Road Vehicle Automation 5 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction: The Automated Vehicles Symposium 2017 11
Abstract 11
1 Overview 11
2 Symposium Attendees 13
3 Keynote Talks 14
4 Plenary Panel Sessions 15
5 Plenary Presentations 15
6 Breakout Sessions 16
6.1 User-Related Automated Vehicle Issue Breakout Sessions 17
6.1.1 Research to Examine Behavioral Responses to AVs 17
6.1.2 Automated Vehicle Challenges How Can Human Factors Research Help Inform Designers, Road Users, and Policy Makers?
6.1.3 Judging a Car by Its Cover and the Human Factors Implications for Automated Vehicle External Communication 17
6.1.4 Challenges and Opportunities for the Intersection of Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) and AVs 18
6.1.5 Automated Vehicles for People with Disabilities 18
6.2 Breakout Sessions on Transportation Applications of Automated Vehicles 18
6.2.1 Public Transport and Shared Mobility 18
6.2.2 Trucking Automation: Key Deployment Scenarios 18
6.2.3 Aftermarket Systems (Advanced Driving Assistance Systems) 19
6.2.4 Early Deployment Alternatives 19
6.2.5 Shark Tank: Change is Coming Who Will Survive?
6.3 Policy and Planning Issues Breakout Sessions 19
6.3.1 Legal and Policy Approaches Finding the Right Balance on Legislating for Automated Vehicles
6.3.2 An AV Crashes What Happens Next?
6.3.3 Ethical and Social Implications of Automated Vehicles 20
6.3.4 Reading the Road Ahead: Infrastructure Readiness 20
6.3.5 Making Automation Work for Cities 20
6.3.6 Urbanism Next Workshop: AV’s Effects on Urban Development 21
6.3.7 Effects of Vehicle Automation on Energy Usage and Emissions 21
6.3.8 Data Sharing Models and Policy 21
6.4 Breakout Sessions on Technology Issues 21
6.4.1 Enabling Technologies for Automated Vehicles 21
6.4.2 Safety Assurance of Automated Vehicles 21
6.4.3 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) for Automated Vehicles (AV): Exploring Tools, Algorithms, and Emerging Issues 22
6.5 Breakout Sessions on Operational Issues for AVs 22
6.5.1 Connected and Automated Vehicles in Traffic Signal Systems 22
6.5.2 Enhancing the Validity of Traffic Flow Models with Emerging Data 22
6.5.3 Connected and Automated Vehicle Scenarios for High-Speed Controlled-Access Facilities 23
7 General Cross-Cutting Observations 23
Public Sector Activities 25
2 SIP-adus: An Update on Japanese Initiatives for Automated Driving 26
Abstract 26
1 Overview of the SIP-Adus Program 26
2 Progress of SIP-Adus in the Focus Areas 27
2.1 Dynamic Map 28
2.2 Cyber Security 29
2.3 Human Machine Interface 29
2.4 Pedestrian Collision Reduction 30
2.5 Next Generation Transport 30
3 Outline of the Field Operational Tests (FOT) 31
3.1 Test Sites 32
3.2 Testing Activities in Focus Areas 33
3.2.1 Dynamic Map 33
3.2.2 HMI 33
3.2.3 Cyber Security 33
4 International Cooperation and Harmonization 34
5 Conclusion 34
References 34
3 European Roadmaps, Programs, and Projects for Innovation in Connected and Automated Road Transport 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
2 European Union Policy Initiatives 37
2.1 Gear 2030 37
2.2 C-ITS Deployment Platform 38
2.3 Connectivity for Automated Driving 38
2.4 Strategic Transport Research and Innovation 39
3 European Stakeholder Positions and Roadmaps 39
3.1 ERTRAC 39
3.2 EPoSS 40
3.3 ECSEL 40
3.4 EATA 41
4 Programs and Projects 42
5 International Benchmark 43
6 Comprehensive Roadmaps 44
6.1 CARTRE 45
6.2 SCOUT 45
7 Conclusions and Outlook 46
Acknowledgements 47
References 48
4 Drive Sweden: An Update on Swedish Automation Activities 49
