TCP/IP Illustrated, Volume 1

We are deeply saddened to learn of the death of noted author W. Richard Stevens. His passing is obviously a tremendous loss for the technical community, but it is a personal one for us as well. Rich was both a gifted colleague and a valued friend who will be greatly missed. We extend our sympathies to his family. Obituary from the Arizona Daily Star: STEVENS, W. Richard, noted author of computer books died on September 1. He is best known for his "UNIX Network Programming" series (1990, 1998, 1999), "Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment" (1992), and "TCP/IP Illustrated" series (1994, 1995, 1996). Richard was born in 1951 in Luanshya, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), where his father worked for the copper industry. The family moved to Salt Lake City, Hurley, New Mexico, Washington, DC and Phalaborwa, South Africa. Richard attended Fishburne Military School in Waynesboro, Virginia. He received a B.SC. in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1973, and an M.S. (1978) and Ph.D. (1982) in Systems Engineering from the University of Arizona. He moved to Tucson in 1975 and from then until 1982 he was employed at Kitt Peak National Observatory as a computer programmer. From 1982 until 1990 he was Vice President of Computing Services at Health Systems International in New Haven, CT, moving back to Tucson in 1990. Here he pursued his career as an author and consultant. He was also an avid pilot and a part-time flight instructor during the 1970's. He is survived by his loving wife of 20 years, Sally Hodges Stevens; three wonderful children, Bill, Ellen and David; sister, Claire Stevens of Las Vegas, NV; brother, Bob and wife Linda Stevens of Dallas, TX; nieces, Laura, Sarah, Collette, Christy; and nephew, Brad. He is predeceased by his parents, Royale J. Stevens (1915-1984); and Helen Patterson Stevens (1916-1997). Helen lived in Tucson from 1991-1997, and Royale lived here in the early 1930's attending Tucson High School while his father was treated for TB at the Desert Sanitorium (now TMC). The family asks that in lieu of flowers, donations be made in Richard's name to Habitat for Humanity, 2950 E. 22nd Street, Tucson, AZ 85713. A memorial service for Richard will be held at St. Phillip's in the Hills Episcopal Church on Tuesday, September 7th at 12:00 noon. Following the service there will be a reception in the Murphy Gallery of the Church. Please wear colorful clothing to the service; Richard loved colors. W. Richard Stevens was an acknowledged UNIX and networking expert and the highly-respected author of several books. He was also a sought-after instructor and consultant.

1. Introduction.


Introduction.



Layering.



TCP/IP Layering.



Internet Addresses.



The Domain Name System.



Encapsulation.



Demultiplexing.



Client-Server Model.



Port Numbers.



Standardization Process.



RFCs.



Standard, Simple Services.



The Internet.



Implementations.



Application Programming Interfaces.



Test Network.



Summary.



2. Link Layer.


Introduction.



Ethernet and IEEE 802 Encapsulation.



Trailer Encapsulation.



SLIP: Serial Line IP.



Compressed SLIP.



PPP: Point-to-Point Protocol.



Loopback Interface.



MTU.



Path MTU.



Serial Line Throughput Calculations.



Summary.



3. IP: Internet Protocol.


Introduction.



IP Header.



IP Routing.



Subnet Addressing.



Subnet Mask.



Special Case IP Addresses.



A Subnet Example.



ifconfig Command.



netstat Command.



IP Futures.



Summary.



4. ARP: Address Resolution Protocol.


Introduction.



An Example.



ARP Cache.



ARP Packet Format.



ARP Examples.



Proxy ARP.



Gratuitous ARP.



arp Command.



Summary.



5. RARP: Reverse Address Resolution Protocol.


Introduction.



RARP Packet Format.



RARP Examples.



RARP Server Design.



Summary.



6. ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol.


Introduction.



ICMP Message Types.



ICMP Address Mask Request and Reply.



ICMP Timestamp Request and Reply.



ICMP Port Unreachable Error.



4.4BSD Processing of ICMP Messages.



Summary.



7. Ping Program.


Introduction.



Ping Program.



IP Record Route Option.



IP Timestamp Option.



Summary.



8. Traceroute Program.


Introduction.



Traceroute Program Operation.



LAN Output.



WAN Output.



IP Source Routing Option.



Summary.



9. IP Routing.


Introduction.



Routing Principles.



ICMP Host and Network Unreachable Errors.



To Forward or Not to Forward.



ICMP Redirect Errors.



ICMP Router Discovery Messages.



Summary.



10. Dynamic Routing Protocols.


Introduction.



Dynamic Routing.



Unix Routing Daemons.



RIP: Routing Information Protocol.



RIP Version 2.



OSPF: Open Shortest Path First.



BGP: Border Gateway Protocol.



