Advances in Ergonomics in Design (eBook)

Advances in Human Factors and Ergonomics 2019 6
Preface 8
Contents 11
Design Methods, User Interfaces and Interaction Design 19
The Role of Design in Technology Driven Ergonomics Product Development 20
Abstract 20
1 Introduction 20
2 Methodology 21
3 Findings 23
3.1 The Role of Design in Technology Driven New Product Development and Innovation 23
3.2 Methods and Tools to Support User Involvement at the Front End of Technology Driven NPD 24
3.3 The Methods and Tools for Innovative Idea Generation from Technology 25
4 Results 25
5 Discussion 26
6 Conclusions and Recommendations 28
References 28
Teenagers Postural Effects Through Videogames Therapeutic Approach 32
Abstract 32
1 Introduction 32
2 Methodology 34
3 Results and Discussion 35
4 Conclusion 38
References 38
Eye-Tracking Examination of the Anthropological Race, Gender and Verbal-Pictorial Relative Positions on Ergonomics of Visual Information Presentation 40
Abstract 40
1 Introduction 40
2 Method 41
2.1 Design of the Experiment and Procedure 41
2.2 Participants 43
3 Results 43
3.1 Preferences – Pairwise Comparisons 43
3.2 Eye-Tracking Results 46
4 Discussion and Conclusion 49
Acknowledgments 50
References 50
How to Read Red: Red in Western Culture (Part II) 52
Abstract 52
1 Introduction 52
2 Correcting, Punishing, Prohibiting, Protecting 52
3 Distinguishing 53
4 The Color of Love 54
5 Politicizing 55
6 On the Boundary: Pink, Orange, Purple 58
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
Contribution of Visual Ergonomics to a Holistic View of the Symbols Applied in Touristic and Cultural Signage: The Portuguese Case 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Traffic Signs 67
3 The Portuguese System 68
4 Visual Ergonomics 69
5 Holistic View of the Applied Symbols 70
6 Outcomes 72
References 73
Design, Objects and Memory: A Sustainability-Oriented Project Itinerary 74
Abstract 74
1 Introduction 74
2 Sustainability, Design and Affectivity 76
3 Methodology 77
4 Projects’ Itinerary and Its Applications 78
4.1 Results and Discussion About the Application of the Itineraries 79
4.2 Results and Discussion About the Application of the Questionnaires 80
5 Final Remarks 82
Acknowledgments 83
References 83
Effectiveness of Coach Marks or Instructional Overlay in Smartphone Apps Interfaces 85
Abstract 85
1 Introduction 85
2 Methodology 88
2.1 Study Design 88
2.2 Sample 89
2.3 Materials 89
2.4 Procedures 90
3 Results 91
4 Conclusions 92
Acknowledgements 93
References 94
Communication Design as Tool for Social Transformation: A Co-design Project with the Residents of the Rego Neighborhood, in Lisbon 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Social Design and Participation 97
3 The Rego Neighborhood and the Work of IPAV in the Field 98
4 Communication Design in the Passa Sabi Festival Planning Process 100
5 Conclusion 105
Acknowledgments 106
References 106
The Brand Mark Competitors Map as Visual Research Tool. Using Graphic and Symbolic Data in the Brand Visual Identity Project 108
Abstract 108
1 Introduction 109
2 Methodology 109
3 The Competitors Map as a Visual Research Tool 110
4 A Brand Marks Analysis Sheet for the Competitors Map 111
5 Previous Results and Next Steps 117
References 118
Boundary Dimension Design of Graphical Symbols Based on User Preference 120
Abstract 120
1 Introduction 120
2 Methods 121
2.1 Materials 121
2.2 Experimental Design 122
2.3 Experimental Environment and Equipment 122
2.4 Subjects 122
2.5 Experimental Procedure 123
3 Result 123
4 Discussion and Conclusion 124
Acknowledgments 125
References 125
An Ergonomic Assessment on the Detectability Design of the New Generation Currency (NGC) Coin Series and Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Coin Series 127
Abstract 127
1 Introduction 127
1.1 Background of the Study 127
1.2 Problem Statement 128
1.3 Objectives of the Study 128
2 Method 128
2.1 Timed Detection Test 129
2.2 Questionnaire on Design Features 129
3 Results and Discussion 130
3.1 Questionnaire Results 130
3.2 Analysis of Differences 131
3.3 Effectiveness Breakdown of Denominations 134
3.3.1 Visual Test 134
3.3.2 Tactile Test 135
3.3.3 Visual & Tactile (V&
4 Conclusion 137
5 Recommendation 137
Acknowledgments 138
