Advances in Electronics, Communication and Computing (eBook)

Professor Akhtar Kalam has been working at Victoria University, Melbourne since 1985 and was a Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Health, Engineering and Science for 7 years. He is currently the Head of the Engineering Department. He is also the current Chair of the Academic Board and lectures in the Masters by coursework program in the Engineering Institute of Technology, Perth, Australia. Further, he has Distinguished Professorship position at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia and five Malaysian universities. He received his B.Sc. and B.Sc. Engineering degrees from University of Calcutta and the Aligarh Muslim University, India. He completed his MS and Ph.D degrees at the University of Oklahoma, USA and the University of Bath, UK.  Dr. Swagatam Das is currently serving as an Assistant Professor at the Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit of the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. His research interests include evolutionary computing, pattern recognition, multi-agent systems, and wireless communication. Dr. Das has published one research monograph, one edited volume, and more than 200 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. He is the founding co-editor-in-chief of “Swarm and Evolutionary Computation”, an international journal from Elsevier. He also serves as the associate editor of the IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, IEEE Access, Neurocomputing (Elsevier), Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence (Elsevier), and Information Sciences (Elsevier). Dr. Das has 7500+ Google Scholar citations and an H-index of 44 till date. Prof. (Dr.) Kalpana Sharma completed her Bachelor of Engineering (B.E) from National Institute of Technology (NIT), Silchar, in 1998 and M.Tech in the Department of Computer Science and Technology (CSE) from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT, Kharagpur) and PhD from Sikkim Manipal University (SMU), Sikkim. She is presently working as a Professor and Head of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE). She has been actively participating in institute level and university level research and development (R&D) activities and has successfully executed the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) Funded Research Project: “Design of an Integrated Security Scheme of Wireless Sensor Network”. Her research areas are Sensor Networks, Software Engineering, Real-Time Systems and Security. She has published a number of technical papers in national and international journals and conferences. She has also organized workshops, seminars and conferences.

Foreword 6
Editorial Board 8
Chief Patron 8
Patron 8
Programme Chair 8
Special Session Chairs 9
International Advisory Committee 9
National Advisory Committee 9
Reviewer Committee 10
Organizing Committee (Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology) 11
Student Organizing Committee ((Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology) 12
Contents 13
About the Editors 20
1 Analysis of Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) Protocols in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Access Network 22
Abstract 22
1 Introduction 23
2 LTE System Architecture and Security Mechanisms 24
2.1 System Architecture 24
2.2 EPS-AKA Procedure 24
3 Performance Analysis and Simulations Results 25
3.1 Protocols Security 26
3.2 Communication Overhead 27
3.3 Computational Delays 28
4 Conclusion 29
References 30
2 Impact of M2M Traffic in Random Access Channel over LTE Networks 31
Abstract 31
1 Introduction 32
2 Machine Type Communication in LTE Networks 33
3 LTE Random Access Procedure 33
4 Impact of MTC on Random Access Channel 34
5 Comparison Between M2M and H2H Traffics 36
6 Conclusion 38
References 38
