Advanced Manufacturing and Automation VII (eBook)

Professor Kesheng Wang has been a Professor and director of the Knowledge Discovery Laboratory at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. He became an elected member of the Norwegian Academy of Technological Sciences in 2006. Prof. Wang has published 22 books, 10 book chapters and over 270 technical peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. He also has extensive experience with coordinating cooperation projects with many industrial companies and national, international and EU projects. Professor Wang’s current areas of interest are intelligent manufacturing systems, data mining and knowledge discovery, radio-frequency identification (RFID), predictive maintenance and Industry 4.0/Logistics 4.0.Dr. Yi Wang obtained his PhD from the Manufacturing Engineering Center, Cardiff University, UK in 2008. He is currently a Lecturer at the School of Business and Management, Plymouth University, UK. He holds various visiting professorships in several universities worldwide. Dr. Wang’s research interests include supply chain management, logistics, operation management, culture management, information systems, game theory, data analysis, semantics and ontology analysis, and neuromarketing. He has published 35 technical peer-reviewed papers in international journals and conferences. He has co-authored two monographs: Operations Management for Business in 2008 and Data Mining for Zero-defect Manufacturing in 2012.Professor Jan Ola Strandhagen is a Professor at the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway. He was previously director of the research center SFI Norman in SINTEF. He holds a PhD in Production Engineering from NTNU (1994). His research has focused on production management and control, logistics, manufacturing economics and strategies. He has managed and executed R&D projects in close collaboration with a wide variety of Norwegian companies and participated as researcher and project manager in several European projects. Professor Tao Yu is the President of Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China and Professor at Shanghai University. He is a committee member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP)/TC5. Prof. Yu has published more than one hundred academic papers. His research interests include mechatronics, computer integrated manufacturing systems and grid manufacturing.

Preface 6
Committees 8
Contents 11
About the Editors 17
1 How AI Affects the Future Predictive Maintenance: A Primer of Deep Learning 19
Abstract 19
1 Introduction 19
2 Deep Learning 21
2.1 Artificial Intelligence 21
2.2 Computational Intelligence 21
2.3 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 22
2.4 Deep Learning (DL) 23
3 Deep Learning for Predictive Maintenance 24
4 Discussions 26
5 Conclusions 27
References 27
2 Application of Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network to Sales Forecasting in Retail—A Case Study 28
Abstract 28
1 Introduction 28
2 Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network 29
3 Experiment and Results 31
4 Discussion and Conclusions 33
Acknowledgements 34
References 34
3 A Coarse-to-Fine Matching Method in the Line Laser Scanning System 35
Abstract 35
1 Introduction 36
2 The Framework of the Proposed Method 37
3 Flat Top Laser Model 38
4 A Coarse-to-Fine Matching Method 40
5 Experiment 43
5.1 Simulation 44
5.2 The Three-Dimensional Measurement Experiment 45
6 Conclusion 48
Acknowledgements 48
References 49
4 Pose and Position Measurement in Dynamic Optical Coordinate Measure System 50
Abstract 50
1 Introduction 50
2 Principle of Dynamic Optical Coordinate Measure System 52
3 Pose Measurement in Dynamic Optical Coordinate Measure System 53
3.1 Design of V-8 Target 53
3.2 Simulation Experiment 54
3.3 Practical Experiment 56
3.4 Recognition Algorithm 56
3.5 Complement to Recognition Algorithm 57
4 Position Measurement in Dynamic Optical Coordinate Measure System 58
4.1 Design of Coded Targets 58
4.2 Recognition Algorithm of Coded Targets 58
5 Application 61