References 138
Research on Optimization of Information Coding for Car Dashboard Based on Eye Movement Analysis 139
Abstract 139
1 Introduction 139
2 Method 140
2.1 Experimental Design 140
2.2 Experimental Equipment 140
2.3 Experimental Subjects 141
2.4 Experimental Materials 141
2.5 Procedure 144
2.6 Data Processing 144
3 Experiment Analysis 144
3.1 Influence of Different Types of Dashboard Design on Reading Duration 144
3.1.1 Analysis of Task Duration 144
3.1.2 Difference Analysis of the Total Task Time 146
3.2 Eye Movement Data Analysis 148
3.2.1 Influence of Dashboard Layout on the Number of Fixation Points 148
3.2.2 The Impact of Different Areas of the Dashboard on Visual Search 149
4 Conclusions 151
Acknowledgements 151
References 151
Brand Identity in Motion. Structural Models of Brand Identity on TV Opening Credits 153
Abstract 153
1 Introduction 153
2 What Is Branding and How Can the TV Series Benefit from It? 154
3 How Can We Think About the Branding of a Television Series? 156
4 Why These? 156
5 Branding and/in Motion 156
6 Brand Identity on TV Opening Credits 157
7 Structural Models of TV Main Titles 158
Acknowledgments 162
References 162
Human Factors Engineering Research on Folding Umbrellas Design 164
Abstract 164
1 Introduction 164
2 The Development of Folding Umbrellas 164
2.1 The Development of Umbrellas 164
2.2 The Appearance of Folding Umbrellas 165
3 The Research Direction of Folding Umbrellas 165
3.1 Development Status of Folding Umbrellas 165
3.2 Human Factors Problems with Folding Umbrellas 166
3.3 Design Ideas of Folding Umbrellas 166
4 Analysis of Folding Umbrellas 167
4.1 Analysis of Handle 167
4.2 Shape of Folding Umbrella cover 168
4.3 Size of Folding Umbrellas 169
4.4 Psychological Factor Analysis 170
5 Conclusion 171
References 171
Effects of Screen Brightness on Visual Performance Under Different Environments 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Experimental Design 173
2.1 Subjects and Environment 173
2.2 Experimental Devices and Instruments 173
2.3 Experimental Indexes 174
2.4 Experimental Variables 175
2.5 Experimental Materials 175
2.6 Experimental Procedure 175
3 Experimental Results and Analysis 175
3.1 Analysis of Parameters Under Different Ambient Illumination and Screen Brightness 175
3.2 Analysis of Each Parameter Under Different Brightness and Contrast 179
4 Conclusion 180
Acknowledgments 180
References 180
Study on the Effect of Key-to-Key Distance on Touch-Sensitive Key Operation 181
Abstract 181
1 Introduction 181
2 Method 183
2.1 Subjects 183
2.2 Task Design 183
2.3 Statistical Method 185
3 Result 185
3.1 Rounded Corner Touch-Sensitive Keys 185
3.2 Round Touch-Sensitive Keys 188
4 Discussion 191
5 Conclusion 192
Acknowledgments 192
References 192
Research on Standardization of Public Information Guidance Systems for Railway Stations 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Survey Plan 195
2.1 Standardization of Information Elements 195
2.2 Standardization of Guidance Elements 195
2.3 Standardization Setting of Guidance Systems 196
3 Results and Discussion 196
3.1 Non-standardized Use of Information Element 196
3.2 Non-standardized Design of Guidance Element 197
3.3 Poor Systematized Setting of Guidance Elements 198
3.4 Disconnection Between Guidance System Planning and Architectural Design 201
4 Optimize Design 202
5 Conclusion 203
5.1 Improve Top-Level Design 203
5.2 Strengthening the Promotion and Implementation of National Standards 204
5.3 Carry Out Standardization Pilot Work 204
Acknowledgments 204
References 204
Methodology of Analysis of Brand Visual Identity of Food Products: Comprehension and Valuation of Graphic Signs 205
Abstract 205
1 Introduction 205
2 Methodology 207
2.1 Semantics, Syntactic and Pragmatics in the Analysis and Design Process 208
2.2 Graphic Elements of Visual Identity of Olive Oil and Cheese’ Brand 209
3 From Non-interventional Research and to Active Interventional Research 211
3.1 Study 1 213
3.2 Study 2 216
4 Discussion of the Results and the Conclusions 217
References 219
Design and User Involvement 221
Evaluation of the Concept of a Smart City Gamification from a User Centered Design Perspective 222
Abstract 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Methodology 224
