Advances in Communication, Devices and Networking (eBook)

Rabindranath Bera is a Professor and Head of the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering (ECE) at SMIT and has been driving the ECE department for 13 years. He is also engaged in R&D activities including sponsored and in-house projects. He completed his B.Tech., M.Tech. and Ph.D. at the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata. His areas of interest are remote sensing (active and passive), communication, 4G mobile communication, integrated sensing and communication, adaptive signal processing and cognitive radio and radar systems, radio astronomy, and process control instrumentation. Dr. Bera won the URSI ‘International Young Scientists Award’ in 2005, and recently attended the IEEE 5G SUMMIT in Kolkata (March 3-4, 2017). He has 3 books, 85 journal papers and 80 conference papers published to his credit.  Subir Kumar Sarkar completed his B.Tech., M.Tech. and Ph.D. (Tech) at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics, University of Calcutta and his post-doctoral degree at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), USA. He has worked 10 years in the industry, e.g. as an executive engineer for the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), and 25 years at universities (8 years at the BESU and 17 years at the JU) in various capacities. He was the Head of the Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Jadavpur University from 2011 to 2013, and has coordinated the IC Design & Fabrication Centre, Jadavpur University from 2016 to present. He has authored 5 Engineering textbooks published by CRC Press USA, Artech House USA, Pan Stanford, USA, and S. Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd., India. He has been engaged in 15 R&D projects sponsored by various Government of India funding agencies (completed/ongoing), and has published more than 600 technical research papers in archived international/national journals and peer-reviewed conference proceedings. His research areas include nanodevices and low power VLSI circuits, computer networks, digital watermarking and RFID. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, IEEE EDS Distinguished Lecturer, Life fellow of IEI (India) and IETE, Life member of ISTE and Life member of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS). He has successfully organized two IEEE sponsored International Conferences as Convener (2004) and as General Chair (2012). Om Prakash Singh is an Associate Professor at the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, and coordinator of the DSP/VLSI laboratory. He received his B.Tech. in Electronics from the SRTMU, Nanded, India and his M.Tech. in Communication and Signal Processing from the IIT Bombay. He has more than ten years of teaching experience in adaptive signal processing, VLSI, advanced communication etc. and is currently pursuing research in e.g. speech processing and image processing. Hemanta Saikia is an Associate professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering of Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, a constituent college of Sikkim Manipal University. He received his B. E. in Instrumentation Engineering from Jorhat Engineering College under Dibrugarh University, India, M. Tech. in Electronics Design & Technology from Tezpur University, India and PhD. (Technology) from Gauhati University, India. His research interests are Pattern Recognition, Instrumentation and Digital Systems. Dr. Saikia has been in the field of Education and Research for more than 14 years. He is a member of IEEE, corporate member of the Institution of Engineers (India) and life member of Systems Society of India. He has published 8 research papers in various International Journals of repute.