Abstract 49
1 Drive Sweden: A Strategic Innovation Program 49
1.1 Swedish OEM Activities in Automation 50
1.1.1 Volvo Cars 50
1.1.2 Volvo Group 50
1.1.3 Scania 51
1.1.4 Einride 52
1.1.5 Lynk &  Co
1.1.6 Nevs 52
1.2 AD Aware Traffic Control—an Application on the Drive Sweden Innovation Cloud 52
1.2.1 AD Aware Traffic Control—Project Description 52
1.2.2 AD Aware Traffic Control—Main Findings 54
1.3 Pilots to Involve End-Users 56
1.3.1 Stockholm Pilot 56
1.3.2 Gothenburg Pilot 57
2 Conclusions 57
Reference 57
Human Factors and Challenges 58
5 Research to Examine Behavioral Responses to Automated Vehicles 59
Abstract 59
1 Introduction 59
2 The Potential Implications of AVs on Longer Term Location Choices 61
2.1 The Linkage Between: Transportation and Land-Use 61
2.2 How Will Location Choices Evolve in an Automated Mobility Future? 62
2.3 Data Requirements to Understand and Predict Longer Term Location Choices 65
3 Future Ownership and Use of AVs 66
3.1 Understanding the Rate of Market Adoption of Highly Automated Vehicles 66
3.2 Identifying Early Adopters of Highly Automated Vehicles 68
4 The Potential Implications of AVs on Activities-Travel-Choices and the Travel Environment 70
4.1 Possible Travel Responses to Highly Automated Vehicles 70
4.2 The Transition Period 72
4.3 Research and Data Needs to Predict Activity-Travel Impacts 72
Acknowledgements 73
References 73
6 Judging a Car by its Cover: Human Factors Implications for Automated Vehicle External Communication 74
Abstract 74
1 Introduction 74
2 Current Research in HAV External Communication 75
2.1 Presentation Summaries 75
2.1.1 Current Activities on HAV External Communication from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 75
2.1.2 Effects of Non-verbal Communication Cues on Decisions and Confidence of Drivers at an Uncontrolled Intersection 76
2.1.3 Needs of Pedestrians Interacting with Automated Vehicles 76
3 Breakout Exercises 77
3.1 Use Case A: Park, Pickup and Proceed 77
3.2 Use Case B: HAV Encounters Vehicle Entering Roadway 78
3.3 Use Case C: Right-of-Way Conflict 78
4 Discussion and Research Needs 80
References 81
7 Training and Education: Human Factors Considerations for Automated Driving Systems 82
Abstract 82
1 Introduction 82
2 Panelists, Discussion, and Emergent Theme 84
3 Training and Education in Context of Automated Driving 85
4 Conclusion 87
References 88
8 Automated Vehicles (AVs) for People with Disabilities 90
Abstract 90
1 Introduction 91
2 Panel Discussion 1 91
3 Panel Discussion 2 92
4 Summary of Recommendations 94
References 95
9 External Vehicle Interfaces for Communication with Other Road Users? 96
Abstract 96
1 Introduction 97
2 Methodology 97
3 A Minimalistic External Interface: AVIP 99
4 Use Case 1: Interaction Between AVs and Pedestrians 100
4.1 Current Interactions 100
4.2 Interactions with AVs 101
4.3 The Role of External Interfaces 101
4.4 Potential Challenges 102
5 Use Case 2: Interaction Between AVs and Drivers of Conventional Vehicles 102
5.1 Current Interactions 102
5.2 Interactions with AVs 103
5.3 The Role of External Interfaces 103
5.4 Potential Challenges 104
6 Discussion and Conclusions 104
References 105
Technology, Energy and Business Perspectives 108
10 Assessing Energy Impacts of Connected and Automated Vehicles at the U.S. National Level—Preliminary Bounds and Proposed Methods 109
Abstract 109
1 Bounds on Energy Consumption of Connected and Automated Vehicles in the United States 110