2.1 Sample 224
2.2 Methodology 224
2.3 Procedures 229
3 Results and Discussion 229
4 Conclusions 233
Acknowledgments 233
References 233
Natural Human-Computer Interfaces’ Paradigm and Cognitive Ergonomics 235
Abstract 235
1 Introduction 235
2 Cognitive Ergonomics: A Reading 236
2.1 Participatory Design: A Contextual Approach 236
2.2 User-Centred Design: The Third Paradigm 237
2.3 Contextual Design 238
3 Natural Human-Computer Interfaces: The Fourth Paradigm 238
3.1 Natural Human-Centred System Design 239
3.2 Classifying the Natural Nature of Sensory Modalities 240
4 Conclusion 240
References 241
Grains of Memory: User Experience in the SandBox Interactive Installation 243
Abstract 243
1 Introduction 243
2 The Theoretical Context 244
3 Related Work 245
4 Research Methods 246
4.1 Participants 247
5 The Interactive Installation 247
5.1 SandBox Technical Rider 248
5.2 SandBox Interaction Experience 249
6 Results and Discussion 249
7 Conclusions 254
Acknowledgments 254
References 255
Measure of the Lived and Functional Effects of Gamification: An Experimental Study in a Professional Context 257
Abstract 257
1 Introduction 257
2 User Experience and Gamification 258
3 Problem and Method 259
3.1 Problematic 259
3.2 Methodology 260
4 Results 262
4.1 Results: Impacts on the Lived Experience 262
4.2 Results: Impacts on Functional Experience (Experiment) 263
5 Discussion and Conclusion 266
References 267
Comparative Analysis of Body Measurement and Morphology Between Subjects with Different Body Mass Index 269
Abstract 269
1 Introduction 269
2 Method 270
2.1 Sample Selection 270
2.2 Data Acquisition 271
3 Results and Discussion 272
4 Considerations 276
Acknowledgments 276
References 276
A New Tool for Cognitive Workload Assessment in System Design Prototypes 278
Abstract 278
1 Introduction 278
2 Equipment/Hardware 279
2.1 OpenBCI EEG Setup 279
2.2 Pupil Eye-Tracker 280
2.3 EEG-Stimuli Sync Device 280
3 Equipment/Hardware 281
3.1 Graphical User Interfaces 281
3.2 Lab Streaming Layer 281
4 Tasks and Stimuli 282
4.1 Psychomotor Vigilance Task 282
4.2 N-Back 282
5 Data Acquisition 283
6 Signal Processing 284
6.1 Pre-processing 284
6.2 Metrics 287
7 Conclusions 288
Acknowledgments 288
References 288
Research on Human-Computer Interaction Design of Bed Rehabilitation Equipment for the Elderly 290
Abstract 290
1 Introduction 290
2 Research and Development of Human-Computer Interaction 291
2.1 Research on Human-Computer Interaction 291
2.2 Ergonomic Framework in Product Design 291
3 Users: The Main Factors Affecting the Use of Rehabilitation Equipment for the Elderly 292
3.1 Psychological Factors 292
3.2 Physiological Factors 293
3.3 Social Factors 293
4 Tools: Home Rehabilitation Equipment Status and Ergonomics Related Analysis 293
4.1 Psychological Factors 293
4.2 Ergonomics Related Size Analysis 294
4.3 Length of Rehabilitation Equipment on the Bed 294
4.4 Rehabilitation Equipment Handle Stretch Length 295
4.5 Foot and Pull Ring Size on Rehabilitation Equipment 295
4.6 Foot and Pull Ring Size on Rehabilitation Equipment 296
5 Task: Self-recovery Feedback Design for the Elderly in Bed 296
6 Design Practice 297
6.1 Design Positioning 297
6.2 Design Plan 297
6.3 APP Design 298
6.3.1 LOGO Design 298
6.3.2 Interface Design 298
7 Conclusions 299
Acknowledgments 300
References 300
Visual Storytelling - Creative Strategy of Visual Clues Promoted by Archetypal Images 302
Abstract 302
1 Introduction 302
2 Problem 303
3 Hypothesis 304
4 Objectives 304
5 Strategy 304
6 Results 308
7 Conclusion 309
Acknowledgments 310
References 310
Review of the Research on Car Seating Comfort 311
Abstract 311
1 Introduction 311
2 Theories 312
3 Influencing Factors of Car Seating Comfort 314
4 Evaluation Methods 314
4.1 Subjective Evaluation 314
4.2 Objective Behavior Evaluation 315
4.3 Physiological Parameter Evaluation 317
5 Conclusions 318
Acknowledgments 318
References 319
Ergonomics Assessment Criteria as a Way to Improve the Quality and Safety of People’s Transport in Underground Coal Mines 320
Abstract 320
1 Introduction 320
2 Evaluation of Suspended Monorails Currently Used and Proposed Solutions in Terms of Compliance with Ergonomics Requirements 322
2.1 Survey with the Operators of Suspended Monorails – Results 322