Organizing Committee 6
Chief Patron 6
Patron 6
General Chair 6
International Advisory Committee 6
National Advisory Committee 7
Technical Programme Committee 8
Convener 9
Co-conveners 9
Preface 10
Contents 12
About the Editors 18
A Simple VIS–NIR LED-Based Model for Estimation of Plant Chlorophyll 20
1 Introduction 21
2 Materials and Methods 22
2.1 Single-Leaf Method 22
2.2 Spectrophotometer Method 22
2.3 Design of the System 22
3 Results and Discussion 23
3.1 Comparison of SRVI for Different Methods 24
4 Conclusion 27
References 27
A Novel High-Performance Leakage-Tolerant Keeper Domino Circuit for Wide Fan-In Gates 29
1 Introduction 29
2 Power Consumption 31
3 Leakage-Controlled Keeper 32
4 Simulation and Result 33
5 Conclusion 36
References 36
Drain-Doping Engineering and its Influence on Device Output Characteristics and Ambipolar Conduction on a Splitted-Drain TFET Model 38
1 Introduction 38
2 Device Structure and Parameters 39
3 Simulation Setup 40
4 Results and Discussion 40
4.1 Drain Output Characteristics 40
4.2 Optimization of Ambipolar Conductivity 42
5 Conclusion 42
References 42
Implementation of a Doped Pocket Region in Order to Enhance the Device Performance of MOSFET 45
1 Introduction 45
2 Device Structure and Simulation Setup 46
2.1 Fabrication Steps 47
2.2 Simulation Setup 47
3 Results and Discussions 49
3.1 Drain Biasing 49
3.2 Gate Biasing 49
3.3 Comparison of Conventional MOSFET and Proposed MOSFET 50
4 Conclusion 51
References 52
Design of Digital-to-Analog Converter Using Dual Pair Differential Amplifier in 180 nm CMOS Technology 53
1 Introduction 53
2 System Architecture 54
2.1 Current Source 55
2.2 Switch Driver 55
2.3 Gilbert Cell Design 55
2.4 Rail-to-Rail Operation 57
3 simulation results 58
4 Conclusion 60
References 60
An Analytical Surface Potential Model for Highly Doped Ultrashort Asymmetric Junctionless Transistor 61
1 Introduction 61
2 Model Derivation 62
3 Model Verification and Discussions 65
4 Conclusion 68
References 68
Analytical Modeling of Surface Potential for Double-Gate MOSFET 70
1 Introduction 70
2 Double-Gate MOSFET 71
3 Derivation of Surface Potential of Double-Gate MOSFET 72
4 Results and Discussions 73
5 Conclusion 76
References 76
Grid Impedance Measurement in Low-Voltage Network 78
1 Introduction 78
2 Proposed Method 80
3 Results and Discussion 83
4 Conclusions 84
References 85
Fault Localization on the Transmission Line Using FDOST and RBFNN 86
1 Introduction 86
2 Fast Discrete Orthogonal Stockwell Transform 87
3 Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) 88
4 System Description and Fault Simulation 89
5 Feature Extraction and Fault Localization 90
6 Result and Analysis 91
7 Conclusion 93
References 93
Low-Voltage Hardware-in-Loop Test Model Using Real-Time Digital Simulator for Single-Phase Converter 94
1 Introduction 94
2 Review Work 95
3 Materials and Methods 96
3.1 Block Schematic of Proposed HIL 96
3.2 Mathematical Model of Boost Converter 97
3.3 Converters-RTDS Interfacing at Low Voltage Level 98
4 Experimentation 98
4.1 Duty Cycle Controller Using TL494 98
4.2 HIL Test of the Boost Converter 99
4.3 Case Studies and Simulation Results 99
5 Conclusion 101
References 102
Power Quality Improvement by Active Shunt Filter with Hysteresis Current Controller 103
1 Introduction 103
2 Active Shunt Filter 104
2.1 Calculation of Reference Current by P-Q Theory 105
2.2 Hysteresis Current Controller 107
3 MATLAB Simulink Model 107
4 Result and Discussion 108
5 Conclusion 110
Appendix 110
References 110
Evaluation of Energy Power Spectral Distribution of QRS Complex for Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmia 112
