TCP/IP Tutorial and Technical Overview

The team that wrote this redbook This redbook was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working at the International Technical Support Organization Raleigh Center. Adolfo Rodriguez is an Advisory I/T Specialist at the International Technical Support Organization, Raleigh Center. He writes extensively and teaches IBM classes worldwide on all areas of TCP/IP. Before joining the ITSO, Adolfo worked in the design and development of Communications Server for OS/390, in RTP, NC. He holds a B.A. degree in Mathematics and B.S. and M.S. degrees in Computer Science from Duke University, Durham, NC. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science at Duke University, with a concentration on Networking Systems. John Gatrell works for IBM in the UK. He has 15 years experience in communications customer support, and a further seven years in programming. He holds a B.A. Honours degree in Physics from Oxford University. His specialized areas include UNIX and communications. John Karas is a network architect in IBM Global Services in the United States. He has 14 years of experience in the data networking field. He holds a Masters of Science degree in Telecommunications from Pace University. His areas of expertise include IP routing algorithms, complex network design, capacity planning, and application performance testing. He has written extensively on supporting OSPF and BGP networks, as well as performance monitoring in SAP environments. Roland Peschke is a Senior IT Networking Specialist working for IBM customers requesting consulting and education services for the OS/390 TCP/IP and SNA environment. His comprehensive experiences in these areas come from working at IBM Germany and ITSO Raleigh for more than three decades. He worked intensively on several SNA- and TCP/IP Redbooks.

Preface.


The Team That Wrote This Redbook. Comments Welcome.

I. CORE TCP/IP PROTOCOLS.

1. Architecture, History, Standards, and Trends.


TCP/IP Architectural Model. The Roots of the Internet. TCP/IP Standards. Future of the Internet.

2. Network Interfaces.


Ethernet and IEEE 802.x Local Area Networks (LANs). Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI). Serial Line IP (SLIP). Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). X.25. Frame Relay. PPP over SONET and SDH Circuits. Multi-Path Channel+ (MPC+). Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA). References.

3. Internetworking Protocols.


Internet Protocol (IP). Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP). Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP). Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).

4. Routing Protocols.


Autonomous Systems. Types of IP Routing and IP Routing Algorithms. Routing Information Protocol (RIP). Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIP-2). RIPng for IPv6. Open Shortest Path First (OSPF). Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP). Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP). Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Routing Protocol Selection. Additional Functions Performed by the Router. Routing Processes in UNIX-based Systems.

5. Transport Layer Protocols.


Ports and sockets. User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

6. IP Multicast.


Multicast Addressing. Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP). Multicast Delivery Tree. Multicast Forwarding Algorithms. Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP). Multicast OSPF (MOSPF). Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM). Interconnecting Multicast Domains. The Multicast Backbone.

II. TCP/IP APPLICATION PROTOCOLS.

7. Application Structure and Programming Interfaces.


Characteristics of Applications. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs).

8. Directory and Naming Protocols.


Domain Name System (DNS). Dynamic Domain Name System. Network Information System (NIS). Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).

9. Remote Execution and Distributed Computing.


TELNET. Remote Execution Command Protocol (REXEC and RSH). Introduction to the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE).

10. File related Protocols.


File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP). Network File System (NFS). The Andrew File System (AFS).

11. Mail applications.


Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME). Post Office Protocol (POP). Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4 (IMAP4).

12. The World Wide Web.


Web Browsers. Web Servers. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Content. References.

13. Multimedia Protocols.


Real-Time Protocols: RTP and RTCP. IP Telephony.

14. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP).


The WAP environment. Key Elements of the WAP Specifications. Wireless Markup Language (WML) and WMLScript. Push Architecture. Overview of the WAP Protocol Stack. Protocol Summary.

15. Network Management.


Simple Network Management Protocol and MIB Overview. Structure and Identification of Management Information (SMI). Management Information Base (MIB). Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). Simple Network Management Protocol Version 2 (SNMPv2). MIB for SNMPv2. The New Administrative Model. Simple Network Management Protocol Version 3 (SNMPv3). References.

16. Utilities.


Remote Printing (LPR and LPD). X Window System. Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP). Finger Protocol. Netstat.

III. ADVANCED CONCEPTS AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES.

17. IP Version 6.


IPv6 Overview. The IPv6 Header Format. Internet Control Message Protocol Version 6 (ICMPv6). DNS in IPv6. DHCP in IPv6. Mobility Support in IPv6. Internet Transition - Migrating from IPv4 to IPv6. The Drive towards IPv6. References.

18. MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS).


MPLS Overview. Components of an MPLS Network. Label Distribution Protocols. Stream Merge. Multiprotocol Lambda Switching.

19. Mobile IP.


Mobile IP Overview. Mobile IP Operation. Mobility Agent Advertisement Extensions. Mobile IP Registration Process. Tunneling. Broadcast Datagrams. Move Detection. ARP Considerations. Mobile IP Security Considerations.

20. Integrating other Protocols with TCP/IP.


Enterprise Extender. Data Link Switching. Multiprotocol Transport Network (MPTN). NetBIOS over TCP/IP.

21. TCP/IP Security.


Security Exposures and Solutions. A short Introduction to Cryptography. Firewalls. Network Address Translation (NAT). The IP Security Architecture (IPsec). SOCKS. Secure Shell (l). Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). Transport Layer Security (TLS). Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension (S-MIME). Virtual Private Networks (VPN) Overview. Kerberos authentication and Authorization System. Remote Access Authentication Protocols. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). Secure Electronic Transactions (SET). References.

22. Quality of Service.


Why QoS? Integrated Services. Differentiated Services. References.

23. Availability, Scalability, and Load Balancing.


Availability. Scalability. Load Balancing. Terms used in This Chapter. Introduction of Available Solutions. Network Dispatcher. Cisco LocalDirector. IBM Sysplex Distributor. Cisco MultiNode Load Balancing (MNLB). IBM Sysplex Distributor and Cisco MNLB. OS/390 DNS/WLM. Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP). Round-robin DNS. Alternative Solutions to Load Balancing.

Appendix A. Platform Implementations.


IBM Communications Server for OS/390 V2R10. IBM OS/400 V5R1. Linux. The Network Computer.

Appendix B. Special Notices.
Appendix C. Related Publications.


IBM Redbooks. IBM Redbooks Collections. Other Resources. Referenced Web Sites.

How to Get IBM Redbooks.


IBM Redbooks Fax Order Form.

Abbreviations and Acronyms.
Index.
IBM Redbooks review.