2.2 Survey with the Passengers of Suspended Monorails - Results 324
2.3 Computer Aided Ergonomic Evaluation of the Passengers Transport Cab Used in Mining Suspended Monorails 326
3 Virtual Prototyping of the Operator’s Cabin as an Anthropotechnical System 328
3.1 Development of MBS Computational Model 328
3.2 Assessment of the Suspension System of the Operator’s Cabin Using MBS and FEM Calculations 329
4 Conclusions 331
Acknowledgments 331
References 331
Development of an Ergonomically Designed Backpacks for Junior High School Students 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 334
2 Conceptual Model 334
3 Methodology 335
4 Results and Discussion 335
5 Recommendation 337
6 Conclusion 339
References 339
A Study on the Correlation of Head and Face Data of Chinese Adults 340
Abstract 340
1 Introduction 340
2 Research Background 341
3 Sampling Methods 341
3.1 Age Distribution 341
3.2 Geographical Distribution 342
3.3 Occupational Distribution 342
4 Measurement Methods 342
4.1 Definitions of Measurement Items 342
4.2 Measurement Equipments 343
5 Data Analysis 343
5.1 Inter-project Correlation Analysis 343
5.2 Analysis of Influencing Factors on Head and Face 345
5.3 Linear Regression Equation 347
6 Conclusions 347
Acknowledgments 348
References 348
Directions Towards Sustainability Through Higher Education 349
Abstract 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Impediments to Achieving Sustainability 350
2.1 A Challenging Concept 350
2.2 Restrictions of Technological Solutions 350
2.3 Restrictions of a Consumer Based Approach 351
2.4 Restrictions to Reliability of Information for Decision-Making 351
2.5 Cognitive Processes 352
3 Higher Education: A Resource for Sustainability 353
4 The Tasks for Higher Education 354
4.1 Promoting Diversity 354
4.2 Understanding the Concept of Sustainability 354
4.3 Redesigning Courses 354
5 Concepts for Curriculum Design 355
5.1 Social Cognitive Theory 355
5.2 Boyer Model of Scholarship 356
5.3 Global Perspective 356
5.4 Sustainability Science 357
6 Conclusion 358
References 359
Information, Design and Visualization 362
Water Museums and Digital Media: Two Case Studies on Digital Media in Water Museums 363
Abstract 363
1 Introduction 363
2 Museum’s Today 364
3 Experience, Emotion and Digital Media 365
4 Water Museums 366
4.1 WAMU-NET: The Global Water Museum Network 367
4.2 Two Case Studies 367
5 Discussion 370
6 Final Considerations 371
Acknowledgments 371
References 371
A Human-Computer Interaction Framework for Interface Analysis and Design 373
Abstract 373
1 Introduction 373
2 Classification: A Requirement 374
3 Classical HCI Models: The Human Dominance Paradigm 374
4 Towards a Neutral Positioning HCI Model 377
4.1 Simple and Complex HCIs 379
4.2 Complex HCI versus Sequence of Autonomous HCIs 380
5 Conclusion 382
References 382
Collaboration: Critical Roles of Academia-Business Partnerships and Challenges the Workforce Must Face 384
Abstract 384
1 Introduction 384
2 Understanding Collaboration 385
3 The Roles of Education and Industry in Globally Competitive Economic Societies 387
3.1 Challenges Faced by the Workforce 387
3.1.1 Adaptation to the Work Environment 387
3.1.2 Getting the Right Skills 388
3.1.3 How and When Are the Required Skills Acquired 389
4 Paths and Levels of Business-University Collaboration 390
4.1 Promoting and Stimulating Industry-University Collaboration 392
4.2 Successful Industry-University Collaboration Examples 393
4.3 Other Collaboration Perspectives 394
5 Conclusion and Proposed Practices 395
References 396
The ‘Place’ that Shows the Title of a TV Series: What to Name It and How It Has Evolved 397
Abstract 397
1 The ‘Place’ that Shows the Title: What to Name It 397
2 The ‘Place’ that Shows the Title: How It Has Evolved 400
3 Final Remarks 405
Acknowledgments 405
References 406
Communication Design and Medical Procedures: Inform Citizens to Act in Emergency Situations 408
Abstract 408
1 Introduction 408
2 Design Project: Development of Communication Media to Inform Citizens to Act in Emergencies 409
2.1 Definition of Requirements 409
2.2 Definition of Materials 410
2.3 Design and Prototyping 410
2.4 Evaluation 415
3 Conclusion 416
Acknowledgments 417
References 417