1 Introduction 113
2 Materials and Methods 114
2.1 Datasets 114
2.2 Preprocessing of Noisy ECG Signal 114
2.3 R-Peaks Localization 114
2.4 Q and S Inflection Points Localization 115
3 Feature Extraction from QRS Complex 116
3.1 Continuous Wavelet Transform Using FFT Algorithm (CWTFT) 116
3.2 One-Way ANOVA 120
4 Conclusions 120
References 121
Radiometric Calibration of RISAT-1 SAR Image Using Integral Method 123
1 Introduction 123
2 Background Study 124
2.1 Calibration Field and Alignment 126
2.2 Radar Cross Section 126
3 Methodology of SAR Calibration 127
4 Integral Method of Calibration 127
5 Study Area and Data Set 129
6 Results and Discussion 129
7 Conclusion 132
References 132
Optimization of Microstrip Patch Array Antenna for Gain Enhancement 134
1 Introduction 134
2 Antenna Parameters 135
2.1 Antenna Design 136
2.2 2?×?2 Patch Antenna and Its Return Loss 137
2.3 2?×?2 Patch Antenna with Fractal 138
2.4 4?×?4 Patch Antenna 140
3 Conclusions 141
References 142
Design of a Dual-Band Low-Profile Single-Arm Spiral Antenna for Vehicular Applications 144
1 Introduction 144
2 Antenna Design 145
3 Experimental Results 146
3.1 Return Loss Measurements 146
3.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements 147
4 Discussion and Conclusion 149
References 150
Application of Defected Ground Structure for Stable Gain with Ultrawide Bandwidth 151
1 Introduction 151
2 Theory, Parametric Studies and Proposed Structure 153
2.1 Theory, Parametric Studies 153
2.2 Proposed Structure 155
3 Results and Discussions 155
4 Conclusion 157
References 158
Novel Composite Dielectric Resonator Antenna for 5G Applications 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Antenna Configuration 161
3 Results 163
4 Conclusion 163
References 166
Design of a Dual-Band Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Diagonal Slit for Its Use in L- and S-Band Communications 168
1 Introduction 168
2 The Design Consideration 169
2.1 Calculation for Width (W) 169
2.2 Calculation of Effective Dielectric Constant (?eff) 169
2.3 Calculation of Actual Length of the Patch (Leff) 170
3 The Antenna Configuration 170
4 The Return Loss Measurement 171
4.1 The Radiation Pattern 171
5 Discussion and Conclusion 173
References 174
Modeling and Analysis of Metamaterial-Based Antenna for Wi-Fi and WLAN Applications 175
1 Introduction 175
2 Design of the 4?×?4 SRR Array 176
3 Analysis of the Metamaterial Structure 177
4 Conclusion 180
References 181
Microstrip Line Fed Two Element E-Plane HDRA Antenna Array 182
1 Introduction 182
2 Antenna Array Design 183
2.1 Resonant Frequency 183
2.2 Study of Coupling 183
2.3 Antenna Array Geometry 183
2.4 Study of Coupling 185
3 Conclusion 187
References 187
Design and Development of MIMO Radar 189
1 Introduction 189
2 System Modeling 190
2.1 Transmitter 191
2.2 Channel 192
2.3 Receiver Signal Processing 193
3 Results 193
3.1 Target Detection by Using SISO and MIMO 194
3.2 Characterization of the Target 194
3.3 Conclusion 195
References 195
Gain Enhancement of Microstrip Patch Using Different Array Configurations 196
1 Introduction 197
2 Antenna Design 197
2.1 Results and Discussion 200
3 Summary 203
References 203
Implementation of a Feature-Adaptive Colour Image Copyright Protection Scheme 205
1 Introduction 205
2 Watermark Embedding and Extraction 206
2.1 Feature Region Extraction 206
2.2 Lifting Wavelet Transform 207
2.3 Encoder and Decoder 208
3 Result Analysis 210
4 Conclusion 214
References 214
Design of Phased MIMO Radar and Its Performance Analysis Based on Different Beamforming Algorithms 216
