Biomechanical Biofeedback Systems and Applications (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
1 Introduction 13
1.1 Benefits to the Society and Individuals 14
1.1.1 Quality of Life 14
1.1.2 Health—Rehabilitation and Injury Prevention 15
1.1.3 Physical Well-Being—Sport and Recreation 16
1.2 Sport and Rehabilitation 17
1.2.1 Advantages of Biofeedback 17
1.2.2 Biofeedback Requirements and Success Conditions 17
1.2.3 Motor Learning 19
1.3 Elements of Biofeedback System 19
1.3.1 Sensing 20
1.3.2 Processing 20
1.3.3 Feedback 21
1.3.4 System Example 22
1.4 Technology 22
1.4.1 Quantification 23
1.4.2 Sensors 23
1.4.3 Devices 25
1.4.4 Communication 28
1.5 Vision 31
References 33
2 Biomechanical Biofeedback 37
2.1 Biofeedback 37
2.1.1 Definition 37
2.1.2 Categorization 38
2.2 Biofeedback Use 39
2.3 Operation of the Biofeedback Loop 40
2.3.1 Biofeedback Success Conditions 40
2.3.2 Sensing 40
2.3.3 Feedback Categories 41
2.3.4 Feedback Modalities 43
2.3.5 Feedback Timing 43
2.4 Example—Motor Learning with Augmented Feedback 44
2.4.1 Motor Learning Basics 44
2.4.2 Biomechanical Biofeedback with Augmented Feedback 46
2.5 Benefits and the Need for Augmented Biofeedback 48
Note 49
References 49
3 Biofeedback System 51
3.1 Background 51
3.2 Architecture 53
3.3 System Elements 54
3.3.1 Sensor(s) 54
3.3.2 Processing Device 55
3.3.3 Feedback Device (Actuator) 55
3.3.4 Users and Communication Channels 55
3.3.5 Optional Elements 56
3.4 System Operation 56
3.4.1 Operation Modes 57
3.4.2 Timing 57
References 58
4 Biofeedback System Architectures 60
4.1 Implementation Diversity 60
4.2 Constraints 60
4.2.1 Space Constraint 61
4.2.2 Time Constraint 61
4.2.3 Computation Constraint 61
4.2.4 Other Constraints 62
4.3 Properties 63
4.3.1 Structure 63
4.3.2 Functionality 63
4.3.3 Physical Extent 64
4.4 Architectures 64
4.4.1 User Architecture 64
4.4.2 Instructor Architecture 65
4.4.3 Cloud Architecture 66
4.5 Classification and Comparison 67
4.5.1 User Architecture 68
4.5.2 Instructor Architecture 69
4.5.3 Cloud Architecture 69
References 70
5 Biofeedback Systems in Sport and Rehabilitation 71
5.1 Background 71
5.2 Sensing 72
5.2.1 Optical Motion Capture Systems 72
5.2.2 Inertial Sensor Motion Capture Systems 73
5.2.3 Sensor Properties and Limitations 74
5.3 Processing 78
5.3.1 System Implementations 78
5.3.2 Motion Signal Processing 79
5.4 Communication 81
5.4.1 Transmission Delay 81
5.4.2 Communication Technologies 81
5.5 Feedback 82
5.5.1 Biofeedback Loop Delays 83
5.6 Real-Time Systems 86
5.6.1 Processing 86
5.6.2 Communication 87
References 88
6 Performance Limitations of Biofeedback System Technologies 90
6.1 Selected Technologies 90
6.2 Requirements of Biofeedback Applications 91
6.3 Inertial Sensor Properties 91
6.3.1 Accelerometer and Gyroscope Biases 93
6.3.2 Constant Bias Errors 93
6.3.3 Bias Variation 95
6.3.4 Noise Measurement Methodology 96
6.3.5 Bias Measurement Error 99
6.3.6 Influence of the Sensor White Noise on the Derived Parameters 100
6.3.7 Bias Compensation Options 102
6.4 Smartphone Inertial Sensor Performance Comparison 104
6.4.1 Measurement Results 105
6.4.2 Long Term Bias Variation 106
6.5 Motion Acquisition with Inertial Sensors 108
6.5.1 Experimental Design 109
6.5.2 System Comparison and Validation 112
6.6 Processing and Communication 114
6.6.1 Signal and Data Processing 116
6.6.2 Communication Demands of Sensors and Actuators 118
6.6.3 Communication Technologies 119
References 123
7 Applications 126
7.1 Application Variety 126
7.1.1 Properties and Requirements 126
7.1.2 Typical Application Scenarios 127
7.2 Application Examples 128
7.3 Golf Swing Trainer Application 129
7.3.1 Objective and Functionality 129
7.3.2 System Architecture and Setup 130
7.3.3 Results 134
7.3.4 Discussion 135
7.4 Smart Golf Club Application 136
7.4.1 Objectives and Functionality 136
7.4.2 Background 137
7.4.3 System Architecture and Setup 138
7.4.4 Application Testing 143
7.4.5 Results 145
7.4.6 Future Development 151
7.5 Smart Ski Application 152
7.5.1 Objectives and Functionality 152
7.5.2 Background 153
7.5.3 System Architecture and Setup 154
7.5.4 Application Tests 158
7.5.5 User Interfaces 160
7.5.6 Results 161
7.5.7 Future Development 165
7.6 Water Sports 165
7.6.1 Objectives and Functionality 165
7.6.2 Background 166
7.6.3 System Architecture and Setup 167
7.6.4 Results 170
7.6.5 Future Development 176
7.7 Swimming Rehabilitation Application 176
7.7.1 Objectives and Functionality 177
7.7.2 Background 177
7.7.3 System Architecture and Setup 179
7.7.4 Results 182
7.7.5 Future Development 186
References 186
Index 190