Color and Interaction in Journalistic Infographics: The Case of Online Portuguese Media 418
Abstract 418
1 Introduction 418
2 Methodology 419
3 Case Study 420
4 Critical Assessment of Results 424
5 Conclusion 425
Acknowledgments 426
References 426
Information Design in Presentation, Interpretation and Dissemination of Natural and Cultural Heritage 427
Abstract 427
1 Introduction 427
2 Heritage Presentation, Interpretation and Promotion 428
3 Information Design in Heritage Information Developing 431
3.1 Examples of Information Design in Interpretation, Presentation and Dissemination of Heritage 432
4 Results 434
5 Final Remarks 435
References 435
Virtual Reality 438
Evaluation of Behavioral Compliance with Safety Warnings at Different Levels of Cognitive Load in Warehouses 439
Abstract 439
1 Introduction 439
2 Method 440
2.1 Participants 440
2.2 Apparatus 441
2.3 Virtual Environment 441
2.4 The Warnings 441
2.5 Procedure 441
3 Results 444
4 Discussion and Conclusions 446
Acknowledgements 446
References 446
Locomotion-in-Place and Teleport: Which Is the Best Technique to Be Used in Human Behavior Research Using Virtual Reality? 448
Abstract 448
1 Introduction 448
2 Methodology 449
2.1 Experiment 450
2.2 Virtual Environment 451
2.3 Experiment Design 452
2.4 Procedures 452
2.5 Questionnaires 453
3 Results and Discussion 453
3.1 Cognitive Maps 453
3.2 Collisions 455
3.3 Survey Results on Presence and Usability 455
4 Conclusions and Future Work 456
Acknowledgments 457
References 457
Openness Feeling on Height Direction in High Ceiling Room and Bending Pattern of Leading Passage 458
Abstract 458
1 Introduction 458
2 Methods 459
2.1 Experimental Condition 459
2.2 Experimental Procedure 460
3 Results 461
4 Discussion 462
5 Conclusions 462
Acknowledgments 462
References 463
Exploratory Study to Investigate the Influence of a Third Person on an Individual Emergency Wayfinding Decision 464
Abstract 464
1 Introduction 464
2 Method 466
2.1 Study Design 466
2.2 Participants 467
2.3 Experimental Settings 467
2.4 Virtual Environment (VE) 468
2.5 Experimental Task 469
2.6 Procedure 469
3 Results and Discussion 470
4 Conclusion 472
Acknowledgments 473
References 473
How Deep Is a Virtual Reality Experience? Virtual Environments, Emotions and Physiological Measures 474
Abstract 474
1 Introduction 474
2 Methodology 475
2.1 Sample 475
2.2 Immersive Virtual Environments 476
2.3 Measures and Analysis 477
2.4 Objectives 478
2.5 Procedures 478
2.6 Evaluation Questionnaire 479
2.7 Hardware 479
3 Results 479
4 Conclusion 481
References 482
Emotion Through Narrative: Validation for User Engagement in Game Context 484
Abstract 484
1 Introduction 484
1.1 Goals 485
2 Methodology 486
2.1 Participants 486
2.2 The Visual Narrative 486
2.3 Measures 489
2.4 Procedures 489
2.5 Results and Discussion 489
3 Conclusion 493
Acknowledgements 493
References 493
Product and System Design 495
The Importance of Ergonomics in the Development of Sustainable Materials Applied to Footwear Design 496
Abstract 496
1 Introduction 496
2 Methodology 497
2.1 Focus Group Analysis 498
2.2 Design-Development of the Project 500
2.3 Dynamics of Applied Methodology 500
3 Conclusions 503
References 503
Effect of Body Weight of Wheelchair Care Recipient on Physical Activity Intensity of Assistant Person 505
Abstract 505
1 Introduction 505
2 Purpose 506
3 Method 506
3.1 Measurement Equipment and Scale of Activity Amount 506
3.2 Measurement Procedure 508
3.3 Experimental Conditions 508
4 Acquired Data 508
5 Discussion 509
5.1 Comparison of METs Values According to the Exhaled Breath Analyzer and Activity Meter 509
5.2 Fluctuation of Mets Value Calculated from the Exhaled Breath Analyzer 511
6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 511
References 512
Research on Body Pressure Distribution of Mattress for Different Genders 513
Abstract 513
1 Introduction 513
2 Experiment 514
2.1 Subjects 514
2.2 Experimental Equipment 515
2.3 Procedures 516
2.4 Data Analysis 517
3 Results 518
3.1 Mean Pressure 518
3.2 Mean Peak Pressure 520
3.3 Mean Contact Area 521
3.4 Subjective Score 522
4 Discussion and Conclusion 523
Acknowledgements 523
References 524
Universal Design for Enhancing Accessibility of the Visually Impaired in Touristic Environments 525
Abstract 525
1 Introduction 525
