with a Single Opening 1025
1.3 Non-dimensional Analysis 1026
2 Experimental Setup 1026
3 Results and Discussion 1027
4 Conclusions 1030
References 1031
FEM Simulation of Ocarina-Shaped Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester 1032
1 Introduction 1032
2 Simulation 1033
2.1 Working Principe of the Structure 1033
2.2 Geometry Modelling 1034
3 Results and Discussion 1035
3.1 Simulation Results 1035
3.2 Vibration Analysis and Harvested Energy 1035
4 Conclusion 1036
References 1037
Net Cladding Pressures on Industrial Building Roofs 1038
1 Introduction 1038
2 Experimental Setup 1039
3 Theory 1040
4 Results 1041
4.1 Pressure Spectra on the Roof Cladding—Case #A and #B 1043
4.2 Correlation of External and Internal Pressure Fluctuations 1043
5 Conclusions 1045
References 1046
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Terrain Slope on Fire-Wind Enhancement 1047
1 Introduction 1047
2 Numerical Approach 1049
2.1 Model Description and Boundary Conditions 1050
2.2 Grid Sensitivity Analysis 1051
2.3 Model Validation 1051
3 Result and Discussion 1052
4 Conclusion 1054
References 1055
Wind Load Sharing and Influence Coefficients for House Roof Structures 1057
1 Introduction 1057
2 Fem Development 1059
3 Results and Analysis 1059
4 Conclusions 1064
References 1064