6 Conclusion 64
Acknowledgements 65
References 65
5 Design of Pin-Point Gate Injection Mould for Shells of Earplugs 67
Abstract 67
1 Process Analysis of Plastic Part 67
2 Design of Injection Mould Structure 68
2.1 Design of Parting Surface 68
2.2 Cavity Number and Layout 69
2.3 Design of Gating System 70
2.3.1 Design of Primary Runner 70
2.3.2 Design of Sub-runner 70
2.4 Design of Shaped Parts 71
2.4.1 Design of Cavity 71
2.4.2 Design of Core 71
2.5 Design of Cooling System 72
3 Structure of Injection Molds 73
4 Summary 74
References 75
6 Research on the Principle of Automatic Correcting Machine 76
Abstract 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Method for Correcting the Spool 77
3 Bending Correcting and T-S Fuzzy Neural Network for Predicting Correcting Stroke 78
4 The Design of Automatic Correcting Machine 80
5 Conclusion 82
Acknowledgements 82
References 82
7 Development on Management System of Automated High-Rise Warehouse for Mid-Small Enterprises Based on Django 83
Abstract 83
1 Introduction 83
2 Introduction and Design of Management System of Automated High-Rise Warehouse 84
2.1 Requirement Analysis 84
2.2 System Analysis [2] 85
2.3 Functional Selection 85
3 Modularization Development of Management System of Automated High-Rise Warehouse 86
3.1 Introduction of Development Framework 86
3.2 Part of the Program Design of Management System of Automated High-Rise Warehouse 87
3.3 Communication Protocol Between PLC and the Monitor [8] 88
3.4 Introduction of in-Stock Module in Management System of Automated High-Rise Warehouse 89
4 Conclusions 90
Acknowledgements 90
References 91
8 Underwater Image Enhancement by Fusion 92
Abstract 92
1 Introduction 92
2 Underwater Image Model 94
2.1 Transmission Estimation 95
2.2 Back-Scattering Estimation 95
2.3 Image Restoration Method 96
3 Image Enhancement by Multi-scale Fusion 96
3.1 Inputs 96
3.2 Weight Maps 98
3.3 Multi-scale Fusion 99
4 Experimental Result and Discussion 100
5 Conclusion 103
Acknowledgements 103
References 103
9 Restoration and Enhancement of Underwater Light Field Image 104
Abstract 104
1 Introduction 104
2 Restoration and Enhancement of Light Field Image 105
2.1 Underwater Light Field Image Model 106
2.2 Refocus and All-Focus 108
2.3 The Algorithm for Restoration and Enhancement 108
3 Experiment 109
3.1 Result of the Contrast Algorithm 109
3.2 Result of the Proposed Algorithm 111
3.3 Clarity Evaluation 112
4 Conclusion 115
Acknowledgements 115
References 116
10 Optimizing Leather Cutting Process in Make-to-Order Production to Increase Hide Utilization 117
Abstract 117
1 Introduction 117
2 Literature Review 118
2.1 Leather Nesting Problem 118
2.2 Leather Cutting Process 119
3 Process Reorganisation for Improved Leather Utilization 120
4 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation 121
Acknowledgements 123
References 123
11 A Study on Material Properties of Sealed Rubber Cylinder for Compressible Packer 125
Abstract 125
1 Introduction 125
2 Mathematical Model for Rubber Material 126
3 Experiment and Result 127
4 Conclusion 131
Acknowledgements 131
References 132
12 Finite Element Analysis of Sealing Performance for Multi Cylinder Packer 133
Abstract 133
1 Introduction 133
2 Establishment of Finite Element Model 134
3 Analytical Methods and Procedures 135
4 Conclusion 138
Acknowledgements 140
References 140
13 Experimental Study on the Effect of Surface Texture on the Dynamic Performance of Journal Bearing 141
Abstract 141
1 Introduction 142
2 Experimental Method 143
2.1 Experiment Apparatus 143
2.2 Test Bearing 144
2.3 Measuring Method 144
2.4 Dynamic Characteristics of Journal Bearing 145
3 Experimental Results and Discussion 147
3.1 Dynamic Characteristics of Journal Bearing and Textured Bearing Under Different Loads 147
3.2 Vibration Characteristics of Journal Bearing and Textured Bearing Under Different Loads 149
4 Conclusions 150
Acknowledgements 150
Appendix 151
References 151
14 The Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene 153
Abstract 153
1 Introduction 153
2 Experimental Investigation 154
2.1 Material 154
