Green Photonics and Electronics (eBook)

Gadi Eisenstein holds the Seiden chair in Optoelectronics and is the director of the Russel Berrie nanotechnology Institute at Technion. He received his PhD in 1980 from the University of Minnesota and then joined the AT&T Bell Laboratory Crawford Hill Research Laboratory where he worked for 10 years at the Photonic Circuits department before joining Technion in 1989. Professor Eisenstein was a guest professor at the University of Minnesota from 1997 till 1999. He was awarded the Alexander von Humboldt Award in 2007 at the Technical University Berlin where he has spent a sabbatical leave as guest Professor in 2011. In 2012 he was invited back to TU-Berlin as a return Humboldt Awardee. In 2012, he was elected Foreign Member at The Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti-a prestigious Venetian academy and in 2014, he received the William Streifer Award of the IEEE for seminal contributions to dynamics and noise properties of semiconductor lasers.Dieter H. Bimberg received the Diploma in physics and the Ph.D. degree from Goethe University, Frankfurt, in 1968 and 1971, respectively. From 1972 to 1979 he held a Principal Scientist position at the Max Planck-Institute for Solid State Research in Grenoble/France and Stuttgart. In 1979 he was appointed as Professor of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Aachen.Since 1981 he holds the Chair of Applied Solid State Physics at Technical University of Berlin. He was elected in 1990 Excecutive Director of the Solid State Physics Institute at TU Berlin, a position he hold until 2011. Since 2004 he is director of the Center of Nanophotonics at TU Berlin. From 2006 -2011 he was the chairman of the board of the German Federal Government Centers of Excellence in Nanotechnologies.His honors include the Russian State Prize in Science and Technology 2001, his election to the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina in 2004, to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2011 and to the US National Academy of Engineering in 2014, as Fellow of the American Physical Society and IEEE in 2004 and 2010, respectively, the Max-Born-Award and Medal 2006, awarded jointly by IoP and DPG, the William Streifer Award of the Photonics Society of IEEE in 2010, the UNESCO Nanoscience Medal 2012 and the Heinrich-Welker Award and Medal 2015. In 2015 he received a D. sc h. c. from the University of Lancaster.His scientific work was leading to more than 1400 publications, more than 25 patents, and 6 books resulting in more than 40,000 citations worldwide and a Hirsch factor of 95. His research interests include the growth and physics of nanostructures and nanophotonic devices, ultrahigh speed and energy efficient photonic devices for future datacom systems, single/entangled photon emitters for quantum cryptography and ultimate nanomemories based on quantum dots.

Preface 6
Contents 8
Contributors 13
1 Energy-Efficient Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Optical Interconnects 15
Abstract 15
1.1 VCSEL Energy Efficiency 15
1.2 Energy Efficiency Figures of Merit 16
1.3 Resonance Frequency and Modulation Bandwidth 18
1.4 Energy Efficiency Analysis 21
1.5 Energy Efficient Data Transmission Results 24
1.6 Summary 27
References 28
2 High-Speed InP-Based Long-Wavelength VCSELs 30
Abstract 30
2.1 InP-Based VCSELs 31
2.1.1 Active Region 31
2.1.2 Hybrid-Cavity Concepts 32
2.1.3 Tunnel-Junction Laser 35
2.2 Single-Mode 1.55-µm Short-Cavity VCSELs 36
2.2.1 Hybrid Dielectric-Semiconductor VCSELs 37
2.2.2 Stationary Characteristics 38
2.2.3 Dynamic Characteristics 41
2.3 VCSEL Arrays and Advanced Modulation Formats 42
2.3.1 Data Communication 42
2.3.2 Telecommunication 44
2.4 Conclusion 45
Acknowledgements 46
References 46
3 Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers for Energy-Efficient Optical Communication 49
Abstract 49
3.1 Introduction 50
3.2 Basics of Quantum-Dot Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 52
3.2.1 Parameters of SOAs 52
3.2.1.1 Gain 52
3.2.1.2 Gain Saturation—Saturation Power 52
3.2.1.3 Gain Bandwidth 53
3.2.1.4 Polarization Dependent Gain 53
3.2.1.5 Noise Figure 53
3.2.2 Dynamics of Conventional and QD SOAs 54
3.2.3 Design and Static Characteristics of QD SOAs 56
3.2.3.1 Design 56
3.2.4 QD SOA Sample Series 57
3.3 Phase Modulation of QD SOAs 58
3.3.1 Introduction of the Concept 58
3.3.2 Prove of the Concept 59
3.4 Concept of Dual-Communication-Band Amplifiers 63
3.4.1 Introduction of the Concept 63
3.4.2 Proof of Concept 64
3.5 Signal Processing—Wavelength Conversion 68
3.5.1 Non-linearities of SOA Gain Media 69
3.5.2 Four-Wave Mixing in QD SOAs 70
3.5.2.1 Definition of Parameters 71
3.5.2.2 Dual-Pump FWM 72
3.5.3 Optimization of Static Four-Wave Mixing in QD SOAs 73
