Elementary Statistics

Ron Larson received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Colorado in 1970. At that time he accepted a position with Penn State University, and he currently holds the rank of professor of mathematics at the university. Larson is the lead author of more than two dozen mathematics textbooks that range from 6th grade through calculus levels. Many of his texts, such as the 10th edition of his calculus text, are leaders in their markets. Larson is also one of the pioneers in the use of multimedia and the Internet to enhance the learning of mathematics. He has authored multimedia programs, extending from the elementary school through calculus levels. Larson is a member of several professional groups and is a frequent speaker at national and regional mathematics meetings. Many thanks goes to Betsy Farber for her significant contributions to previous editions of the text. Sadly, Betsy passed away in 2013. She received her Bachelor’s degree in mathematics from Penn State University and her Master’s degree in mathematics from the College of New Jersey. Betsy taught all levels of mathematics at Bucks County Community College in Newtown, Pennsylvania for many years. She made many notable contributions throughout her career to developing new ways to make statistics relevant and interesting for both online and traditional students.

Chapter IR1

IR1.1 Reading Graphs (Section 1.1)

IR1.2 Basic Mathematical Symbols and Greek Letters (Section 1.1)

IR1.3 Percents (Section 1.1)

IR1.4 Addition and Subtraction of Integers (Section 1.2)




Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics

1.1 An Overview of Statistics

1.2 Data Classification

1.3 Data Collection and Experimental Design




Chapter IR2

IR2.1 Multiplication and Division of Integers (Section 2.1)

IR2.2 Order of Operations (Section 2.1)

IR2.3 Operations with Fractions and Decimals (Section 2.1)

IR2.4 Significant Digits and Rounding (Section 2.1)

IR2.5 The Number Line and Ordering Numbers (Section 2.2)

IR2.6 The xy-Plane and Point Plotting (Section 2.1)

IR2.7 Summation (Section 2.1)

IR2.8 Evaluating Formulas (Section 2.1)

IR2.9 Operations with Summations (Section 2.3)

IR2.10 Exponents (Section 2.4)

IR2.11 Operations with Square Roots (Section 2.4)

IR2.12 Division Involving Powers and Square Roots (Section 2.4)

IR2.13 Absolute Value (Section 2.4)




Chapter 2: Descriptive Statistics

2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs

2.2 More Graphs and Displays

2.3 Measures of Central Tendency

2.4 Measures of Variation

2.5 Measures of Position




Chapter IR3

IR3.1 More Multiplication and Division (Section 3.1)

IR3.2 Double Inequalities (Section 3.1)

IR3.3 Translating Verbal Phrases (Section 3.2)

IR3.4 Factorials (Section 3.4)

IR3.5 Operations with Factorials (Section 3.4)

IR3.6 Scientific Notation (Section 3.4)




Chapter 3: Probability

3.1 Basic Concepts of Probability and Counting

3.2 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication Rule

3.3 The Addition Rule

3.4 Additional Topics in Probability and Counting




Chapter IR4

IR4.1 More Translating Verbal Phrases (Section 4.2)




Chapter 4: Discrete Probability Distributions

4.1 Probability Distributions

4.2 Binomial Distributions

4.3 More Discrete Probability Distributions




Chapter IR5

IR5.1 More Division Involving Square Roots (Section 5.1)




Chapter 5: Normal Probability Distributions

5.1 Introduction to Normal Distributions and the Standard Normal Distribution

5.2 Normal Distributions: Finding Values

5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central limit Theorem

5.5 Normal Approximations to Binomial Distributions




Chapter IR6

IR6.1 Intervals on the Number Line (Section 6.1)




Chapter 6: Confidence Intervals

6.1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (σknown)

6.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (σunknown)

6.3 Confidence Intervals for Population Proportions

6.4 Confidence Intervals for Variance and Standard Deviation




Chapter 7: Hypothesis Testing with One Sample

7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing

7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (σknown)

7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (σunknown)

7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proportions

7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard Deviation




Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples

8.1 Testing the Difference Between Means (Independent Samples, σ1 andσ2 Known)

8.2 Testing the Difference Between Means (Independent Samples, σ1 andσ2 Known)

8.3 Testing the Difference Between Means (Dependent Samples)

8.4 Testing the Difference Between Proportions




Chapter IR9

IR7.1 Slope-Intercept Form of the Equation of a Line (Section 9.2)




Chapter 9: Correlation and Regression

9.1 Correlation

9.2 Linear Regression

9.3 Measures of Regression and Prediction Intervals

9.4 Multiple Regression




Chapter 10: Chi-Square Tests and the F-Distribution

10.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test

10.2 Independence

10.3 Comparing Two Variances

10.4 Analysis of Variance




Chapter 11: Nonparametric Tests (Web Only)

11.1 The Sign Test

11.2 The Wilcoxon Tests

11.3 The Kruskal-Wallis Test

11.4 Rank Correlation

11.5 The Runs Test




Appendix A: Alternative Presentation of the Standard Normal Distribution

Appendix B: Tables

Appendix C: Normal Probability Plots