2.2 Tensile Testing 154
3 Results and Discussion 156
4 Conclusion 157
Acknowledgements 158
References 158
15 The Effect of Extensometers on the Mechanical Properties of the Polypropylene Under Uniaxial Tensile Loading 160
Abstract 160
1 Introduction 160
2 Test Method for Properties of Plastic Materials at High and Low Temperature 161
3 Results and Discussion 162
4 Verification Test 162
5 Conclusion 162
Acknowledgements 165
References 165
16 Seal Property of Rubber Cylinder Shoulder in Packer 166
Abstract 166
1 Introduction 166
2 Shoulder Protector Device for Sealing Cylinder of Packer 167
3 Sealing Test Process and Result Analysis 168
4 Conclusion 171
Acknowledgements 171
References 171
17 Data Acquisition and Storage Network Based on CAN-Bus 172
Abstract 172
1 Introduction 172
2 Overall Scheme Design 173
3 Data Acquisition 173
4 Data Storage and Communication 175
5 Data Analysis and Verification 175
6 Conclusion 177
Acknowledgements 177
References 177
18 Effect of Pressure on Packer’s Sealing Performance 178
Abstract 178
1 Introduction 178
2 Finite Element Model 179
3 Analysis on Sealing Performance 180
4 Conclusion 182
Acknowledgements 182
References 183
19 Acquisition and Control Systems of Distributed Data Based on STM32 184
Abstract 184
1 Introduction 184
2 Hardware Design 185
3 Software Design 187
4 Results 188
5 Conclusions 189
Acknowledgements 189
References 189
20 Introduction of Cyber-Physical System in Robotized Press-Brake Line for Metal Industry 190
Abstract 190
1 Introduction 190
2 Software Based Control 191
3 Application 193
4 Conclusion 195
Acknowledgements 195
References 195
21 Dynamic Balance System Design and Control for High-Branch Pruning Machine 196
Abstract 196
1 Introduction 196
2 Principle of Dynamic Balance System 198
3 Manipulator Kinematic Analysis and Tilt Torque 199
3.1 Kinematic Analysis 199
3.2 Tilt Torque Calculation 200
4 Dynamic Balance System Structure Design 201
4.1 Basic Structural Composition 201
4.2 Control Method of Dynamic Balance System 202
5 Tests and Verification of Dynamic Balance System 202
6 Conclusions 204
References 204
22 Braking Distance Monitoring System for Escalator 206
Abstract 206
1 Introduction 206
2 Design Principle and Requirement 207
3 Braking Distance Testing Techniques 209
4 Conclusion 213
Acknowledgments 214
References 214
23 Design of Large Tonnage Elevator Sheave Block 215
Abstract 215
1 Introduction 215
2 Structure Design of Sheave Block 216
2.1 Sheave Traction Ratio and Rope Winding Selection 216
2.2 Design of Basic Structure of Car Top Sheave Block 217
2.3 Design of Basic Structure of Counterweight Top Sheave Block 219
2.4 Life and Static Strength Check 220
3 Finite Element Analysis 222
4 Conclusion 224
Acknowledgments 224
References 224
24 A Case Study of Tacit Knowledge Diffusion Object Preference in R& D Teams
Abstract 226
1 Introduction 226
2 Research Ideas and Questionnaire Design 227
2.1 Independent Variable Design 227
2.2 Dependent Variable Design 228
3 Example Analysis 229
3.1 Research Data Sources and Analysis 229
3.2 The Selection of Tacit Knowledge Diffusion Among Members Based on Knowledge Community 229
3.3 The General Situation of Implicit Knowledge Diffusion Preference Among Members 229
4 Hypothesis Testing of Related Data 230
4.1 QAP Correlation Analysis 230
4.2 QAP Regression Analysis 233
5 Summary 234
References 234
25 Strategic Framework for Manual Assembly System Design 235
Abstract 235
1 Introduction 236
2 Assembly Systems 236
3 Assembly System Impact Factors and Decisions 237
4 Manual Assembly System Framework 239
5 Case Study—Mid-Norwegian Industrial Company 240
5.1 AS-IS Situation for the Assembly System 240
5.2 Redesign of the Assembly System and TO-BE Situation 240
6 Discussion 242
7 Conclusion 242
References 242
26 The Research and Development of Preventing the Accidental Movement of the Elevator Car Safety Protection Device 244
Abstract 244
1 Introduction 244
2 Profile of Car Accidental Movement Protective Device 245
3 Design on Safety Protection Device to Prevent the Accidental Movement of the Elevator Car 245
