Road Vehicle Automation 6 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
Introduction: The Automated Vehicles Symposium 2018 10
Abstract 10
1 Overview 10
2 Symposium Attendees 12
3 Keynote Talks 13
4 Plenary Panel Sessions 14
5 Plenary Presentations 15
6 Breakout Sessions 16
7 General Cross-Cutting Observations 16
Part I Public Sector Activities 18
SIP-adus: Field Operational Tests and Regulatory Issues 19
Abstract 19
1 The First and the Second Phase of SIP-adus 19
1.1 Field Operational Tests 19
1.1.1 Overview of the Field Operational Tests 19
1.1.2 Integration of High Definition 3D Map with Dynamic Data 20
1.2 The Second Phase of SIP-adus 21
1.3 Regulatory Reforms for Connected and Automated Driving 22
2 Societal Benefits of Connected and Automated Driving 23
2.1 Societal Challenges in Japan 23
2.2 Low Speed Automated Shuttle Service 23
2.3 Automated Platoon of Trucks 24
3 Conclusion 25
References 25
Part II Human Factors and Challenges 26
How Do We Study Pedestrian Interaction with Automated Vehicles? Preliminary Findings from the European interACT Project 27
Abstract 27
1 Introduction 27
2 Human Interactions and Negotiations in Current Urban Settings 29
2.1 Pedestrian-Driver Interaction at Un-Signalised Junctions 29
2.2 Results from Video- and Lidar-Based Data Analysis 31
3 Using Virtual Reality to Study Human Interaction with Future AVs 31
4 Computational Models 33
4.1 Neurobiologically-Informed Mathematical Models 33
4.2 Using Game Theory to Understand the Interaction Between Pedestrians and AVs 35
5 Summary and Conclusions 36
References 36
The Role of Human Factors in the Design of Automated Vehicle External Communication 40
Abstract 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Current Research in HAV External Communication 41
2.1 Presentation Summaries 41
2.1.1 Study of Automated Vehicle External Communication in the Wild 41
2.1.2 Road User Behavior in the Presence of Automated Vehicle External Communication in Northern California 41
2.1.3 Updates on ISO Activity Surrounding External Communication 42
2.1.4 Human Factors Considerations for Enabling Safe Interactions Between AVs & VRUs
3 Breakout Exercise 42
3.1 Use Case A: Self-driving Taxi Performing a Passenger Pickup 43
3.2 Use Case B: HAV Transporting Goods 43
3.3 Use Case C: Remotely Operated HAV 43
4 Discussion and Research Needs 43
Reference 44
Designing Automated Vehicles Around Human Values 45
Abstract 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Some Value Tensions with Automated Vehicles 47
2.1 Routing Algorithms 47
2.2 Vehicle Platooning 47
2.3 Pedestrian Interactions 48
3 Ethical Programming, Not Programming Ethics 50
4 A Value-Centered Approach 51
5 Conclusion 53
Acknowledgements 53
References 53
Four Perspectives on What Matters for the Ethics of Automated Vehicles 55
Abstract 55
1 Introduction 55
2 Risk and Uncertainty 56
3 Value Sensitive Design for Motion Planning 58
4 Why Not Put the Passenger First? 60
5 Meaningful Human Control Over Autonomous Driving Systems 62
6 Conclusion 64
References 65
Automated Vehicles and Vulnerable Road Users: Envisioning a Healthy, Safe and Equitable Future 67
Abstract 67
1 Introduction 68
2 Advances in Technology and High-Level Considerations 69
3 Panel Discussion: The Role of Equity Considerations in AV/VRU Interactions 72
4 Discussion and Action Items/Research Needs 75
References 77
Part III Vehicle Systems and Technology Development 78
Evaluation of Automated Driving by Large-Scale Piloting on European Roads – The L3Pilot Project 79