1 Introduction 216
2 Phased MIMO Radar Model 217
3 Linearly Constrained Minimum Variance (LCMV) 218
4 Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) 219
5 Simulation Work 220
6 Results 220
7 Conclusion 222
References 222
LabVIEW-Based Software and Hardware Implementation of 16-QAM Modem 224
1 Introduction 224
2 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 225
2.1 16-QAM 225
3 LabVIEW Implementation of 16-QAM Modem 226
3.1 16-QAM Modulator 226
3.2 16-QAM Demodulator 227
4 Simulation Result 228
5 Hardware Implementation 228
6 Conclusion 230
References 230
A Study on Capacity of MRC over OWDP Fading Channels 231
1 Introduction 231
2 Channel and System 232
3 The Pdf of Output SNR for MRC Receiver 233
4 Adaptive Transmission System Capacity 234
4.1 Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate (CIFR) 234
4.2 Truncated Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate (TIFR) 235
4.3 Constant Transmitting Power 236
4.4 Optimal Power and Rate Adaption at the Transmitter 237
5 Numerical Results and Discussion 238
6 Conclusions 239
References 239
A Novel Wavelet-Based Image Defogging Using Dark Channel Prior and Guided Filter 241
1 Introduction 242
2 Review of Previous Works 242
3 Proposed Algorithm 243
4 Simulation Results and Performance Analysis 245
5 Conclusions 247
References 247
New Approach to Image Segmentation Based on Neighborhood-Influenced Fuzzy C-Means Clustering 249
1 Introduction 249
2 Proposed Method 251
3 Result 252
4 Performance Analysis 253
5 Conclusion 254
References 254
Morphological Change Detection in Terror Camps of Area 1 and 2 by Pre- and Post-strike Through MOAB: A 255
1 Introduction 255
1.1 Background of Mother of All Bombs (MOAB) 256
2 Change Detection Through Second-Order Statistical Parameters 257
3 Experimental Results 258
3.1 Comparative Plot for Pre and Post-strike Texture Feature Variations for Area 1 261
3.2 Comparative Plot for Pre and Post-strike Texture Feature Variations for Area 2 261
3.3 Image Enhancement Using Decorrelation Stretcher (DS) 261
3.4 Colour Maps Through Decorrelation Stretcher 262
4 Conclusion 263
References 265
Morphological Change Detection in Terror Camps of Area 3 and 4 by Pre- and Post-strike Through MOAB: B 266
1 Introduction 266
2 Methodology for Working of GLCM (Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix) 267
3 Experimental Results 268
3.1 Comparative Plots for Pre- and Post-strike Texture Feature Variations for Area 3 271
3.2 Comparative Plots for Pre- and Post-strike Texture Feature Variations for Area 4 272
3.3 Image Enhancement Using Decorrelation Stretcher (DS) 272
3.4 Change Maps Through Decorrelation Stretcher 273
4 Conclusion 274
References 275
A Study of Digital Communication over Generalized K-Fading Channels 277
1 Introduction 277
2 Channel and System Model 278
3 Performance Calculation of Generalized K-Fading 279
3.1 ASER 279
3.2 Outage Probability 281
4 Numerical Results and Discussions 281
5 Conclusions 284
References 284
An Improved Genetic Algorithm Based Solution to Vehicle Routing Problem over OpenMP with Load Consideration 285
1 Introduction 285
2 Related Work 287
2.1 Genetic Algorithm: An Overview 287
2.2 State-of-the-Art Approaches to VRP 288
3 Genetic Programming Approach to VRP 289
4 Parallelized Version of the Proposed Method Over OpenMP 291
4.1 OpenMP Programming Model 291
4.2 Algorithmic Modeling of the Problem Over OpenMP 292
5 Experimental Results 293
6 Conclusion and Future Scope 295
References 296
Capacity Analysis in Generalized K-Fading Channels 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Generalized K-Fading Model 298