3.1 Working Principle 245
3.2 Safety Gear 247
4 Conclusion 249
References 249
27 Ultrasonic Sensing System Design and Accurate Target Identification for Targeted Spraying 250
Abstract 250
1 Introduction 250
2 Target Spray System of Sprayer 251
2.1 Canopy Scanning Identification of Target Spray System 251
2.2 Hardware Design of Target Spray System 252
2.3 Target Identification Method 252
2.4 Software Design of Target Spray System 254
3 Determine Advance Spray Distance and Spray Time 254
4 Test and Analysis for Target Spray System 256
5 Conclusion 257
References 257
28 Fault Location in Power System Based on Different Modes of Traveling Wave and Artificial Neural Network 259
Abstract 259
1 Introduction 259
2 The Process of Fault Area Identification 261
3 Fault Location by ANN 262
3.1 ANN 262
3.2 Fault Location Algorithm 263
4 Performance Evaluation 265
5 Conclusion 267
References 267
29 Review of Technology for Strengthening Effect of Fe Element in Al Alloys 269
Abstract 269
1 Introduction 269
2 The Role of Fe Element in Al Alloys 270
3 Technical Research Work of Eliminating Harmful Effects of Fe in Al Alloys 271
3.1 Technology of Reducing the Fe Content in Al Alloys by Means of Feedstock Pre-processing or Melt-Treatment 272
3.2 Technology of Morphology Controlling of Fe-Rich Precipitated Phases 273
4 Development of Al Alloys with High Fe Content 275
5 Conclusion 276
References 277
30 Characterization the Fatigue Life of the Flame Thermal Spray Parts Applying the Power Function Energy Method 278
Abstract 278
1 Introduction 278
2 Fatigue Life Prediction Model with Applying 3USE Method 279
3 Combined Bending and Torsion Fatigue Life Test 280
3.1 Test Material 280
3.2 Test Method 280
4 Results and Discussions 281
4.1 Fatigue Life of Specimen 281
4.2 Data from Fatigue Life Test 281
4.3 Least Square Method to Fit Parameters in Remberg-Osgood Equation 281
4.4 Least Square Method to Fit Parameters in 3USE-Fatigue Life Prediction Model 283
5 Results 285
References 285
31 Design of Poultry Egg Quality Detection System Based on LABVIEW and PLC 287
Abstract 287
1 Introduction 287
2 The Structure and Control Requirements of the Egg Detection System 288
2.1 The Structure of the Egg Detection System 288
2.2 The Design of Control System 289
2.3 A Communication Connection with the PLC and LABVIEW 290
3 The Image Processing of Dirty Spots and Cracks Egg 291
3.1 The Image of Egg Collection Process 291
3.2 Image Grayscale 292
3.3 Dirty Spots Feature Extraction 292
3.4 Cracks Feature Extraction 292
3.5 Identification Dirty Spots and Cracks 294
4 Analysis of Test Results 295
5 Conclusion 296
References 296
32 Thermal Deformation of a Vertical Plate According to Various Plastic Deformation Regions 297
Abstract 297
1 Introduction 297
2 Materials and Methods 298
2.1 Induction Heating 298
2.2 Arc Heating and Laser Beam Heating 298
3 Numerical Analysis 299
3.1 Induction Heating Modeling 300
3.2 Arc Heating Modeling 300
3.3 Laser Beam Heating Modeling 301
4 Results and Discussion 302
4.1 Thermal Deformation by Induction Heating 303
4.2 Thermal Deformation by Arc Heating 303
4.3 Thermal Deformation by Laser Beam Heating 303
5 Conclusions 304
References 305
33 The Comparison of Different Models of Government Purchasing Home-Based Aged-Care Services 306
Abstract 306
1 Introduction 306
2 The Level of Competition of the Government Purchasing Home-Based Aged-Care Services 307
3 Inter-subjective Relationship 308
4 Levels of Institutionalization of the Government Purchasing Homed-Based Aged-Care Services 309
5 Quantities and Qualities of the Services 311
Reference 312
34 Study on Value Increment of Channel Value Chain Between Manufacturer and Distributor-Based on Game Theory 313
Abstract 313
1 Introduction 313
2 Literature Review 314
3 Case Analysis and Propositions 315
3.1 Model Assumptions and Definitions 316
3.2 Model Analysis and Recommendations 317
4 Conclusions 323
Acknowledgements 323
References 324
35 The Study on Evaluation Index System of Restructuring Construction Industry Under the Green Development Model 325
Abstract 325