3 Predictive Modeling of Students Performance Through the Enhanced Decision Tree 40
Abstract 40
1 Introduction 41
2 Related Works 41
3 Data Preparation and Discretization 42
3.1 Data Discretization 43
4 Proposed Methods 43
4.1 Traditional Decision Tree 43
4.2 Improved Decision Tree 46
5 Result and Discussion 52
6 Conclusion 54
References 54
4 A New Pulse Width Modulation Technique with Hybrid Carrier Arrangement for Multilevel Inverter Topology 56
Abstract 56
1 Introduction 57
2 Proposed Multilevel Inverter Topology 57
3 Pulse Width Modulation Technique 58
4 Simulation Results 60
5 Conclusions 62
References 62
5 Watershed-Matching Algorithm: A New Pathway for Brain Tumor Segmentation 64
Abstract 64
1 Introduction 65
2 Literature Review 65
3 Proposed Methodology 66
3.1 Image Database 66
3.2 Preprocessing Stage 67
4 Watershed Segmentation Algorithm (WSA) 67
5 Scale Invariant Feature Transform Method (SIFT) 67
6 Results and Discussions 67
6.1 Shift Results 69
6.2 Tumor Area Calculation 69
7 Conclusion 70
Acknowledgements 71
References 71
6 A Compact Slotted Textile Patch Antenna for Ultra-wide Band Application 72
Abstract 72
1 Introduction 73
2 Antenna Design Configuration 73
3 Optimization of Proposed Microstrip Antenna 74
4 Radiation Pattern 75
5 Conclusions 77
References 77
7 Optimization of Hodgkin–Huxley Conductance-Based Model Using Particle Swarm Optimization and Firefly Method 79
Abstract 79
1 Introduction 79
2 Materials and Method 80
3 Results and Discussions 81
4 Conclusion 83
References 83
8 A Model to Demonstrate the Universality of DNA-NAND Gate 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction 84
2 DNA-NAND Gate Design 85
3 Universality of DNA-NAND Gate 86
3.1 Realization of AND Gate with DNA-NAND Gate 86
3.2 NAND to OR Gate 89
3.3 NAND Gate as NOT Gate 89
4 Conclusion 92
Acknowledgements 92
References 92
9 Micro-Raman and FTIR Analysis of Silicon Carbo-Nitride Thin Films at Different H2 Flow Rate 94
Abstract 94
1 Introduction 95
2 Experimental Details 95
3 Results and Discussion 96
3.1 Microstructure and Morphology 96
3.2 Raman Analysis 96
4 FTIR Analysis 99
5 Conclusion 100
References 100
10 Applying Classification Methods for Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks: An Empirical Study 101
Abstract 101
1 Introduction 102
2 Framework Model and Presumptions 103
3 Supervised Learning for Spectrum Sensing 104
4 Experimental Setup 105
5 Numerical Results and Discussion 106
6 Conclusion and Future Work 107
References 108
11 Highly Negative Dispersive, Low Loss Single-Mode Photonic Crystal Fiber 109
Abstract 109
1 Introduction 109
2 Design Methodology of Single-Mode PCF 110
3 Mode Field Pattern of Proposed PCF 111
4 Simulation Results and Discussion 111
5 Conclusion 117
References 117
12 Triple Gate SOI MOSFET 119
Abstract 119
1 Introduction 119
2 Triple Gate SOI MOSFET 120
2.1 Analytical Modeling 120
3 Results and Discussion 122
4 Conclusion 128
References 129
13 Wearable Antennas for Medical Application: A Review 131
Abstract 131
1 Introduction 131
2 Review of Wearable Antenna 132
3 Conclusion 141
14 Characterization of Silicon Carbo-Nitride Thin Films 147
Abstract 147
1 Introduction 147
2 Characterization of Silicon Carbon Nitride Thin Films 148
2.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) 148
2.2 Raman Spectroscopy 149
2.3 Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) 150
2.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 150
2.5 Nanoindentation 151
3 Conclusion 152
References 153
15 Improved Normalization Approach for Iris Image Classification Using SVM 155
Abstract 155
1 Introduction 155
2 Rubber Sheet Model (Daugman’s) 156
3 Proposed Iris Recognition System 157
3.1 Iris Segmentation 157
3.2 Iris Normalization 157
3.3 Feature Extraction 158
3.4 SVM Classifier 159
4 Performance Analysis 159
5 Conclusion 161
References 161