3 Adaptive Transmission System Capacity 299
3.1 Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate (CIFR) 299
3.2 Truncated Channel Inversion with Fixed Rate (TIFR) 300
3.3 Constant Transmitting Power 301
4 Numerical Results and Discussion 302
5 Conclusions 304
References 304
Speckle Reduction of Ultrasound Image via Morphological Based Edge Preserving Weighted Mean Filter 306
1 Introduction 307
2 Review of Previous Works 307
3 Proposed Method of Speckle Reduction 308
3.1 Morphological Operation 308
3.2 Weight Estimation 309
3.3 Artifact Removal 310
4 Experimental Results and Analysis 311
4.1 Quantitative Analysis 311
5 Conclusion 315
References 315
Autonomous Vehicle—A Miniaturized Prototype Development 316
1 Introduction 316
1.1 Case Study: Google Autonomous Car 317
1.2 ADAS and AV 317
2 Problem Definition 318
3 Prototype Development 318
3.1 Hardware Development 318
3.2 Software Development 319
3.3 Data Acquisition 320
3.4 Signal Processing 321
4 Discussion and Conclusion 322
References 322
BER Analysis for Lattice Reduction Aided MIMO Receiver 324
1 Introduction 324
2 System Model 325
2.1 Maximum-Likelihood Estimation 326
2.2 Zero Forcing 326
2.3 Minimum Mean Square Estimation 326
3 Lenstra–Lenstra–Lovász (LLL) Lattice Basis Reduction 327
4 LLL Algorithm Analysis 327
4.1 Algorithm 327
4.2 Gram–Schmidt Orthogonalization (GSO) 328
4.3 Size Reduction 329
4.4 Lovász Condition 329
4.5 Swapping 329
5 Linear Detection Combined with Lattice Reduction 330
6 LR-Aided ZF Detection 330
7 LR-Aided MMSE Detection 330
8 Simulated Result 331
9 Conclusion 334
References 334
Sparse Coding of Bottleneck Features-Based i-Vector Representation for Language Recognition 336
1 Introduction 336
2 Bottleneck Feature-Based i-Vector for LR 337
2.1 DNN Bottleneck Feature 337
2.2 i-Vector Representation 338
2.3 GMM Posteriors 338
2.4 DNN Posteriors 338
3 Proposed LR Approaches 339
3.1 Learned-Exemplar Dictionary-Based LR Approach 339
3.2 Language Recognition Using D-KSVD 339
3.3 Language Recognition Using LC-KSVD 340
4 Experimental Setup 341
4.1 Database 341
4.2 Bottleneck Features 341
4.3 The i-Vector Extraction 341
4.4 Classification and Score Calibration 342
5 Results and Discussion 342
6 Conclusion 345
References 345
Review on Indoor Channel Characterization for Future Generation Wireless Communications 347
1 Introduction 347
2 Environments 348
3 Indoor Technologies 349
4 Radio Propagation 350
5 Channel Modeling 350
5.1 Empirical Models 350
5.2 Physical Models 351
6 Types of Measurement Systems 352
7 Conclusion 352
References 353
Phased-MIMO Radar in Low SNR Regime 355
1 Introduction 355
2 Mathematical Model 356
2.1 Discussion Output SNR 357
2.2 MIMO Radar 357
2.3 Phased-MIMO Radar 357
2.4 Low SNR Approximation 358
3 Simulation Results 359
4 Conclusion 359
References 360
Implementation and Analysis of Spectrum Sensing Using Energy Detection Method 361
1 Introduction 361
2 Mathematical Modeling 362
3 Results 364
4 Conclusion 369
References 369
A Comparative Study on Different Genres of Image Restoration Techniques 370
1 Introduction 370
1.1 Varieties of Noise 371
2 Noise Removal Techniques 374
2.1 Filtering Techniques 375
3 Selection of the Complaisant Filter 376
4 Various Types of Filter 377
4.1 Mean Filter 377
4.2 Median Filter 377
4.3 Order Statistics Filter 378
4.4 Adaptive Filter 378
4.5 Wiener Filter 378
5 Implementation of Median Filter 378
6 Conclusion 378
References 379
Realization of Communication System with Remote Access Using LabView 381
1 Introduction 381
2 Extraction of Message Bit and BER Calculation 382
3 Modulation 382