1 Current Situations 325
2 Theories Relevant to the Green Development Model and Economic Transition 326
2.1 The Sustainable Development Theory 326
2.2 Theory of Corporate Transition 327
2.3 Introduction to the Evaluation Systems of Construction Industry Under the Green Development Mode in Foreign Countries 327
3 Analysis of Obstacles in Economic Restructure in Construction Industry 328
3.1 Internal Environment 328
3.2 External Environment 329
4 The Objectives and Principles of Evaluation Index System of Economic Restructure in the Construction Industry 329
4.1 Transition Objectives 329
4.2 Transition Principles 330
5 Recommended Indices for the Evaluation Index System of Economic Restructure in the Construction Industry 330
5.1 Internal Index 332
5.2 External Index 332
6 Summary and Prospect 333
References 334
36 Correcting Strategy for Distortion of Ring Part Based on Genetic Algorithm 335
Abstract 335
1 Introduction 336
2 Correcting Method for Distorted Ring Shaped Parts 336
2.1 Deformation Analysis of Ring Parts 336
2.2 Optimizing Model for Correcting Parameters 337
3 GA Algorithm Based Correcting Strategy 339
3.1 FEM Based Correcting Model 339
3.2 DGA Based Optimizing Method 341
4 Case Study 342
4.1 Modeling for Distorted Ring Shaped Part 342
4.2 Results and Discussion 344
5 Conclusions 346
References 346
37 Human Centered Automation System for ELV Disassembly Line 347
Abstract 347
1 Introduction 347
2 Disassembly Operation Mode of End-of-Life Vehicles 348
3 Hardware Structure of ELV Disassembly Line Scheduling System 349
4 Software Structure of ELV Disassembly Line Scheduling System 350
4.1 Data Model for Disassembly Process 351
4.2 Disassembly Job Planning Based on Rule Reasoning 352
4.3 Information Management and Scheduling of Disassembly Station 353
5 Conclusion 355
Acknowledgements 355
References 355
38 Rolling Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Deep Learning Network 356
Abstract 356
1 Introduction 356
2 The Basic Theories of DBN 357
2.1 Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) Architecture 357
2.2 DBN Theory 359
3 Theory of the Proposed Model 360
3.1 Nesterov Momentum 360
3.2 NM-DBM Fault Diagnosis 360
4 Experimental Validation 361
4.1 Experimental Data-Sets 361
4.2 Results and Discussion 362
5 Conclusion 363
Acknowledgements 364
References 364
39 An Automatic Feature Learning and Fault Diagnosis Method Based on Stacked Sparse Autoencoder 365
Abstract 365
1 Introduction 365
2 A Brief Introduction to the Stacked SAE Network 366
2.1 SAE 366
2.2 Stacked SAE Network 368
3 Proposed Stacked SAE-Based Fault Diagnosis Method 369
4 Experiments for Validation 369
4.1 Data Introduction 369
4.2 Validation Results 370
5 Conclusions 372
Acknowledgements 372
References 372
40 Application of Intelligent Hanging Production System in Garment Industry 374
Abstract 374
1 Introduction 374
2 Development Process and Working Principle of Intelligent Clothing Hanging Production System 375
2.1 Development Process of Intelligent Clothing Hanging Production System 375
2.2 Working Principle of Intelligent Clothing Hanging Production System 375
3 Superiority Analysis of Intelligent Clothing Hanging Production System 376
3.1 Parallel Production into Multiple Styles 376
3.2 Computer Real-Time Management 377
3.3 Material Automatic Sorting 377
3.4 Automatic Balancing Distribution of Materials 378
4 Production Efficiency Analysis of Garment Intelligent Suspension Production System 378
5 Conclusion 379
References 379
41 Objective Evaluation of Clothing Modeling Based on Eye Movement Experiment 380
Abstract 380
1 Introduction 380
2 Experiments 381
2.1 Material Preparation 381
2.2 Instrument Preparation 381
2.3 Experiment Scheme 382
2.4 Test Methods and Requirements 382
3 Results and Discussions 382
3.1 Results and Analysis of Eye Movement Test 382
3.1.1 Analysis of the Degree of Attention of Each Garment Styling Element 382
3.1.2 Analysis of Overall Attention Degree of Clothing Modeling Elements 383
3.1.3 Analysis of Overall Attention Degree of Clothing Modeling Elements 384
3.2 Results and Analysis of Language Description of Testers 384