16 Investigation of Titanium Aluminium Nitride (TiAlN): A Review 162
Abstract 162
1 Introduction 162
1.1 Titanium Aluminium Nitride 163
2 Morphology of TiAlN 163
2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 163
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 164
3 Structure of TiAlN 166
3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 166
4 Compositional and Electronic Structure 168
4.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 168
4.2 Raman Spectroscopy 169
5 Conclusion 171
References 171
17 The Study of GPR with Conducting Surfaces to Determine the Operating Frequency in Single-Fold Reflection Profiling 174
Abstract 174
1 Introduction 174
2 Theoretical Background 175
3 Variations 176
4 Designing Survey 179
5 Summary/Conclusion 181
References 181
18 Investigation of Titanium Silicon Nitride: A Review 183
Abstract 183
1 Introduction 184
1.1 Titanium Silicon Nitride 184
2 Morphology of TiSiN 185
2.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 185
2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) 186
3 Structure of TiSiN 189
3.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 189
4 Compositional and Electronic Structure 191
4.1 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 191
5 Mechanical Properties 192
5.1 Nano Indentation 192
6 Conclusion 192
References 192
19 An Efficient MOS Class-E Power Amplifier for Wireless LAN Applications 194
Abstract 194
1 Introduction 194
2 Design Methodology 195
2.1 Basic Configuration of MOS Class-E Power Amplifier 195
3 Design Procedure 196
3.1 Calculation of Aspect Ratio (W/L) of nMOS 196
3.2 Calculation of LC Values for Output Matching Network 197
3.3 Calculation for Input Matching Circuit 198
4 Proposed Design of MOS Class-E Power Amplifier 199
5 Simulation Results and Performance Analysis 199
6 Conclusion 202
References 202
20 Security in Cloud Computing-Based Mobile Commerce 203
Abstract 203
1 Introduction 203
2 The Cloud Computing and Cloud Delivery Services 204
3 Mobile Cloud Computing 205
4 Mobile Commerce 205
5 Mobile Commerce Security Issue and Solution 206
5.1 Threat Protection 208
5.2 Encryption Options 208
5.3 Access Control 209
5.4 Availability and Non Repudiation 209
6 Conclusion 209
References 210
21 From FET to SET: A Review 211
Abstract 211
1 Introduction 211
2 Short-Channel Effects 212
2.1 Mobility Degradation 212
2.2 Subthreshold Swing 213
2.3 Threshold Voltage Variation with Channel Length 213
2.4 Drain-Induced Barrier Lowering (DIBL) 213
2.5 Drain Punch Through 213
2.6 Hot Carrier Effect 214
2.7 Impact Ionization 214
3 Single- and Double-Gate MOSFET 214
4 FinFET 215
5 Triple-Gate MOSFET 215
6 Pi-Gate MOSFET 216
7 Omega MOSFET 217
8 Gate-All-Around MOSFET 217
9 Molecular Technology—SET Gate MOSFET 218
10 Conclusion 219
References 220
22 Important Factors for Designing Assamese Prosody with Festival Frame Work 222
Abstract 222
1 Introduction 222
2 Design Approach 224
3 Intonation Design 225
3.1 F0 Contour Generation 225
4 Utterance Segmentation 228
5 Duration 228
6 Prosodic Phrasing 229
6.1 The Rule Method 230
6.2 Phrasing by Statistical Model 230
7 Conclusion 230
References 231
23 Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Anonymity 232
Abstract 232
1 Introduction 232
2 Related Work 233
3 Proposed System 234
3.1 Pre-deployment Phase 235
3.2 Setup Phase 235
3.3 Communication Phase 236
4 Performance Evaluation 238
5 Storage Evaluation 239
6 Conclusion 240
References 240
24 A Compact CPW-Fed Defected Ground Microstrip Antenna for Ku Band Application 242
Abstract 242
1 Introduction 242
2 Antenna Design 243
3 Optimization of Proposed Microstrip Antenna 244
3.1 Variation of Patch Parameters 244
3.2 Variation of Ground Parameters 245
4 Conclusions 247
References 247
25 A Study on Different Normalization Approaches of Word 249
Abstract 249
1 Introduction 249
2 SMS (Short Message Service) Text 250
2.1 SMS Normalization 251
