Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics (eBook)

Thomas M. Coughlin is the Founder and President of consulting firm, Coughlin Associates. Tom has over 35 years of experience in the data storage industry as a working engineer and high level technical manager. In addition to regular technical and management consulting projects, he is the publisher of many reports covering technology and applications for digital storage devices and systems and writes a regular blog on digital storage topics for Forbes.com. He has many published papers, reports, and articles and is a frequent contributor to the IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine where he is also an Associate Editor. He has six patents on magnetic recording and related technologies. Tom is the founder and organizer of the annual Storage Visions Conference and the Creative Storage Conference.  Tom is a senior member of the IEEE and has held many volunteer positions in the IEEE, including Director of IEEE Region 6 and Vice President of Operations and Planning for the IEEE Consumer Electronics Society. He is also a member of APS, AVS, SNIA, TCG, and SMPTE. Tom has a BS in Physics and an MSEE from the University of Minnesota and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from Shinshu University in Nagano, Japan. For more information on Coughlin Associates go to www.tomcoughlin.com. For more information on the Storage Visions Conference go to www.storagevisions.com. For more on the Creative Storage Conference go to www.creativestorage.org. 

Dedication 5
Preface to the Second Edition 6
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 9
About the Author 13
Chapter 1: Introduction 14
1.1 Objectives in this Chapter 14
1.2 The Growth of Consumer Electronics 14
1.3 Many Types of Memory 17
1.4 Growth in Digital Content Drives Storage Growth 17
1.5 Economics of Consumer Devices 20
1.5.1 Consumer Product Price and Demand 20
1.5.2 Cost Markups in the Retail Sales Channel 21
1.5.3 New Opportunities for Electronic Integration 22
1.6 Rules for Design of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics 23
1.7 Classification of Devices Using Storage in the Home 24
1.8 Consumer Electronic Storage Hierarchies 25
1.8.1 Digital Memory for Device Process Execution 27
1.8.2 Mobile Device Consumer Electronic Storage Hierarchy 29
1.8.3 Static Device Consumer Electronic Hierarchy 32
1.9 Multiple Storage and Hybrid Storage Devices 33
1.9.1 Multiple Storage Format Consumer Devices 33
1.9.2 Hybrid Storage Devices 35
1.10 Chapter Summary 37
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Hard Disk Drives 38
2.1 Objectives in This Chapter 38
2.2 History of Hard Disk Drives 38
2.3 Hard Disk Magnetic Recording Basics 41
2.4 How Data Is Organized on a Hard Disk Drive 44
2.5 Hard Disk Drive Performance and Reliability 47
2.6 Hard Disk Drive Design for Mobile and Static CE Applications 48
2.7 The Cost of Manufacturing a Hard Disk Drive 50
2.8 Disk Drive External Interfaces 51
2.9 Hard Disk Drive Technology Development 53
2.10 Chapter Summary 57
Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Optical Storage 58
3.1 Objectives in this Chapter 58
3.2 Optical Disc Technologies 58
3.3 Basic Operation of an Optical Disc Drive 61
3.4 How Data is Organized on an Optical Disc 63
3.5 Optical Disc Form Factors 66
3.6 Optical Disc Reliability 66
3.7 Holographic Recording 67
3.8 Optical Disc Storage Development 69
3.9 Chapter Summary 71
Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Flash Memory and Other Solid-State Memory Technologies 73
4.1 Objectives in this Chapter 73
4.2 Development and History of Flash Memory 73
4.3 Erasing, Writing, and Reading Flash Memory 75
4.4 Difficulties that Cause “Wear” in Flash Memory 76
4.5 Common Flash Memory Storage Technologies: NOR and NAND 77
4.5.1 How Does NOR Memory Work? 78
4.5.2 How Does NAND Memory Work? 79
4.6 Bit Errors in NAND Flash 81
4.7 Managing Wear in NAND and NOR 81
4.8 Bad Block Management 82