3.2.1 Subjective Description of the Degree of Concern in Modeling Elements 384
3.2.2 Subjective Description of the Overall Attention Level of the Design Renderings 384
4 Conclusions 385
5 Compliance with Ethics Standards 386
References 386
42 Simulation Analysis of Rotor Indirect Field Oriented Vector Control System for AC Induction Motor in Low Speed Electric Vehicles 387
Abstract 387
1 Introduction 387
2 Mathematical Model of the AC Induction Motor 388
3 Coordinate Transformation of the AC Induction Motor 390
4 Modeling of Vector Control System Based on Rotor Indirect Field Orientation 392
5 Simulation of AC Induction Motor Control System Based on MATLAB/Simulink 394
5.1 Main Circuit Model 394
5.2 Control Circuit Model 394
5.3 Simulation Model of Vector Control Speed Regulation System Based on Rotor Indirect Field Oriented 395
5.4 Parameter Setting of the Induction AC Motor 396
5.5 Simulation Results and Analysis 397
References 399
43 Vision Based Quality Control and Maintenance in High Volume Production by Use of Zero Defect Strategies 401
Abstract 401
1 Zero Defect Strategies in Multi Stage Production 402
2 Quality Approach in Modern Manufacturing 402
2.1 Different Quality Methods 402
2.2 Zero Defect Manufacturing 403
3 Cyber Physical System and Maintenance 404
3.1 The Maintenance View 404
3.2 Cyber Physical Production Systems and Life Cycle Processes 404
4 Machine Vision Inspection and Maintenance in a Real Case 405
5 Conclusion 407
References 408
44 A RFID Based Solution for Managing the Order-Picking Operation in Warehouse 409
Abstract 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Methodology 410
2.1 Localization Scheme 411
2.2 Route Optimization 412
3 Simulation 413
4 Conclusions 415
References 415
45 Improving the Decision-Making of Reverse Logistics Network Design Part II: An Improved Scenario-Based Solution Method and Numerical Experimentation 416
Abstract 416
1 Introduction 416
2 An Improved Scenario-Based Solution Method to the Stochastic Problem 417
3 Numerical Experimentations 419
4 Conclusion 423
References 423
46 Improving the Decision-Making of Reverse Logistics Network Design Part I: A MILP Model Under Stochastic Environment 425
Abstract 425
1 Introduction 425
2 Problem and Modeling 427
2.1 Constraints 428
2.2 Objective Function 430
3 Summary 430
References 431
47 Predictive Maintenance for Synchronizing Maintenance Planning with Production 433
Abstract 433
1 Introduction 434
2 Literature 434
2.1 Digitalizing Maintenance 434
2.2 Remaining Useful Life Algorithm in Predictive Maintenance 435
2.3 Predictive Maintenance and Maintenance Planning 436
3 IPL Approach 436
3.1 Step 1: Initial Maintenance Plan 436
3.2 Step 2: Modelling of RUL 437
3.3 Step 3: Synchronizing Maintenance Plan 438
4 Concluding Remarks 439
References 440
48 Recognition of Garlic Cloves Orientation Based on Machine Vision 441
Abstract 441
1 Introduction 441
2 Image Acquisition 442
3 Image Preprocessing 443
3.1 Image Segmentation 443
3.2 Image Expansion 444
4 Garlic Flap Recognition 445
4.1 Garlic Characteristic Parameters 445
4.2 Recognition of Flap Direction Based on Area Feature 445
5 The Results and Analysis of Experiment 447
6 Conclusion 448
References 448
49 Metal Penetration in Additively Manufactured Venting Slots for Low-Pressure Die Casting 450
Abstract 450
1 Introduction 450
1.1 Additive Manufacturing 451
1.2 Low-Pressure Die Casting 451
1.3 Test Parameters 452
1.4 Surface Tension and Oxide Films 452
2 Experiment 453
2.1 Degree of Metal Penetration 453
2.2 Actual Slot Size 455
3 Results and Discussion 455
3.1 Metal Penetration 455
3.2 Metal Retraction 458
3.3 Surface Tension and Metal Penetration 459
4 Summary and Conclusions 460
Acknowledgements 460
References 460
50 Analysis and Impact Assessment in Sustainable Industrial and Infrastructural Development Projects 462
Abstract 462
1 Introduction 462
2 Industry in Biodiversity and Ecosystems 464
3 Consequence and Risk Analyses 466
4 Circular Economy 466
5 An Industrial Example Finnfjord Smelting Plant (“Finnfjord Smelteverk”)