3 Different Normalization Approach for SMS Text 251
3.1 Phrase-Based Approach 252
3.2 Unsupervised Noisy Channel Approach 253
3.3 Character-Level Machine Translation Approach 255
3.4 Character and Phone-Based Machine Translation Approach 258
4 Conclusion 259
References 260
26 Duplicate Resource Detection in RDF Datasets Using Hadoop and MapReduce 262
Abstract 262
1 Introduction 262
2 Related Work 263
3 Concepts and Background Information 264
4 Proposed Approach 264
4.1 Duplicate Resource Detection 265
5 Comparing RDF Resources 266
6 Performance Evaluation 268
7 Conclusion 269
References 269
27 TEECS: A Time-Based Energy Efficient Clustering Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Related Work 273
3 WSN Model and Assumption 274
3.1 Energy Model 274
4 Proposed Approach 275
4.1 Cluster Head Selection 276
4.2 Cluster Formation 276
5 Results and Analysis 278
6 Conclusion 279
References 279
28 Packet Sniffing and Network Traffic Analysis Using TCP—A New Approach 281
Abstract 281
1 Introduction 282
2 Network Traffic Analysis—A New Approach 282
3 Proposed Solution Strategy 283
4 Design Strategy for the Solution 283
5 Implementation and Result 284
5.1 TCP-Based Analysis 284
5.2 TCP Time Sequence Graph 285
5.3 TCP Throughput Graph 285
5.4 Roundtrip Time Graph 287
6 Conclusion 288
References 288
29 Passive Techniques of Digital Image Forgery Detection: Developments and Challenges 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
1.1 Image Manipulation Techniques 290
2 Types of Image Forgery 291
3 Techniques of Digital Image Forgery Detection 291
3.1 Passive Detection: Non-robust Methods 292
3.2 Passive Detection: Robust Techniques 294
3.3 Comparison of Different Forgery Detection Methods 295
4 Summary and Conclusion 296
References 297
30 m-GeoEduNet: Mobile SDI Model for Education Information Infrastructure Network 299
Abstract 299
1 Introduction 300
2 Related Works 301
3 Objective of the Present Work 302
4 The System Architecture of m-GeoEduNet 302
5 Prototype Developments for m-GeoEduNet 303
6 Experimental Results 305
7 Concluding Remarks 306
References 307
31 Investigation of Structural and Electronic Environments of Nitrogen-Doped CVD-Grown DLC Films 309
Abstract 309
1 Introduction 310
2 Experimental Details 310
3 Results and Discussions 311
4 Conclusion 313
References 314
32 A Novel Region Growing Based Method to Remove Pectoral Muscle from MLO Mammogram Images 315
Abstract 315
1 Introduction 315
2 Region Growing 317
3 Proposed Method 317
3.1 Define Triangle to Isolate Pectoral Muscle from Breast Tissue 318
3.2 Removal of Pectoral Muscle 320
3.3 Refinement of the Resultant Image 320
4 Experimental Results 321
5 Conclusion 323
References 323
33 Microstrip Patch Antenna: A Review 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 325
2 Design Review of Microstrip Patch Antenna 327
3 Conclusion 332
References 332
34 A Comparison Study of Face, Gait and Speech Features for Age Estimation 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Literature Review 335
3 Methodologies Used 335
3.1 Face 335
3.2 Gait 336
3.3 Speech 336
4 Experimental Results 336
5 Conclusion and Discussion 338
References 338
35 A Review on MIMO Based V2V Communication 340
Abstract 340
1 Introduction 340
2 VANETs Standard 342
3 Vehicular Channel 342
4 Geometry-Based MIMO Channel 343
5 MIMO Technologies for VANET 343
6 Conclusion 345
References 345
36 Energy-Efficient Packet Routing Model for Wireless Sensor Network 348
Abstract 348
1 Introduction 348
2 Proposed Packet Optimization Based Hop Selection Model 350
3 Simulation Result and Analysis 353
4 Conclusion 356
References 356
37 An ECC-Based Algorithm to Handle Secure Communication Between Heterogeneous IoT Devices 358
Abstract 358
1 Introduction 359
2 Related Work 360
3 System Model for Authenticating Devices in IoT Network 361
3.1 Network Layer 362