4 For Calculation of Bandwidth of Message Signal, Circuit Was Designed 383
5 Methodology 383
5.1 Block Diagram 383
6 Result Analysis 384
6.1 Generation and Transmission of Message Signal 384
6.2 Extraction of Message Signal and BER Calculation 384
7 Modulation 387
7.1 SNR Versus BER Plot 388
8 Conclusion 388
References 389
Rational Approximation Methods for a Class of Fractional-Order SISO System in Delta Domain 390
1 Introduction 390
2 Rational Approximation of Fractional-Order SISO System 391
3 Simulation and Results 393
4 Conclusion 396
References 397
Utilization of Electric Vehicle for LFC of Multi-area System Using Wind Driven Optimized Classical Controllers 398
1 Introduction 398
2 System Modelling 400
3 Wind Driven Optimization Technique 401
4 Result and Analysis 403
4.1 Response Comparison for of I, PI and PID Controllers 403
4.2 Performance Comparison Under Random Loading 406
4.3 Comparison of Dynamic Responses in Presence and Absence of Electric Vehicle 406
5 Conclusion 408
Appendix 408
References 408
Lift Automation and Material Sorting Using PLC 410
1 Introduction 410
2 Problem Definition 412
3 Solution Strategy 412
4 Results Obtained 413
5 Conclusion 417
References 417
Automated Computer-Aided Lung Cancer Detection System 419
1 Introduction 419
1.1 CAD System 420
1.2 Soft Computing 420
2 Review of Previous Work on Lung Nodules 421
3 Database Used 422
4 Methodology 422
5 Result 423
6 Conclusion 425
References 426
Indirect Field Oriented Control for Three-Phase Induction Motor Drive Using DSP Controller 428
1 Introduction 428
2 Materials and Methods 430
2.1 Field-Oriented Control or (FOC) 430
2.2 Hysteresis Modulation 430
3 The Schematic of the Proposed Work 430
3.1 Expressions for Estimation of Parameters for IFOC Implementation 431
3.2 IFOC Algorithm 433
4 Experimentation and Results 433
4.1 IFOC Based VSI-IM Simulation Model 433
4.2 Hardware Implementation 434
5 Conclusion 435
References 436
Smart Ambient Weather Monitoring System for Hikers 437
1 Introduction 438
2 Design of Proposed System 438
2.1 System Architecture 438
3 Working Principle 439
4 Result and Discussion 441
5 Conclusion 443
References 444
Implementation of a Temperature Control Process Trainer Through PID Controller Designed with Siemens S7-1200 PLC and HMI 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Control System Description 446
3 Modelling and Simulation 448
4 Comparison 450
5 Conclusion 450
References 451
An Efficient and Enhanced Mechanism for Message Hiding Based on Image Steganography Using ECC-Cryptosystem 453
1 Introduction 453
2 Flow Diagram of Our Proposed Methodology 455
3 Proposed Algorithm 455
4 Implementation of Proposed Method 457
4.1 Phase 1 457
4.2 Reverse Process of Phase 1 459
4.3 Phase 2 459
5 Result and Analysis 460
5.1 Mean Square Error 461
5.2 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio 461
5.3 Security 461
6 Conclusion 463
References 463
Outdoor Obstacle Detection Module to Assist Visually Challenged 465
1 Introduction 466
2 Methodology 466
2.1 Block Diagram 467
2.2 Image Acquisition 468
2.3 Image Processing 468
2.4 Haar Training 468
2.5 Distance Measurement 469
3 Device Set up 469
3.1 Raspberry Pi Module 469
3.2 Raspberry Pi Camera 469
3.3 Hc-Sr04 Ultrasonic Module 470
3.4 Buzzer/Audio 470
4 Results and Discussions 470
4.1 Real-Time Output 470
4.2 Ultrasonic Output 471
4.3 Buzzer/Audio Output 471
4.4 On-Field Detection 472
5 Conclusion 472
References 472
Design of PID Controller for Maximum Power Point Tracking for PV Energy Systems 474
1 Introduction 474
2 Modeling of Solar Cell 475
3 Designing of DC–DC Boost Converter 475