CIDR: Classless Interdomain Routing.



Summary.



11. UDP: User Datagram Protocol.


Introduction.



UDP Header.



UDP Checksum.



A Simple Example.



IP Fragmentation.



ICMP Unreachable Error (Fragmentation Required).



Determining the Path MTU Using Traceroute.



Path MTU Discovery with UDP.



Interaction Between UDP and ARP.



Maximum UDP Datagram Size.



ICMP Source Quench Error.



UDP Server Design.



Summary.



12. Broadcasting and Multicasting.


Introduction.



Broadcasting.



Broadcasting Examples.



Multicasting.



Summary.



13. IGMP: Internet Group Management Protocol.


Introduction.



IGMP Message.



IGMP Protocol.



An Example.



Summary.



14. DNS: The Domain Name System.


Introduction.



DNS Basics.



DNS Message Format.



A Simple Example.



Pointer Queries.



Resource Records.



Caching.



UDP or TCP.



Another Example.



Summary.



15. TFTP: Trivial File Transfer Protocol.


Introduction.



Protocol.



An Example.



Security.



Summary.



16. BOOTP: Bootstrap Protocol.


Introduction.



BOOTP Packet Format.



An Example.



BOOTP Server Design.



BOOTP Through a Router.



Vendor-Specific Information.



Summary.



17. TCP: Transmission Control Protocol.


Introduction.



TCP Services.



TCP Header.



Summary.



18. TCP Connection Establishment and Termination.


Introduction.



Connection Establishment and Termination.



Timeout of Connection Establishment.



Maximum Segment Size.



TCP Half-Close.



TCP State Transition Diagram.



Reset Segments.



Simultaneous Open.



Simultaneous Close.



TCP Options.



TCP Server Design.



Summary.



19. TCP Interactive Data Flow.


Introduction.



Interactive Input.



Delayed Acknowledgments.



Nagle Algorithm.



Window Size Advertisements.



Summary.



20. TCP Bulk Data Flow.


Introduction.



Normal Data Flow.



Sliding Windows.



Window Size.



PUSH Flag.



Slow Start.



Bulk Data Throughput.



Urgent Mode.



Summary.



21. TCP Timeout and Retransmission.


Introduction.



Simple Timeout and Retransmission Example.



Round-Trip Time Measurement.



An RTT Example.



Congestion Example.



Congestion Avoidance Algorithm.



Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery Algorithms.



Congestion Example (Continued).



Per-Route Metrics.



ICMP Errors.



Repacketization.



Summary.



22. TCP Persist Timer.


Introduction.



An Example.



Silly Window Syndrome.



Summary.



23. TCP Keepalive Timer.


Introduction.



Description.



Keepalive Examples.



Summary.



24. TCP Futures and Performance.


Introduction.



Path MTU Discovery.



Long Fat Pipes.



Window Scale Option.



Timestamp Option.



PAWS: Protection Against Wrapped Sequence Numbers.



T/TCP: A TCP Extension for Transactions.



TCP Performance.



Summary.



25. SNMP: Simple Network Management Protocol.


Introduction.



Protocol.



Structure of Management Information.



Object Identifiers.



Introduction to the Management Information Base.



Instance Identification.



Simple Examples.



Management Information Base (Continued).



Additional Examples.



Traps.



ASN.1 and BER.



SNMP Version 2.



Summary.



26. Telnet and Rlogin: Remote Login.


Introduction.



Rlogin Protocol.



Rlogin Examples.



Telnet Protocol.



Telnet Examples.



Summary.



27. FTP: File Transfer Protocol.


Introduction.



FTP Protocol.



FTP Examples.



Summary.



28. SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.


Introduction.



SMTP Protocol.



SMTP Examples.



SMTP Futures.



Summary.



29. NFS: Network File System.


Introduction.



Sun Remote Procedure Call.



XDR: External Data Representation.



Port Mapper.



NFS Protocol.



NFS Examples.



NFS Version 3.



Summary.



30. Other TCP/IP Applications.


Introduction.



Finger Protocol.



Whois Protocol.



Archie, WAIS, Gopher, Veronica, and WWW.



X Window System.



Summary.



Appendix A. The tcpdump Program.


BSD Packet Filter.



SunOS Network Interface Tap.



SVR4 Data Link Provider Interface.



tcpdump Output.



Security Considerations.



Socket Debug Option.



Appendix B. Computer Clocks.


Appendix C. The sock Program.


Appendix D. Solutions to Selected Exercises.


Appendix E. Configurable Options.


BSD/386 Version 1.0.



SunOS 4.1.3.



System V Release 4.



Solaris 2.2.



AIX 3.2.2.



4.4BSD.



Appendix F. Source Code Availability.


Bibliography.


Index. 0201633469T04062001