3.2 Application Layer 363
3.3 User Layer 364
4 Authentication and Authorization Algorithm for IoT Networks 364
5 Implementation 365
5.1 Creation of PAN Network 366
5.2 Authentication and Authorization for a New Node 367
6 Evaluation 367
7 Conclusion 368
References 368
38 Enhanced Pixel Purity Index Algorithm to Find the Index Position of the Pure Pixels in Hyperspectral Images 370
Abstract 370
1 Introduction 370
2 Hyperspectral Unmixing Chain 372
3 Endmember Extraction 372
4 Proposed PPI Algorithm 372
5 Results and Discussion 373
6 Conclusion 377
References 377
39 Assamese Character Recognition Using Zoning Feature 378
Abstract 378
1 Introduction 378
2 Properties of Assamese Scripts 379
3 Literature Review 379
4 Methodology 380
4.1 Data Collection and Preprocessing 380
4.2 Character Segmentation 380
4.3 Feature Extraction 382
4.4 The Classifier 382
5 Result and Discussion 383
5.1 Digits Recognition 383
5.2 Vowels Recognition 384
5.3 Consonants Recognition 385
6 Recognition Rate 386
7 Conclusion 386
References 387
40 Improving Convergence in iBGP Route Reflectors 388
Abstract 388
1 Introduction 388
2 Related Work 390
3 Convergence Problem in Route Reflectors 390
4 Adjustable MRAI Timers 391
5 Simulation Setup 392
6 Performance Evaluation 393
7 Conclusion 395
References 395
41 Performance Analysis of Various Eigenvalue-Based Spectrum Sensing Algorithms for Different Types of Primary User Signals 396
Abstract 396
1 Introduction 396
2 System Model and Various Spectrum Sensing Algorithms 397
2.1 Different Algorithms 399
2.2 Different Types of PU Signals 401
3 Simulation Results and Analysis 401
4 Conclusion 404
References 404
42 A Crown-Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems 405
Abstract 405
1 Introduction 405
2 Antenna Configuration 406
3 Simulated Results for Modified E-Shaped and Crown-Shaped Antenna 406
3.1 S (1, 1) and Return Loss 406
3.2 Radiation Pattern and Smith Chart 406
3.3 Swept Gain and 3-D Input Gain 407
3.4 Far-Field Region 408
4 Conclusion 410
References 411
43 Atrophy Measure of Brain Cortex to Detect Alzheimer’s Disease from Magnetic Resonance Images 412
Abstract 412
1 Introduction 412
1.1 Alzheimer’s Disease and Motivation 413
2 Theoretical Background 413
3 Related Works 414
4 Proposed Method 414
5 Result and Discussion 417
6 Conclusion and Future Work 418
References 418
44 Study of Effect of High-k Dielectric Gate Oxide on the Performance of SB-GNRFETs 420
Abstract 420
1 Introduction 420
2 Structure Model 421
3 Simulation Approach 422
4 Results and Discussion 422
5 Conclusion 424
References 425
45 A Simple and Efficient Higher Order Finite Element Scheme for Helmholtz Waveguides 426
Abstract 426
1 Introduction 426
2 Finite Element Formulation 427
3 Results and Discussions 429
3.1 Single-Ridge Waveguide 429
3.2 Vaned Rectangular Waveguide 430
4 Waveguide with Curved Cross Sections 431
5 Conclusion 434
References 434
46 Point Feature Based Recognition of Handwritten Meetei Mayek Script 436
Abstract 436
1 Introduction 436
1.1 Meetei Mayek Script 437
1.2 Motivation of the Work 437
2 Dataset Preparation and Preprocessing 438
3 Feature Extraction Algorithms 439
4 Results and Analysis 441
5 Conclusion 443
References 444
47 Design of Circularly Polarized Antenna with Different Iterations for UWB Applications 445
Abstract 445
1 Introduction 445
2 Antenna Configuration 446
3 Optimization of Antenna Geometries 448
4 Fabricated Proposed Antenna and Experimental Results 449
5 Summary 450
References 451
48 Weighted Wavelet Tree Sparsity Regularization for Compressed Sensing Magnetic Resonance Image Reconstruction 452
Abstract 452
1 Introduction 452
2 Theory 455
3 Proposed Work 455
4 Experimental Results 457
5 Conclusion 459
References 460
49 A Score-Level Solution to Speaker Verification Using UBM Pooling and Adaptive Cohort Selection 461
Abstract 461
1 Introduction 461
2 UBM Pooling 462