2 Methods 526
2.1 Subjects 529
2.2 Experimental Design 529
3 Results 531
4 Conclusion 532
References 532
Toothbrush Innovation Design Based on Man-Machine Engineering Research 533
Abstract 533
1 Introduction 533
2 Ergonomics Analysis 534
2.1 Human-Machine Configuration Analysis 534
2.2 Man Machine Material Analysis 535
2.3 Man-Machine Operation Analysis 535
3 Innovative Design Based on Ergonomic Analysis 536
3.1 Design Thinking 536
3.2 Innovative Design Based on Ergonomic Analysis 536
4 Conclusion 540
Acknowledgments 541
References 541
Study on the Influence of BMI Difference on Pressure Distribution of Mattress 542
Abstract 542
1 Introduction 542
2 Method 543
2.1 Experimental Design 543
2.2 Subject 543
2.3 Apparatus 544
2.4 Task and Procedure 545
2.5 Data Analysis 545
3 Results 546
3.1 Differences 546
3.2 Correlation 546
3.3 Change Trend 547
4 Conclusion 548
Acknowledgments 548
References 548
A JACK-Based Ergonomic Analysis and Design of the Cockpit of Agricultural Material Handling Vehicle 549
Abstract 549
1 Introduction 549
2 An Ergonomic Analysis and Optimization Method of the Cockpit of Material Handling Vehicle 550
3 Ergonomic Simulation of Cockpit of Material Handling Vehicle 551
3.1 Establishment of Cockpit Simulation Model 551
3.2 Establishment of Driver Human Model 552
3.3 Driving Posture Arrangement 553
3.4 Ergonomic Simulation and Analysis of Cockpit of Material Handling Vehicle 554
4 Optimal Cockpit Design 558
5 Conclusion 560
Acknowledgements 561
References 561
Research on Comfort of Mattresses with Different Hardness Based on Body Pressure Distribution 562
Abstract 562
1 Introduction 562
2 Method 563
2.1 Experimental Design 563
2.2 Subject 563
2.3 Apparatus 564
2.4 Task and Procedure 565
2.5 Data Analysis 565
3 Results 567
3.1 Hardness Rating 567
3.2 Pressure 568
4 Conclusion 570
Acknowledgments 570
References 571
Cultural Aspects in Design and City Planning 572
Built Environment Preservation: A Process of Ergonomic Design 573
Abstract 573
1 Introduction 573
2 Fire Outbreaks in Portugal: A Brief Timeline 574
3 The Fire at Oleiros in 2017 575
4 Methodological Steps 576
5 Villages, Houses, Typologies and Materials 578
6 Results and Conclusion 579
References 580
Lighting Design at Workplaces: What Should Be the Concerns for an Architect? 581
Abstract 581
1 Introduction 581
2 Literature Review 582
2.1 Biophilia 582
2.2 Non-visual System 582
2.3 Natural Versus Artificial Light 583
2.4 Illuminance 583
2.5 Workplace 584
2.6 Lisbon 584
3 Case Studies 584
3.1 Camilo Castelo Branco Street, 4th Floor, Lisbon 584
3.2 24th July Avenue, 3rd Floor, East and West Buildings, Lisbon 587
4 Comparison Between the Case Studies 590
5 Conclusions 591
6 Discussion 591
References 592
Design for the Model of Shared Office Space Based on the Logic of Behavior: A Case Study of Chinese Users 594
Abstract 594
1 Introduction 594
2 Analysis of User Behaviors 595
2.1 Research on User Type 595
2.2 Chinese User Behavior Orientation 596
2.3 User Motivation 596
2.4 Task Flow Determination 597
3 Shared Office Space Design Model 599
3.1 Environmental Psychology and Scene Theory 599
3.2 Shared Office Space Design Model 600
4 Shared Office Space Facility Layout 601
4.1 Space Equipment Determination and Optimization Design 601
4.2 Equipment Space Layout Planning 601
5 Jack Evaluation 603
5.1 Establishment of Virtual Person and Device Model 603
5.2 Simulation and Comprehensive Evaluation 606
6 Conclusion 606
References 606
The Italic Style: Understanding the Shape Through History 607
Abstract 607
1 Introduction 607
2 Historical Writing Systems and Styles 608
3 The Italic Style, Understanding the Shape Through History 609
4 Conclusion 616
Acknowledgments 617
References 617
Graphic Design and Cinema: Portuguese Movie Posters from the Nouvelle Vague Period 619
Abstract 619
1 Introduction 619
2 Nouvelle Vague Cinema 620
2.1 Portuguese Nouvelle Vague Cinema 620
3 The Poster: Paths and Technologies 621
3.1 The Poster in Portugal 621
3.2 The Movie Poster 622
3.3 The Nouvelle Vague Movie Poster 624
3.4 The Portuguese Nouvelle Vague Poster 624
3.4 The Portuguese Nouvelle Vague Poster 624
4 The New Cinema Poster in Portugal: Analysis and Characteristics 625
5 Conclusion 629
Acknowledgments 630
References 630