6 Conclusions 468
References 469
51 Lightweight Design of LED Street Lamp Based on Response Surface Method 471
Abstract 471
1 Introduction 471
2 LED Street Lamp Model 472
3 Model and Sensitivity Analysis of LED Street Lamp Junction Temperature 472
3.1 Summary of Response Surface Method 472
3.2 Model of LED Street Lamp Junction Temperature 474
3.3 Modeling of LED Street Lamp Junction Temperature Based on Response Surface Method 474
3.4 Sensitivity Analysis 477
4 Lightweight Design of LED Street Lamp 478
4.1 Lightweight Design Mathematical Model of LED Street Lamp 478
4.2 An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 478
4.3 Comparative Analysis of Optimization Results 480
5 Conclusions 480
Acknowledgements 480
References 480
52 Industry 4.0 and Cyber Physical Systems in a Norwegian Industrial Context 482
Abstract 482
1 Introduction 483
2 Relevant Literature and Industry 4.0 Survey’s 483
2.1 The “Norwegian Model” and Management Role 483
2.2 Lean Manufacturing Versus Industry 4.0, CPS and Zero Defect Manufacturing 484
2.3 Lean Manufacturing Versus Industry 4.0, CPS and Zero Defect Manufacturing 485
3 Introduction to a Manufacturing Survey on Industry 4.0 487
4 Can “the Norwegian Model” Be an Effective Implementation of Digital Solutions in a Global Market? 488
5 Conclusions 488
References 489
53 Mechanical Analysis of a Customized Hand Orthosis Based on 3D Printing 491
Abstract 491
1 Introduction 491
2 Customized Hand Orthosis 492
2.1 3D Model Acquisition of Hand Orthosis 492
2.2 3D Printing Process 493
3 Rehabilitation Therapy of the Clinical Hand Spasm 493
3.1 The Physiological Mechanism of Hand Spasm 493
3.2 Rehabilitation Therapy of the Hand Orthosis 494
4 Mechanical Analysis of the Hand Orthosis 495
4.1 Mechanical Property Test 495
4.2 Construction of Finite Element Model 496
4.3 Result of Finite Element Analysis 496
5 Conclusion 497
References 498
54 Fault Classification and Degradation Assessment Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition for Rotary Machinery 499
Abstract 499
1 Introduction 499
2 Vibration Condition Monitoring 500
3 Wavelet Packet Decomposition 501
4 Set up and Data Collection 503
5 Numerical Result 504
6 Conclusion 505
References 505
55 Research on Assembly and Disassembly of Reducer with the Combination of Virtual and the Actual Reality 507
Abstract 507
1 Introduction 507
2 General Research Idea 508
3 Development of Courseware System Based on Unity3D 509
3.1 Preliminary Material Preparation 509
3.2 Development Process of Virtual Speed Reducer System 510
4 Development of Training System Based on Zspace 513
4.1 Zspace Profile 513
4.1.1 System Development Characteristics 514
4.1.2 System Interaction and Immersive Development 514
4.1.3 The Display of Combination of Virtual and Reality 515
4.2 Augmented Reality Applications 516
5 Summary 518
References 518
56 Equipment Condition Monitoring System Based on LabVIEW 520
Abstract 520
1 Introduction 520
2 Overall Scheme Design 521
3 Key Technologies for System Design 522
3.1 Structure Design of Acquisition Instrument 522
3.2 Communication Design and Data Processing 523
3.2.1 UDP and Multi-channel Synchronization Acquisition Technology 523
3.2.2 Data Analysis and Storage 524
3.3 Signal Analysis 525
3.3.1 Time Domain Analysis 525
3.3.2 Frequency Domain Analysis 526
3.3.3 Example Validation 527
4 Conclusion 527
Acknowledgements 528
References 528
57 The Algorithm Knowledge Base for Steel Production Process Optimization 529
Abstract 529
1 Introduction 529
2 Demand Analysis 530
2.1 Analysis of Optimization Algorithms for Iron and Steel Production Process 530
2.2 Functional Requirements Analysis 531
3 Design of the Algorithm Base System 534
3.1 Overall Design of Algorithm Knowledge Base Structure 534
3.2 Database Design 536
4 Application of Knowledge Base 537
4.1 Development Environment of Knowledge Base 537
4.2 Knowledge Base System Interface Display 538
5 Conclusions 540
Acknowledgements 540
References 540
58 Study on the Friction Characteristics of Two Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Coatings 541
Abstract 541