3 Score Normalization 463
4 Cohort Model Selection Using HT-Normalization 464
4.1 Proposed Methodology 464
5 Experimental Setup and Results 465
6 Conclusion 467
References 467
50 A Novel Encryption Scheme for Secure SMS Communication 469
Abstract 469
1 Introduction 469
1.1 Types of Cryptosystem 470
2 Short Message Service (SMS) 471
2.1 SMS Architecture 471
3 Text Encryption Schemes 472
4 Proposed Method 475
4.1 Key Generation 475
4.2 Plain Text Preparation and Encryption 477
5 Results and Discussions 477
5.1 Message Authentication 478
5.2 Cipher Text Only Attack (CTA) 478
5.3 Known Plaintext Attack (KPA) 478
5.4 Chosen Plaintext Attack (CPA) 478
5.5 Replay Attack 479
6 Summary and Conclusion 479
References 479
51 Reviewing the Performance of an Improved Seven-Level Multilevel Inverter for Various Pulse Width Modulation Techniques 481
Abstract 481
1 Introduction 482
2 The Proposed Topology 482
3 Equal Pulse Width Technique 484
4 SPWM Technique 485
4.1 Selective-SPWM Technique (S-SPWM) 485
4.2 Multi Carrier-SPWM Technique (MC-SPWM) 485
4.2.1 Phase Opposition Disposition PWM (POD-PWM) 486
4.2.2 Alternated Phase Opposition Disposition PWM (APOD-PWM) 487
4.2.3 Phase Disposition PWM (PD-PWM) 487
5 Simulation Results 489
6 Conclusion 490
References 491
52 Robust Multi-thresholding in Noisy Grayscale Images Using Otsu’s Function and Harmony Search Optimization Algorithm 493
Abstract 493
1 Introduction 494
2 Overview of Harmony Search Optimization Algorithm 494
3 Otsu’s Function 495
4 Results and Discussions 496
5 Conclusion 500
References 500
53 An Approach for Visual Cryptography Scheme on Color Images 502
Abstract 502
1 Introduction 502
2 Preliminaries 503
3 Related Works 504
4 Proposed Method 504
5 Results and Discussions 506
6 Conclusion 508
7 Future Scope of Work 508
References 509
54 A Novel Hybrid Approach for Influence Maximization in Online Social Networks Based on Node Neighborhoods 510
Abstract 510
1 Introduction 510
2 Discussion on Standard Influence Maximization Algorithms 512
2.1 The High-Degree Centrality Algorithm 513
2.2 The General Greedy Algorithm 514
2.3 The DegGreedy Centrality Algorithm 515
3 Experimental Evaluation 517
4 Conclusions 520
References 520
55 Diagnosis of Ground Glass Opacity in HRCT Lung Images Using High-Intensity Pixels 522
Abstract 522
1 Introduction 523
2 Methodology 523
2.1 Decision Rule 524
3 Results 525
3.1 Calculations 527
4 Discussion 527
5 Conclusion 528
Acknowledgements 528
References 528
56 Coefficient Random Permutation Based Compressed Sensing for Medical Image Compression 530
Abstract 530
1 Introduction 530
2 Related Works 531
3 Overview of CS 532
4 Coefficient Random Permutation 532
4.1 CRP Sampling Scheme [3] 533
5 CRP for Medical Image Compression 533
6 Experimental Results 534
7 Conclusion and Future Works 536
References 536
57 A Flexible Scheme to Fault Detection for Electrical Assets Using Infrared Thermography 538
Abstract 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Infrared Thermogram Noninvasive Technique 540
2.1 Process of Fault Diagnosis 540
2.1.1 Data Acquisition 541
2.1.2 Digital Image Segmentation 541
2.1.3 Watershed Transformation 541
2.1.4 Calculate Standard Deviation and Thresholding of Image 543
3 Color-Based Segmentation 545
4 Result and Discussion 547
5 Conclusion 548
References 548
58 Design of Double Fork Shaped Patch Radiator for Ultra Wide Band Applications 550
Abstract 550
1 Introduction 550
2 Antenna Design 551
3 Simulation Results 553
4 Conclusion 560
References 560
59 Subjective Analysis of Multimedia Traffic in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks 562
Abstract 562
1 Introduction 563
2 Existing Work 563
3 Proposed Work 565
4 Simulation Parameters 567
5 Results and Discussion 568
6 Conclusion 572
References 573
60 Performance Analysis of Collinear Beam-Steering Array Antenna 574
Abstract 574
1 Introduction 574