4.9 Embedded Versus Removable NAND Flash 83
4.10 Flash Memory File Systems 83
4.11 Single-Level Cell and Multilevel Cell Flash Memory 84
4.12 Stacking Die to Achieve Higher Storage Capacity 85
4.13 Trade-Offs with Multilevel Flash Memory 86
4.14 Types of Flash Memory Used in CE Devices 87
4.15 Flash Memory Environmental Sensitivity 87
4.16 Using Memory Reliability Specifications to Estimate Product Lifetime 88
4.17 Flash Memory Cell Lifetimes and Wear-Leveling Algorithms 88
4.18 Predicting NAND Bit Errors Based upon Worst-Case Usage 90
4.19 Flash Memory Format Specifications and Characteristics 91
4.19.1 CompactFlash (CF) and Related Card Formats 91
4.19.2 Multimedia Cards (MMC) 91
4.19.3 Secure Digital (SD) Cards 92
4.20 Flash Memory and Other Solid-State Storage Technology Development 92
4.20.1 Road Map for Flash Memory Development 92
4.20.2 Expected Growth in Storage Capacity for Flash Memory 93
4.20.3 Expected Change in Cost per GB of Flash Memory 95
4.20.4 Other Solid-State Storage Technologies 95
4.21 Chapter Summary 97
Chapter 5: Storage in Home Consumer Electronic Devices 99
5.1 Objectives in this Chapter 99
5.2 Personal Video Recorders or Digital Video Recorders 100
5.2.1 Basic Layout and Design of Digital Video Recorders 101
5.2.2 Digital Video Storage Requirements and DVR Storage Design 103
5.2.3 External Direct-Attached Storage for DVRs 104
5.2.4 Network-Attached Storage for DVRs 107
5.2.5 Digital Video Recording Developments 108
5.3 Smart TVs and IP Set-Top Boxes 110
5.4 Fixed and Mobile Game Systems 113
5.5 Home Media Center and Home Network Storage 114
5.5.1 Basic Layout of Media Center Devices 115
5.5.2 Home Networking Requirements for Media Centers 118
5.5.3 Home Media Centers and the Internet 118
5.5.4 Future Media Center Capability 119
5.5.5 Faster Organization and Content Search in Home Media Centers 119
5.5.6 The Future of Home Media Content Access 120
5.5.7 Backing up and Disaster Recovery for Home Media Centers 121
5.5.8 High-Resolution Content for the Home 122
5.6 Chapter Summary 123
Chapter 6: Storage in Automotive and Mobile Consumer Electronic Devices 124
6.1 Objectives in this Chapter 124
6.2 Automotive Consumer Electronics Storage 125
6.2.1 Digital Storage for the Automobile 125
6.2.2 Basic Layout of an Automobile Infotainment System 127
6.2.3 Storage Device Trade-Offs and Options for the Automobile 128
6.2.4 Road Map for Automobile Digital Storage Requirements 131
6.3 Mobile Consumer Devices 132
6.3.1 Mobile Consumer Electronic Designs 132
6.3.1.1 Mobile Media Player 133
6.3.2 Smartphones 135
6.3.3 Electronic Tablets 136
6.3.4 The Vision of Convergence Devices 138
6.3.5 Smart Watches, Jewelry, and Clothing 140
6.4 Cameras and Camcorders 144
6.4.1 Layout of a Digital Still Camera 144
6.4.2 Layout of a Digital Video Camera 146
6.4.3 Storage Requirements for Digital Camcorders 146
6.4.4 Road Maps for Camcorder Digital Storage 148
6.5 Other Consumer Devices 148
6.5.1 Mobile Game Systems 149
6.5.2 Handheld Navigation Devices 149
6.5.3 Other Mobile Applications 151
6.6 Chapter Summary 151
Chapter 7: Developments in Mobile Consumer Electronic Enabling Technologies 153
7.1 Objectives in this Chapter 153
7.2 Display Technologies in Mobile Devices 153
7.2.1 Mobile Device Displays 153
7.2.2 Color 155
7.3 Mobile Power 156
7.3.1 Safety 161
7.3.2 Other Requirements 161
7.4 Consumer Metadata 162
7.5 Voice and Image Recognition 165
7.6 Chapter Summary 166
Chapter 8: Integration of Storage in Consumer Devices 167
8.1 Objectives in this Chapter 167
8.1.1 Storage Costs in Consumer Product Design 168
8.2 Development of Common Consumer Functions 170
8.2.1 DVR as a Standard Consumer Function 171
8.2.2 Cameras as a Standard Consumer Function 171
8.2.3 GPS Location Services as a Standard Consumer Function 172
8.2.4 Network Connectivity as a Standard Consumer Function 172
8.3 Intelligence of Digital Storage in Consumer Electronics 173
8.3.1 Security Providers 173
8.3.2 Object-Based Storage 174
8.3.3 USB-Run Software Applications 176