Abstract 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Evaluation Methodology 80
3 Technical- & Traffic Assessment
4 Safety Impact Assessment 85
5 Summary and Outlook 86
Acknowledgment 86
References 87
New Advances in Intelligent Intersection Management with Connected and Automated Vehicle Technology 88
Abstract 88
1 Introduction 88
2 Completed Projects 89
2.1 Multi Modal Intelligent Traffic Signal System (MMITSS) 89
2.2 UDOT Implementation of MMITSS 90
3 Ongoing Projects 91
3.1 CV Pilots 91
3.2 Intelligent Real-Time Isolated Intersection Traffic Control System (IICS) 91
3.3 Traffic Optimization for Signalized Corridor (TOSCo) Project 92
4 Potential Future Projects 93
5 Conclusion 94
References 94
Truck Platooning: Connectivity Enabled, Grounded in Safety, Properly Tested 96
Abstract 96
1 Truck Safety Today 96
2 The Peloton Platooning System Safety Principles 97
2.1 Guided by an Appropriate Benchmark 97
2.2 Implement the Right Functionality 97
2.2.1 Connected Braking 97
2.2.2 Platoon Proximity Dissolve 98
2.2.3 Platoon Dissolve 98
2.2.4 Cut-in Detection and Reaction 99
2.2.5 Driver Awareness Video and Info Display 99
2.2.6 Driver Teamwork Through Voice Communications 99
2.2.7 Cybersecurity: V2C and V2V and IntraCloud 99
2.3 Implementing the Functionality Right 99
2.3.1 ISO26262 99
2.3.2 HW Implementation 100
2.3.3 SW Implementation 100
2.4 Manage Variation in Vehicle Spec and Condition 100
2.4.1 Stopping Distance Variation 100
2.4.2 Vehicle and Equipment Variation Assessment 100
2.4.3 Overall Improvement Through Connected Driving 101
2.5 Keep the Driver at the Center 101
2.6 Test Properly 102
2.6.1 ISO26262 and Testing 102
2.6.2 HIL Capability 102
2.6.3 Stress Testing 102
2.6.4 Testing Safely 103
3 Conclusion 103
Automation and Adverse Weather 104
Abstract 104
1 Background 104
2 Literature Review 105
2.1 Common Sensors for Automation Technology 105
2.2 Existing Systems for Road Weather Information 105
2.3 Vehicle Sensors to Aid Weather Prediction 106
2.4 Human Factors of Automation in Adverse Weather 106
3 Experiments 106
3.1 Results 107
3.2 Human Factors Observations 108
4 Stakeholder Engagement 108
4.1 Roles to Support Automated Vehicles Are Unclear 108
4.2 Weather-Related Limits of Automated Vehicles Are Unknown 109
5 Conclusion: Need for Adverse Weather Standards 109
Acknowledgements 110
References 110
Part IV Transportation Infrastructure and Planning 112
Designing Streets for Autonomous Vehicles 113
Abstract 113
1 Introduction 113
2 Methodology 115
3 Results 116
4 Conclusions 121
4.1 Best Practice Design Principles 122
4.2 Policy Actions 122
References 123
Building Automation into Urban and Metropolitan Mobility Planning 125
Abstract 125
1 Introduction: Planning for Automation 126
2 Methodologies and Tools 127
2.1 Scenario Development and Analysis 127
2.2 Travel Demand Modeling 129
2.3 Participatory Street Design 130
3 Lessons Learnt in Cities 131
3.1 Automated Transport Metropolitan Region of Rotterdam the Hague 131
3.2 City of Boston 132
3.3 San Francisco Bay Area 134
4 Discussion 135
5 Conclusions 136
References 137
Digital Infrastructure for National AV-Readiness 139
Abstract 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Session Topic Detail 140
2.1 Topic #1: Definitions 140
2.2 Topic #2: Key Frameworks 141
3 Outcomes 141
3.1 Moonshot Vision 141
3.2 Digital Infrastructure Definition 142
3.3 Practicalities 143
3.4 Frameworks and Models 143
4 Next Steps 144
5 Further Resources 144
Acknowledgements 144
Author Index 145