Bistatic SAR System and Signal Processing Technology (eBook)

Preface 5
Acknowledgments 7
Contents 8
Symbols 12
1 Fundamentals of Bistatic SAR 14
Abstract 14
1.1 Introduction to BiSAR Development 14
1.1.1 History of Theoretical Research 26
1.1.2 Advantages and Application Prospects 29
1.1.3 Challenges in Bistatic SAR 32
1.2 Bistatic SAR Imaging Geometry 35
1.2.1 Imaging Geometry 35
1.2.2 Classification 36
1.3 Two-Dimensional Resolution 37
1.3.1 Concept of Resolution 37
1.3.2 Range Resolution 38
1.3.3 Azimuth Resolution 40
1.3.4 Geometry Perspective 41
1.3.5 Example 42
1.4 Bistatic Radar Equation and Bistatic RCS 43
1.4.1 Bistatic Radar Equation 43
1.4.2 Bistatic RCS 46
1.5 Summary 49
References 50
2 Fundamentals of Bistatic SAR Imaging Algorithms 54
Abstract 54
2.1 Introduction 54
2.2 Two-Dimensional Bistatic Point Target Reference Spectrum 56
2.2.1 Loffeld Bistatic Formula (LBF) 59
2.2.2 Extended Loffeld Bistatic Formula 64
2.2.3 Method of Series Reversion 70
2.2.4 Two-Dimensional Principle of Stationary Phase 73
Appendix A: The Principle of Stationary Phase 81
Appendix B: Series Reversion 82
Appendix C: Two-Dimensional Principle of Stationary Phase 83
Appendix D: Overview of Weighting Concept 84
References 87
3 Frequency-Domain Processing for an Azimuth-Invariant Configuration 89
Abstract 89
3.1 Introduction 89
3.2 Algorithm Based on LBF 91
3.2.1 2D Inverse-Scaled FFT 91
3.2.2 Bistatic Chirp-Scaling Algorithm 97
3.3 Bistatic Range-Migration Algorithm 105
3.4 Algorithm Based on Numeric Transfer Function 110
3.5 Algorithm Based on MSR 115
References 124
4 Frequency-Domain Processing for Azimuth-Variant Processing 125
Abstract 125
4.1 Introduction 125
4.2 Imaging Algorithm for AV Configurations 126
4.2.1 Range-Doppler Algorithm (RDA) 127
4.2.2 Chirp Scaling Algorithm (CSA) 128
4.2.3 Wavenumber Domain Algorithm (WDA) 132
4.3 Experiment Validation (TerraSAR-X/PAMIR) 138
References 144
5 Bistatic SAR Motion Compensation 145
Abstract 145
5.1 Introduction 145
5.1.1 History 146
5.1.2 Challenges 147
5.2 Error Model 148
5.2.1 Attitude Error Analysis 149
5.2.2 Motion Error Analysis 151
5.3 Motion Compensation Strategies 156
5.3.1 Methods Based on a Single Dominant Scattering Point 156
5.3.2 Method Based on IMU/GPS 158
5.3.2.1 Preprocessing of the Position Information 159
5.3.2.2 First-Order Motion Compensation 163
5.3.2.3 Second-Order Motion Compensation 165
References 166
6 One-Stationary Processing Algorithms 168
Abstract 168
6.1 Introduction 168
6.2 Frequency-Domain Algorithm 169
6.2.1 One-Stationary Range-Doppler Algorithm 172
6.2.2 NLCS Algorithm 179
6.3 Time-Domain Algorithm 188
6.3.1 Fast Time-Domain Processing 189
6.4 Modified Bistatic Polar Format Algorithm 196
6.4.1 ST-Mode SS-BiSAR Configuration 197
6.4.2 Data Synchronization and Tropospheric Delay Correction 197
6.4.3 Bistatic Focusing Using a Modified PFA 199
6.4.4 Limitation and Solution 203
6.4.5 Experimental Result 204
References 207
7 Synchronization 210
Abstract 210
7.1 Introduction 210
7.2 Time Synchronization Analysis 212
7.2.1 Time Synchronization Analysis 212
7.2.2 Time Synchronization Strategy 214
7.3 Phase Synchronization Analysis 215
7.4 Inter-satellite Phase Synchronization 216
7.4.1 Compensation Model of Phase Error 216
7.4.2 Phase Synchronization Strategy and Error Analysis 219
7.5 Beam Synchronization 224
7.5.1 Design of the Beam Synchronization Model 225
7.5.2 The Accurate Geometric Model 227
7.5.3 Relation of the Coordinates 228
7.5.4 Calculation 231
7.6 Spaceborne/Stationary BiSAR Synchronization Case 232
7.6.1 Time Synchronization 234
7.6.2 Phase Synchronization 237
7.6.3 Integrated Process Flow 238
7.6.4 Experimental Results 240
References 243
8 Bistatic InSAR 246
Abstract 246
8.1 InSAR Technique Overview 246
8.1.1 History of InSAR 247
8.1.2 Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry Applications 251
8.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry 253
8.2.1 Geometry of InSAR 254
8.2.2 Important Parameters in the InSAR System 257
8.3 Mission Example 260
8.3.1 Introduction 260
8.3.2 Performance Analysis 260
8.4 Multi-static Multi-baseline Interferometric Experiment 271
8.4.1 Imaging Geometry 272
8.4.2 System Configuration and Baseline Design 272
8.4.3 Imaging Focusing and Interferogram Generation 275
References 284