8.4 Matching Storage to Different Applications 177
8.5 The Convergence of Electronics: When the Storage Becomes the Device or Was It the Other Way Around? 179
8.6 Road Maps for CE Application Integration in Storage Devices 180
8.6.1 Single Storage Device Application Integration 180
8.6.2 Multiple Storage Device Application Integration 185
8.6.3 Chapter Summary 185
Chapter 9: Home Network Storage, the Cloud and the Internet of Things 187
9.1 Objectives in this Chapter 187
9.2 What Drives Home Networking Trends? 188
9.3 Networking Options in the Home 188
9.4 Push Vs. Pull Market for Home Networks 191
9.5 Home Networks for Media Sharing 192
9.6 Home Networks for Home Reference Data Backup 193
9.7 The Home Internet of Things 194
9.8 Projections for Home Network Storage 196
9.9 Design of Network Storage Devices 198
9.10 Advanced Home Storage Virtualization 201
9.11 Home Network Storage and Content Sharing Within the Home 203
9.12 Privacy, Content Protection, and Sharing in Home Network Storage 204
9.13 Chapter Summary 206
Chapter 10: The Future of Home Digital Storage 207
10.1 Objectives in This Chapter 207
10.2 Digital Storage Requirements for Home Data Sharing and Social Networking 207
10.2.1 Storage Capacity Requirements for Single-Use Devices 208
10.2.2 A Model Home for Data Sharing 210
10.2.3 Storage Capacity Requirements for Home Content Sharing Using Single-Purpose Devices 213
10.2.4 Extension of the Content Sharing Model to a Larger Network 216
10.3 Integrated Multiple-Purpose Devices Vs. Dedicated Devices 217
10.4 Physical Content Distribution Vs. Downloads and Streaming 218
10.5 Personal Memory Assistants 219
10.6 Digital Storage in Everything 221
10.7 Home Storage Utility: When All Storage Devices Are Coordinated 222
10.8 Digital Storage in Future Consumer Electronics 225
10.9 Projections for Storage Demands in New Applications 227
10.10 Digital Storage as Our Cultural Heritage 230
10.11 Chapter Summary 231
Chapter 11: Standards for Consumer Electronic Storage and Appendices 233
11.1 Digital Storage Standards 233
11.1.1 ANSI T13 Committee 233
11.1.2 CE-ATA Standard 233
11.1.3 Serial ATA (SATA) and eSATA Standards 234
11.1.4 Thunderbolt 234
11.1.5 NVMe 235
11.1.6 UFS 235
11.1.7 Open NAND Flash (ONFI) Standard 236
11.1.8 Flash Card Standards 237
Trusted Computing Group Standards 238
11.2 Consumer Product Standards 239
11.2.1 UHAPI 239
11.2.2 DLNA 239
11.2.3 OSGi Alliance 240
11.2.4 Some Additional DRM Standards 240
11.3 Home Networking Standards 241
11.3.1 Bluetooth 241
11.3.2 CableHome 241
11.3.3 DOCSIS 241
11.3.4 IEEE 1394 242
11.3.5 WirelessHD, WHDI, and WiGig 242
11.3.6 IEEE 802 243
CableLabs Video Specification 245
11.3.7 PacketCable 245
11.3.8 Voice Over IP 246
11.3.9 Universal Plug and Play 246
11.4 Needed Standards for Future Consumer Electronic Development 246
11.4.1 Proposal for Open Standards for Storage Integration Into Consumer Electronics 247
11.4.2 Standards for Personal Content Metadata and Organization of Personal Content 248
11.4.3 Standards for Virtualization of Consumer Storage and the Creation of a Home Storage Utility 248
Appendix A. Home Networking Technology Trade Groups 249
Appendix B. Companies Making Various Storage Products Used in Consumer Applications 250
Flash Memory Manufacturers 250
Hard Disk Manufacturers 251
Optical Disk Manufacturers 252
External Storage Manufacturers 252
Bibliography 253
A Note on Sources 253
General 253
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Hard Disk Drives 253
Chapter 3: Fundamentals of Optical Storage 253
Chapter 4: Fundamentals of Flash Memory and Other Solid State Memory Technologies 254
Chapter 5: Storage in Home Consumer Electronics Devices 254
Chapter 6: Storage in Automotive and Mobile Consumer Electronics Devices 254
Chapter 7: Developments in Mobile Consumer Electronic Enabling Technologies 254
Chapter 8: Integration of Storage in Consumer Devices 254
Chapter 9: Home Network Storage, The Cloud and the Internet of Things 255
Chapter 10: The Future of Home Digital Storage 255