2 Transferability of Bounds on Energy Consumption of Connected and Automated Vehicles in the United States 113
2.1 Transferring Detailed Simulations to the National Level 113
2.2 Aggregating Energy and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of CAVs Nationally 115
2.3 Modeling Adoption of CAVs and Shared Mobility 117
3 Conclusions 118
Acknowledgements 118
References 118
11 Deployment of Automated Driving as an Example for the San Francisco Bay Area 120
Abstract 120
1 Context and Scope 120
2 Automated Driving Concepts to Be Differentiated 121
2.1 Private Passenger Vehicles 121
2.2 Shared Passenger Shuttles 123
2.3 Long-Haul Trucks 124
2.4 Local Delivery Vehicles 125
3 Comparison of Automated Driving Concepts 126
4 Hypothetical Deployment Scenario for the San Francisco Bay Area 128
5 Summary/Additional Remarks 130
References 131
12 Shared Automated Vehicle (SAV) Pilots and Automated Vehicle Policy in the U.S.: Current and Future Developments 133
Abstract 133
1 Introduction 133
2 Shared Automated Vehicle (SAV) Pilots 135
2.1 Private Roads and Planned Communities 136
2.2 Public Roads and City Streets 136
2.3 Planned SAV Developments 136
2.4 Key Trends Discussion 139
3 U.S. Automated Vehicle (AV) Policy Overview 140
3.1 Federal AV Policy 140
3.2 State AV Policy 141
3.3 Local AV Policy: Case Study of the City of Boston 143
3.4 Upcoming AV Policy Developments 144
3.5 Key Trends Discussion 144
4 Potential SAV Impacts and Future Policy Developments 145
5 Conclusion 146
Acknowledgements 147
References 147
13 Deployment of Automated Trucking: Challenges and Opportunities 150
Abstract 150
1 Introduction 151
2 Current State-of-the-Art in Automated Trucking 152
2.1 Truck Platooning 152
2.2 Exit-to-Exit Highway Automation 153
2.3 Off-Road Trucking Automation 154
2.3.1 Mine Hauling 154
2.3.2 Manufacturing/Distribution in Dispersed Local Sites 155
3 Key Deployment Factors 155
3.1 Use Cases and Business Models 155
3.2 Safety Assurance 157
3.3 Human Factors 158
3.4 Regulation 158
3.5 Public Acceptance and Trust 159
3.6 Impact on Labor 159
4 Roads to Deployment 160
5 Conclusions 160
Acknowledgements 162
References 162
14 The Road Ahead—How a 100-Year Old Mobility Service Transforms into a World of Automated Driving 164
Abstract 164
1 Introduction 164
2 Changing Mobility 166
3 The Role of a Mobility Service Player in Automation 167
4 Summary and Outlook for Mobility Services in a World of Automated Driving 168
References 169
15 Automated Vehicles Cybersecurity: Summary AVS’17 and Stakeholder Analysis 171
Abstract 171
1 Summary from the Automated Vehicles Symposium 2017 171
2 System Model 175
3 Stakeholder Analysis 176
3.1 Sensor Supplier 176
3.2 Processing Unit Supplier 177
3.3 Road Operator 178
3.4 User: Fleet Operator 178
3.5 Cloud Service Provider 180
3.6 Summary 180
4 Conclusion 180
References 181
Vehicle Systems and Technologies Development 182
16 PEGASUS—First Steps for the Safe Introduction of Automated Driving 183
Abstract 183
1 Overview 184
2 Scenarios and Quality Measures for Automated Driving 186
3 Processes Required for Establishing Safety 187
4 Actual Testing 188
4.1 Simulation 191
4.2 Test Site Test 191
4.3 Field Verification 191
5 Proof of Concept/Transfer of Results 191
6 Conclusion and Outlook 192
References 193
17 Testing Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs): Accelerating Innovation, Integration, Deployment and Sharing Results 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 195
2 Exploring Opportunities and Best Practices 195
2.1 CAV Proving Grounds Showcase 195