4 Designing of PID Controller 476
5 Simulation Results 477
5.1 Parameters Values 478
5.2 Simulation Results 478
6 Discussion and Conclusion 479
References 480
Fleet Tracking Using Internet of Things 481
1 Introduction 481
1.1 Global Positioning System (GPS) 482
1.2 NodeMCU 483
2 Methodology 483
2.1 Block Diagram 483
2.2 Back-End: Server and Application 485
2.3 Practical Model and Result 485
3 Conclusion 487
References 487
IOT-Based Navigation for Visually Impaired Using Arduino and Android 488
1 Introduction 488
2 System Design 489
2.1 System Configuration 490
2.2 Microcontroller 490
2.3 Obstacle Detection Unit 491
2.4 Warning Unit 491
2.5 APIs and Database 492
3 Results 495
4 Conclusion and Future Work 496
References 496
Implementation of Lightweight Crypto Processor Using Logistic Map for Wireless Sensor Network 498
1 Introduction 499
2 Stream Cipher 500
3 Principles of Random Number Generations 501
3.1 Logistic Map as Sequence Generator 502
3.2 Chaotic Behaviour Analysis of the Logistic Map 502
4 Hardware Implementation of Logistic Sequence Generator 504
5 Model for Stream Cipher Using Logistic Sequence Generator 505
6 Experimental Results 506
7 Conclusion 507
References 507
Application of IoT-Enabled Smart Agriculture in Vertical Farming 509
1 Introduction 510
2 System Overview 512
3 System Design 512
4 Results and Discussion 513
5 Conclusion 515
References 516
UVM-Based Verification IP of AMBA AXI Protocol Showing Multiple Transactions and Data Interconnect 517
1 Introduction to AMBA 517
2 Introduction to AXI Protocol 518
3 Key Features of AXI Protocol 519
3.1 Individual Address/Control and Data Phases 519
3.2 Unaligned Transfers 519
3.3 Multiple Outstanding Addresses 520
3.4 Out-of-Order Transaction Completion 520
4 Analysis and Results 520
4.1 Separate Address/Control and Data Phases 520
4.2 Out-of-Order Completion 523
5 Conclusion 524
References 524
Prospect of Improving Internet of Things by Incorporating Software-Defined Network 525
1 Introduction 525
2 IoT Key Challenges and Opportunities with SDN Solutions 528
3 Existing Literature 529
4 Research Issues 530
5 Conclusion 531
References 532
Smart Healthcare Systems Using Cloud Computing Environments 533
1 Introduction 533
2 Related Work 535
3 System Architecture 535
3.1 Offloading Process 536
4 Result Analysis 538
4.1 Improving Data Storage Capacity and Processing Time 538
5 Conclusion 538
References 539
Cloud-Based Multilayer Telemedicine Architecture: A Case Study 541
1 Introduction 541
2 Proposed Architecture 542
3 Creation of Database 543
3.1 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) 544
3.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) 545
3.3 Diagnosis Algorithm 546
4 Validation of Telemedicine Software 547
5 Discussion and Conclusion 549
References 549
Smart Water Pump Controller 550
1 Introduction 551
2 Problem Definition 551
3 Analysis of Problem 552
4 Proposed Solution Strategy 552
5 Design Strategy for the Solution 553
6 Working Principle 554
6.1 Arduino UNO 554
6.2 Raindrop Sensor 554
6.3 Ultrasound Sensor 555
6.4 Breadboard 555
6.5 Relay 557
6.6 NodeMCU 557
7 Implementation and Result 557
8 Conclusion 558
References 559
IoT-Based Smart Home 560
1 Introduction 560
2 System Design 561
3 Working of the System 562
3.1 Appliances Feedback System 562
3.2 Water and Electricity Monitoring Unit 563
4 Testing and Results 564
5 Conclusion 564
References 565
Implementation of Home Surveillance System Using Local Area Network and Internet of Things 566
1 Introduction 566
2 System Design 567
2.1 Software System Design 569
3 Conclusion 571
References 571
Author Index 572