2 Antenna Design 576
3 Simulation Results and Validation 577
3.1 Return Loss (S11) 577
3.2 Radiation Pattern 577
3.3 3-D Polar Plot 578
3.4 Directional Beam 580
4 Conclusion 583
References 583
61 E-Mail Spam Filtering: A Review of Techniques and Trends 584
Abstract 584
1 Introduction 584
2 Feature Engineering 586
3 Publicly Available Datasets 588
4 Future Trends and Conclusion 588
References 590
62 Stealthy Attacks in MANET to Detect and Counter Measure by Ant Colony Optimization 592
Abstract 592
1 Introduction 593
2 Literature Survey 594
3 Proposed Work 595
3.1 Overview 595
3.2 Overall Proposed Architecture 596
3.3 Methodology 596
3.3.1 Ant Colony Optimization 596
3.3.2 Path Discovery Phase 598
4 Result and Discussion 601
4.1 Attack Identification 601
4.2 Path Discovery Ratio 601
4.3 Packet Delivery Ratio 602
5 Conclusion 603
References 603
63 Inset Fed Circular Microstrip Antenna with Defected Ground 605
Abstract 605
1 Introduction 605
2 Antenna Design Configuration 606
3 Fabrication of Antenna and Results 607
4 Conclusions 609
References 610
64 Analysis of Thermal Comfort and Visual Comfort—A Soft Computing Approach 612
Abstract 612
1 Introduction 612
2 Methodology 614
2.1 Analysis Without AC 615
2.2 Analysis with AC 616
2.3 Development of Fuzzy Logic 618
3 Conclusion 619
References 620
65 Spoken Dialog System in Bodo Language for Agro Services 621
Abstract 621
1 Introduction 621
2 Proposed Work 622
3 Call Flow Design 623
4 Data Collection and Preparation 625
5 Feature Extraction 625
6 System Training and Testing 626
7 Results and Discussions 628
8 Conclusions 628
References 629
66 Random-Valued Impulse Denoising Using a Fast l1-Minimization-Based Image Inpainting Technique 630
Abstract 630
1 Introduction 630
2 Prior Art 632
2.1 Impulse Noise Model 632
2.1.1 Sparse Representation-Based Image Inpainting 632
3 The Proposed Method 633
4 Experimental Results 634
4.1 Detection Performance 635
4.2 Restoration Performance 636
5 Conclusion 637
References 638
67 Comparative Analysis of DFT–DCT-Spreading Strategies-Based SC-FDMA 639
Abstract 639
1 Introduction 639
2 OFDM System Model 640
3 PAPR Reduction for SC-FDMA 641
4 DFT–DCT-Spreading Strategies 642
5 Simulation Results 643
5.1 DFT–DCT-Spreading for IFDMA and LFDMA 643
5.2 BER Versus SNR for OFDMA and SC-FDMA 644
5.3 OFDMA Versus SC-FDMA with PAPR for Higher Order Modulations 645
5.3.1 Mary-PSK Scheme 645
5.3.2 Mary-QAM Scheme 645
6 Conclusion 646
References 646
68 A Review on Spread Spectrum Radar 648
Abstract 648
1 Introduction 648
2 Overview of the Different Technologies Used in RADAR 649
2.1 Spread Spectrum 649
2.2 Digital Beamforming 650
2.3 Phased Array 650
3 Passive Phased Array 651
4 Active Phased Array 651
5 Digital Phased Array 652
6 Pulsed Doppler Radar 653
6.1 Block Diagram of Pulse Doppler Radar System 653
6.2 Results and Plots 654
7 Spread Spectrum Digital Beamforming Radar 656
7.1 Block Diagram of Single Channel SSDBF 656
7.2 Comparison of Pulse Doppler Radar and SSDBF Radar 657
8 Conclusion 658
References 658
69 An Empirical Analysis of Three Moments on Sattriya Dance Single-Hand Gestures Dataset 660
Abstract 660
1 Introduction 660
2 Proposed Methods for Gesture Recognition 661
2.1 Preprocessing 662
2.2 Moments Features Computation 662
3 Experimental Results 662
3.1 Dataset Creation 663
3.2 Results and Discussions 663
4 Related Work 665
5 Conclusion and Future Direction 666
References 667
70 Implementation of Doppler Radar at 24 GHz 669
Abstract 669
1 Introduction 669
2 Mathematical Modelling 670
2.1 Fast Fourier Transform 670
2.2 Short-Time Fourier Transform 671
2.3 Wigner Distribution Function 671
3 Result and Discussion 672
3.1 Software Simulation Using LabVIEW 672
3.1.1 For FFT 672
3.1.2 For STFT 673
3.1.3 WVD 674
3.2 Hardware Result 675
3.3 FFT Results 676
3.4 STFT Results 676
3.5 WVD Results 676
4 Conclusion 677
References 678