At Hand, the Brain of Men 631
Abstract 631
1 Introduction 631
2 The Hand, from Yesterday 632
3 The Brain of Today 634
4 The Man, Tomorrow 635
Acknowledgments 636
References 636
Exploring Design Requirements of Outdoor Fitness Equipment for Young People 638
Abstract 638
1 Introduction 638
2 Outdoor Physical Activity and Outdoor Fitness Equipment 639
3 Methodology 640
4 Results 641
4.1 Activity Levels of Participants 642
4.2 Young People’s Needs Regarding Outdoor Physical Activity 642
4.2.1 Personal Needs 642
4.2.2 Social Setting Needs 643
4.2.3 Practical Needs 644
5 Discussion 645
Acknowledgments 647
References 647
Design Ergonomics for Human Beings and Wild Animals in Densely Populated Cities: A Design Case in Hong Kong Country Parks 650
Abstract 650
1 Introduction 650
2 Method 651
2.1 Field Visits 651
2.2 Interviews 652
3 Findings 653
3.1 Current Issues 653
3.2 Interviews 653
3.3 Proposed Design Solution 655
4 Conclusions 656
Acknowledgments 656
References 656
Research on Guiding Sign Ergonomic Setting Based on Visual Sensitivity in Long and Narrow Passageway 658
Abstract 658
1 Introduction 658
2 Experiment 659
2.1 Experimental Material 659
2.2 Experimental Environment 660
2.3 Participants 660
2.4 Procedures 661
2.5 Data Analysis 662
3 Results 662
3.1 The Result of the Impact of Height on Angle Value 662
3.2 The Result of the Impact of Distance on Angle Value 663
3.3 The Suitable View Angle of the Guiding Sign 663
4 Discussion and Conclusion 664
Acknowledgments 665
References 665
The Application of Ergonomics of the Built Environment in Architectural Projects as a Benefit for the Hearing Impaired 666
Abstract 666
1 Introduction 666
2 Universal Design and Accessibility 667
3 Assessment Methods in Design of the Built Environment 669
4 A Deaf Space Methodology 670
5 Conclusion 671
References 671
Design Applications 673
A Synthesis of Sociotechnical Principles for System Design 674
Abstract 674
1 Introduction 675
1.1 Background and Context 675
2 Rationale for the Design of STS Principles 676
3 Method 680
4 Synthesised Principles for Sociotechnical Systems Design 681
5 Conclusion 682
Acknowledgements 683
References 683
Cut Me Off: An Exploratory Study About How the User Perceives the Information of Clothes Textile Labels 686
Abstract 686
1 Introduction 686
2 Methodology 688
3 Results and Discussion 689
4 Conclusion 690
References 691
Ergonomic Research in Civil Aircraft External Service Design 692
Abstract 692
1 Review 692
2 General Layout and Ergonomic Design of External Service 692
3 Accessibility Design 693
3.1 Height Design of Service Interface 694
3.2 Operation Task Accessibility Design 695
3.3 Visual Accessibility Design 696
3.4 Operation Convenience Design 697
4 Error Prevention Design 698
5 Operation Safety Evaluation and Design 698
6 Summarize 699
References 700
Design for Children - Ergonomics in a Ceramic Tile’s Project 701
Abstract 701
1 Introduction 701
2 The Study 702
2.1 Method and Aim 702
2.2 Results 703
3 Conclusions 707
Acknowledgments 707
References 707
Graphic-Semantic Expressions Map: A New Tool on Design Teaching 709
Abstract 709
1 Introduction 709
2 Problem 710
3 Design Process 710
4 Graphic-Semantic Expression Map 711
4.1 How It Works 712
5 Conclusions 718
References 719
Research on Ergonomic Design and Evaluation of Office Backrest Curve 720
Abstract 720
1 Introduction 720
2 Questionnaire 722
2.1 Subjects 722
2.2 Question Setting 722
2.3 The Result of the Investigation 722
2.3.1 Discomfort Analysis 722
2.3.2 Causes of Discomfort in Headrest Design 724
3 Experiment 725
3.1 Participants 725
3.2 Equipment 725
3.3 Spinal Measurement 725
3.4 Office Chair Backrest Measurement 726
3.5 Data Analysis 727
3.5.1 Fitting of Human Spine Curve and Office Chair Back 727
4 Conclusion and Discussion 728
Acknowledgments 729
References 729
Assessment of Portuguese Firefighters’ Needs: Preliminary Results of a Pilot Study 730
Abstract 730
1 Introduction 730
1.1 Portuguese Firefighters’ PPE Study 731
2 Materials and Methods 731
2.1 Data Collection 732
2.2 Data Analysis 732
3 Results 732
3.1 Demographic Information 732
3.2 Turnout Gear Selection 733
3.3 Turnout Gear Protection Level 733
3.4 Turnout Coat Fit Issues 734
3.5 Turnout Pants Fit Issues 736
4 Discussion 737
4.1 Turnout Ensemble Sizing 737