1 Introduction 541
2 Materials and Preparations 542
2.1 The Sintering Process 542
2.2 The Bonding Process 543
2.3 Preparation for Samples 544
3 Experiment 544
4 Results and Discussion 545
4.1 Coefficient of Friction 545
4.2 Analysis 547
5 Conclusion 548
Acknowledgements 549
References 549
59 A Hybrid Nested Partitions Method for Bi-objective Job Shop Scheduling Problem Considering Energy Consumption and Makespan 550
Abstract 550
1 Introduction 550
2 Mathematical Model 551
2.1 Optimization Objective of Makespan 551
2.2 Energy Criterion for the Problem 552
2.3 Mathematical Model 553
3 Scheduling Algorithm 554
3.1 Partitioning Scheme 555
3.2 Sampling Scheme 555
3.3 Select Promising Index Scheme 556
3.4 Scheduling Backtracking Scheme 556
4 Case Study 556
5 Conclusion 557
References 558
60 Research on the Framework of Quality Prediction in Intelligent Manufacturing 559
Abstract 559
1 Introduction 559
2 The Framework of Combinational Prediction Model in Intelligent Manufacturing 560
2.1 The Characteristics of Intelligent Manufacturing 561
2.2 The Selection of Single Prediction Model 561
2.3 The Framework of Support Vector Regression Combinational Prediction Model 562
3 Conclusion 564
Acknowledgements 564
References 564
61 Deep Learning Approach to Multiple Features Sequence Analysis in Predictive Maintenance 566
Abstract 566
1 Introduction 567
2 Methodology of Multiple Features Sequence Analysis in Predictive Maintenance 568
2.1 Architecture of Multiple Features Sequence Analysis and Segmentation 569
2.2 Two Autoencoder Network Structures 570
2.3 Visualization and Segmentation 570
3 Experiments and Discussion 571
3.1 Bearing Life Cycle Dataset 571
3.2 Feature Extraction and Representation Learning with Autoencoder 571
3.3 Visualization and Segmentation 572
4 Conclusions 574
Acknowledgements 575
References 575
62 Sorting System of Robot Based on Vision Detection 576
Abstract 576
1 Introduction 576
2 System Hardware Design 577
3 Software Design 577
3.1 Host Computer Program Design 578
3.1.1 Program Flow Design 578
3.1.2 Image Acquisition, Processing and Coordinate Transformation 578
3.2 Robot Actuation Program Design 580
4 System Operation Effect 581
5 Conclusion 582
Acknowledgements 582
References 582
63 The Challenges and Promises of Big Data—An Engineering Perspective 583
Abstract 583
1 Introduction 583
2 Criticism of Big Data Paradigm 584
3 New Big Data Paradigm 585
References 586
64 A Modified Teaching and Learning Based Optimization Algorithm and Application in Deep Neural Networks Optimization for Electro-Discharge Machining 589
Abstract 589
1 Introduction 589
2 Teaching and Learning Based Optimization and Deep Neural Networks 591
2.1 Teaching and Learning Based Optimization 591
2.2 Deep Neural Networks 593
2.3 A Modified Teaching and Learning Based Optimization Algorithm 594
2.4 DNN Optimization Based on Mtlbo 596
3 Experimental Results 596
4 Conclusions 598
Acknowledgements 598
References 598
65 A Study on a Novel Application of Eye Tracking Technology in Product Customization 600
Abstract 600
1 Introduction 601
2 Literature Review 602
2.1 Personalized Customization 602
2.2 Eye Tracking Technology 603
3 Materials and Methods 604
3.1 Stimuli 604
3.2 Subjects 604
3.3 Methods 604
4 Results and Discussion 606
4.1 Eye Tracking Data Analysis 606
4.2 Recommendation Scheme 608
4.3 Evaluation and Analysis 609
5 Conclusion 609
References 610
66 Big Data Analysis in Click Prediction 612
Abstract 612
1 Introduction 612
2 Data Processing 613
2.1 Datasets Provided 613
2.2 Data Understanding 614
3 Data Cleaning 614
3.1 Data Training 614
3.2 Preliminary Operation 615
4 Attribute Manipulation 615
4.1 Attribute Manipulation: Geo_Location 616
5 Data Exploration 616
6 Data Distribution 617
6.1 Click Tendency Time-Based 618
6.2 Data Distribution Platform-Based 620
7 Data Geolocation 621
7.1 GRP’s Calculation on US Population 622
8 CTR Comparison with GRPs 622
9 Model Construction 623
9.1 Logistic Regression 623
10 Model Validation 624
10.1 Logit Model Construction 624
11 Result Exploitation 626
12 Conclusions 626
References 626