3.5.3.1 Detuning 73
3.5.3.2 Input Power 74
3.5.3.3 Gain via QD SOA Length 74
3.5.3.4 Detuning Dependence for Dual-Pump Configuration 75
3.5.4 FWM of D(Q)PSK Signals 76
3.5.4.1 Single-Pump FWM 77
3.5.4.2 Dual-Pump FWM 78
3.6 Summary 80
Acknowledgements 80
References 80
4 Quantum-Dot Mode-Locked Lasers: Sources for Tunable Optical and Electrical Pulse Combs 87
Abstract 87
4.1 Quantum-Dot Mode-Locked Lasers 87
4.1.1 Device Structures 88
4.1.2 Passive Mode-Locking 89
4.2 Jitter Reduction and Frequency Tuning 91
4.2.1 Hybrid Mode-Locking 93
4.2.2 Optical Injection 96
4.2.3 Optical Self-Feedback 98
4.3 Applications 103
4.3.1 Millimeter-Wave-Signal Generation 103
4.3.2 Optical Communication 108
4.3.2.1 On-Off Keying 109
4.3.2.2 Differential (Quadrature) Phase-Shift Keying 111
4.4 Conclusion 113
Acknowledgements 113
References 113
5 Nanophotonic Approach to Energy-Efficient Ultra-Fast All-Optical Gates 119
5.1 Introduction: A Case for All-Optical Signal Processing 119
5.2 Integrated All-Optical Gate 121
5.2.1 Technologies for Integrated On-Chip All-Optical Processing 121
5.2.2 Energy-Efficient All-Optical Gates 123
5.2.3 III--V Photonic Crystals Resonators 125
5.3 Nonlinear Dynamics in PhC Resonators 127
5.3.1 Microwatt Nonlinear Response 127
5.3.2 Fast Optical Nonlinearities in Semiconductors 128
5.3.3 Nonlocal Nonlinear Response of PhC Cavities 130
5.4 PhC All-Optical Gate 130
5.4.1 Photon Molecule 133
5.4.2 The Role of the Carrier Lifetime 133
5.4.3 InP 135
5.4.4 P-Doped InP 136
5.4.5 Passivated GaAs 138
5.4.6 Integration with Silicon Photonics 140
5.5 Application Example: All-Optical Signal Sampling 141
5.5.1 All-Optical Sampling 142
5.6 Conclusions 145
References 145
6 Alternative Logic Families for Energy-Efficient and High Performance Chip Design 150
Abstract 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Background 152
6.3 DML Basics 166
6.4 DML Utilization for Increased E-D Flexibility 169
6.5 Summary 178
References 178
7 Secure Power Management and Delivery Within Intelligent Power Networks on-Chip 184
7.1 Power Network on-Chip for Distributed Power Delivery and Management 187
7.1.1 Concept of Power Network-on-Chip 188
7.1.2 Power Network-on-Chip Architecture 188
7.1.3 Challenges in Distributed Power Delivery 191
7.2 Power Routing in SoCs 192
7.2.1 Power Routers 192
7.2.2 Locally Powered Loads 193
7.2.3 Power Grid 193
7.2.4 Case Study 194
7.3 Stable Distributed Power Delivery Systems 196
7.3.1 Experimental Evaluation of Stability Criterion 198
7.4 Secure Power Delivery and Management 202
7.5 Automated Design of Stable Power Delivery Systems 202
7.6 Summary 207
References 209
8 Energy Efficient System Architectures 213
Abstract 213
8.1 Power Issues in Computing Systems 213
8.2 Characteristics of the Power Reduction Problem 214
8.2.1 The Disruption Principle 214
8.2.2 The Locality Principle 215
8.2.3 The Challenge of Parallelism 218
8.2.4 A Unified Machine Model 220
8.2.5 Memory Intensive Systems 221
8.2.6 Applying the Principles in Large Data Center Computing 223
References 223
9 Low-Cost Harvesting of Solar Energy: The Future of Global Photovoltaics 225
Abstract 225
9.1 Introduction: The Needed Transformation of Our Energy System, Limited Fossil Fuels, the Climate Problem 225
9.2 The Role of Photovoltaics in Our Future Energy System, Based on Simulation of the German Energy System for 80% and More of Renewable Energy 229
9.3 Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics 238
9.3.1 Al-Back Surface Field Technology 240
9.3.2 Partial Rear Contact Technologies (PRC, PERC, PERL, PERT) 240
9.3.3 Solar Cells on n-type Si 243
9.3.4 Heterojunction Solar Cells 243
9.3.5 Crystalline Si PV Beyond the Shockley-Queisser Limit 245
9.4 High-Concentration PV: CPV Technology 246
9.5 Thin Film PV Technologies 255
9.5.1 Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells 257
9.5.1.1 Amorphous Silicon 257
9.5.1.2 Microcrystalline Silicon 258
9.5.1.3 Multijunction Solar Cells 258
9.5.2 Cupper Indium Diselenide (CIS) Solar Cells 259
9.5.3 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells 260
9.6 The Future of PV: Further Market Development, PV Going into the Terawatt Range 260
10 Novel Thin-Film Photovoltaics—Status and Perspectives 272
Abstract 272
10.1 Introduction: Status of Photovoltaics in General 272
10.2 Organic Photovoltaics 275
10.2.1 Basics of Organic Photovoltaics 275
10.2.2 Thin Film Optics and Interference 280
10.2.3 Morphology of the Blend Layer 281
10.2.4 Optimized p-i-n Cells 283
10.2.5 Tandem and Multi-junction Cells—Maximizing the Power Output 284
10.3 Perovskite Photovoltaics 287
10.4 Application of Different Solar Cell Technologies 288
10.4.1 Application Scenarios 288
10.4.2 Energy Harvesting Under Real Application Conditions 290
10.5 Conclusion 294
References 294
Index 297