4.2 Turnout Ensemble Fit 737
4.3 Gear Fabrics 738
4.4 Turnout Gear Maintenance 738
4.5 Personal Hygiene 739
4.6 Study Limitations 739
5 Final Considerations 740
Acknowledgments 740
References 740
“Possible But Improbable Spaces”: From Interior Design Experience to Jewellery Creation 742
Abstract 742
1 Genesis of the Project 742
2 Project Methodology 749
3 Conclusive Synthesis 749
References 750
Service Mapping: Case Study of University Waste Management System 751
Abstract 751
1 Introduction 751
2 Methodology 752
2.1 Product-Service-System (PSS) 752
2.2 Ergonomics in PSS 752
3 Mapping 753
3.1 Current System 753
3.2 Problems Identified 754
4 Co-created Action Plan 757
4.1 System’s Reconfiguration 757
4.2 Building Trust 757
4.3 Feasibility 758
5 Discussion 759
6 Conclusion 760
References 760
Current Theoretical Developments and Applications of Fitts’ Law: A Literature Review 762
Abstract 762
1 Introduction 762
2 Methods 763
3 Results and Discussion 763
3.1 The Discussion of Fitts’ Law 763
3.2 The Extensions of Fitts’ Law 764
3.3 The Applications of Fitts’ Law 765
4 Conclusion 766
References 767
On Girls Bra Design for the Demand of User 770
Abstract 770
1 Introduction 770
2 Research Status of Girls Bra 771
3 Research Method 771
3.1 Extraction of Influencing Factors 771
3.2 Questionnaire Design 773
3.3 Basic Information of Research Subjects 773
4 Discussion and Analysis 773
4.1 Reliability and Validity of Questionnaires 773
4.2 Weight Ratio Analysis of Bra Demand Factor for Girls 773
4.3 Research Results and Analysis of Weights of Factors 774
5 Conclusion 776
References 777
Effects of Playing Surface on Physiological Responses and Performance Variables of Hockey Players 778
Abstract 778
1 Introduction 778
2 Aims and Objectives of the Study 779
2.1 Hypotheses of the Study 779
2.2 Method and Procedure 779
2.3 Results and Discussion 780
3 Conclusion 782
References 782
Role of Postural Control Exercises and Pelvic Floor Strengthening Exercises on Chronic Low Back Pain of Women with Sitting Jobs 784
Abstract 784
1 Introduction 784
1.1 Need of the Study 785
1.2 Aim of the Study 785
1.3 Objective of the Study 786
1.4 Hypothesis 786
2 Review of Literature 786
3 Methodology 786
3.1 Procedure 787
3.2 Dependent Variables 787
3.3 Independent Variable 787
4 Results 787
5 Discussion 789
6 Conclusion 790
References 790
The Role of Organizational Factors in Development and Progression of Wrist Disorders: Psychosocial Aspects 792
Abstract 792
1 Introduction 792
2 Methodology 795
2.1 Identification of Workplaces and Subjects 795
2.2 Survey on Different Psychosocial Factors and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 795
3 Results 796
3.1 Demographic Data 796
3.2 Work Sectors and Activities 796
3.3 PCA 797
4 Discussion 800
5 Conclusion 801
References 802
Developing a Framework that Can Assist Designers to Identify and Incorporate Notable Cultural Elements into Products Designed for Tourists 803
Abstract 803
1 Introduction 803
2 Methodology 805
2.1 Phase 1: Extracting Cultural Elements from Tourists 805
2.2 Phase 2: Categorizing the Cultural Elements Using Card Sort 806
2.3 Participants Demographics 806
3 Results and Discussions 807
4 Conclusions 812
References 813
Design Interventions of an Exergame for Fall Problem in Indian Older Adults 814
Abstract 814
1 Introduction 814
2 Methodology 816
2.1 Participants and Selection Criteria of the Study 816
2.2 Experiment and Interview Process 816
2.3 Exergame Design Process 816
3 Findings, Design Modifications and Recommendations 818
3.1 Findings from the Pilot Studies 818
3.2 Design Modification 821
3.3 Design Recommendations 822
4 Discussion 822
Acknowledgements 823
References 823
A Re-look into the Information in Multimedia Design and Animation Theme Presentation 825
Abstract 825
1 Introduction 825
2 The Objective 826
3 Experiments: Theme Based 826
4 Setting up the Experiment: Planning and Conducting Survey 826
5 The Context of Interactivity 826
6 Sample Size 827
7 Identification of Students’ Segment and Respondent Profiling 827
8 Administration of the Test for the Focus Group 828
9 Summary of Responses of Focus Group Study 828
10 Some Observations on the Methodology and Its Limitation 829
11 Conclusion 830
References 830
Author Index 831