2.1.1 Texas Automated Vehicle Proving Ground Partnership, Bryan, Austin and San Antonio, Texas 195
2.1.2 SunTrax and the Central Florida Automated Vehicle Partnership, Orlando, Florida 196
2.1.3 Iowa AV Proving Grounds, Iowa City, Iowa 196
2.1.4 GoMentum Station Contra Costa Transportation Authority, Concord, California 196
2.1.5 UK Centre for Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, United Kingdom: London (Greenwich), Coventry, Milton Keynes, Bristol, Oxford, Cranfield Interurban Roads 197
2.1.6 K-City, South Korea 197
2.2 Roles and Partnerships Panel 198
2.2.1 ITS Japan 198
2.2.2 ERTICO ITS Europe 198
2.2.3 Transportation Research Center, Inc., Ohio, U.S.A. 199
2.3 Next Steps to Collaboration Panel 200
3 Discussion and Future Direction 203
References 203
18 Challenges and Opportunities for the Intersection of Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) and Automated Vehicles (AVs) 204
Abstract 204
1 Introduction 205
2 Presentation Panel Summaries 206
2.1 Presentation Summaries: Panel 1, Vulnerable Road User Safety Needs and Concerns 206
2.1.1 Welcome and Session Overview 206
2.1.2 Reconstruction of Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions: Powerful Data to Inform the Design of Automation and Active Safety Systems 207
2.1.3 Key Human Factors Challenges and Opportunities Within AV/VRU Interactions 208
2.1.4 Needs and Challenges of Pedestrians with Disabilities with Respect to Automated Vehicles 209
2.2 Panel 2—Technology, Infrastructure and Policy Considerations 209
2.2.1 Introduction 209
2.2.2 AutonoVi: A Simulation Framework for Autonomous Driving 210
2.2.3 Bystander Interaction with Autonomous Vehicles and Robots 210
2.2.4 Urban Form and Automated Flows 211
3 Suggested Action Items and Research Needs 212
3.1 AV Design/Human Factors Research 212
3.2 Communications 213
3.3 Legal/Ethical Questions 213
3.4 Data 213
References 214
Transportation Infrastructure and Planning 215
19 Autonomous Vehicles and the Built Environment: Exploring the Impacts on Different Urban Contexts 216
Abstract 216
1 Introduction 217
2 Background 217
3 Methodology 218
4 Methodology 219
4.1 Pre-war 1920s Urban 220
4.2 Post-war Big-Box Suburb 221
5 Outcomes 223
5.1 San Francisco and the Bay Area: Policies and Design 223
5.2 Chicago and Beyond: Use Fees that Target Behaviour 224
6 Conclusions 225
References 226
20 Enhancing the Validity of Traffic Flow Models with Emerging Data 228
Abstract 228
1 Introduction 229
2 Data Needs and Modeling Methods 230
2.1 Using AV Pilots to Influence Public Opinions 230
2.2 Connected and Automated Vehicular Flows: Modeling Framework and Data Availability 231
2.3 Recent Findings from Micro-simulation of Traffic Impacts of Cooperative Longitudinal Control Systems 232
2.4 Control of Traffic with a Small Number of AVs 233
3 Discussion 234
Acknowledgements 235
References 236
21 Making Automation Work for Cities: Impacts and Policy Responses 237
Abstract 237
1 Introduction 238
2 AV Technology Application in Cities: Options and Deployment Scenarios 238
3 Impacts of AVs in Urban Areas 240
4 How Cities Prepare: A Review of Ongoing Initiatives 242
5 Making Automation Work for Cities: Towards an Action Agenda 244
Acknowledgements 246
References 246
22 Correction to: Research to Examine Behavioral Responses to Automated Vehicles 247
Correction to: Chapter “Research to Examine Behavioral Responses to Automated Vehicles” in: G. Meyer and S. Beiker (eds.), Road Vehicle Automation 5, Lecture Notes in Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94896-6_5 247