71 Efficient Use of Location of Unlicensed Users in Improving the Utilization of Licensed Spectrum 679
Abstract 679
1 Introduction 679
2 Throughput of CR Under the CDR-OSA Scheme 680
3 The Proposed Approach 682
4 Results and Analysis 685
5 Conclusion 686
References 686
72 Parking Places Discovery and Reservation Using Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks 688
Abstract 688
1 Introduction 688
2 Proposed Approach 689
2.1 Parking Place Discovery 690
2.2 Parking Place Reservation 692
3 Experimental Evaluation 693
4 Conclusion 695
References 695
73 Design of 5.8 GHz Rectenna for Space-Based Solar Power 697
Abstract 697
1 Introduction 697
2 Space-Based Solar Power Global Research 698
3 System Architecture 699
4 Rectenna Design 700
4.1 Rectifiers 700
4.2 Harmonics Rejection Filter 700
4.3 Impedance Matching 701
5 Voltage Multiplier Rectifier Circuit 701
6 Results and Discussion 702
7 Conclusion 704
References 704
74 Dynamic 2-D Pattern-Based Passive Communication in Swarm Agents 705
Abstract 705
1 Introduction 705
2 2-D Barcode Data Representation 706
3 Proposed Technique of Passive Communication 708
4 Hardware Implementation and Analysis 708
4.1 Implementation Basics 708
5 Hardware Implementation 710
6 Image Capture and Processing 711
7 Conclusion and Future Work 713
References 713
75 Cloud-Based Cognitive Premise Security System Using IBM Watson and IBM Internet of Things (IoT) 715
Abstract 715
1 Introduction 715
2 IBM Watson and Its Relevance in Solving the Problem 716
2.1 Watson Visual Recognition 716
3 Internet of things and Its Relevance 717
3.1 IBM Internet of things Foundation 717
4 The Edison Module for Compute from Intel 718
5 Building the Cognitive Premise Security System 718
5.1 The Passport 719
5.2 The Brain 719
5.3 The Master Mediator 720
5.4 The Executor 721
6 Benefits of Deploying this System 722
7 Conclusion and Future Scope 722
Acknowledgements 723
References 723
76 A MATLAB-Based Simulator for Amorphous Silicon and Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistor 724
Abstract 724
1 Introduction 724
2 Software Structure 725
3 Modelling and Validation of a-Si:H TFT Using TFT Simulator 726
3.1 Basic Equations Used in Modelling 726
4 Modelling of Transfer Characteristics Using a-Si:H TFT Simulator 727
5 Modelling of Output Characteristics Using a-Si:H TFT Simulator 728
6 Modelling of Field Effect Mobility Using a-Si:H TFT Simulator 729
7 Modelling and Validation of Poly-Si TFT Using TFT Simulator 730
7.1 Basic Equations for Modelling 730
8 Modelling of Transfer Characteristics Using Poly-Si TFT Simulator 732
9 Modelling of Output Characteristics Using Poly-Si TFT Simulator 733
10 Modelling of Field Effect Mobility Using Poly-Si TFT Simulator 734
11 Conclusion 734
77 Relay Node Selection Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Secondary Transmission in Multi-user Cooperative Cognitive Radio Systems 736
Abstract 736
1 Introduction 736
2 System Model 737
3 Best Relay Selection Parameters 739
3.1 Signal-to-Interference-Plus-Noise Ratio (SINRSD) 739
3.2 Relative Link Quality (RLQ) 739
3.3 Reliability 739
4 AHP-Based Relay Node Selection 740
5 Results and Discussion 743
6 Conclusion 744
References 744
78 Mutual Information-Based Hierarchical Band Selection Approach for Hyperspectral Images 746
Abstract 746
1 Introduction 747
2 Entropy and Mutual Information-Based Band Selection Scheme 748
2.1 Entropy 748
2.2 Mutual Information (MI) 748
3 Proposed MI-based Hierarchical Band Selection Approach 749
3.1 Band Grouping Phase 749
3.2 Band Selection Phase 750
4 Experimental Setup and Results 751
4.1 Dataset Description 751
4.2 Experiment and Result 752
5 Conclusion 753
References 753
79 Petri Net: Design and Analysis of Parallel Task Scheduling Algorithm 755
Abstract 755
1 Introduction 756
2 Related Works 757
3 Proposed Model 758
3.1 Background of Petri net 758
3.2 Task Scheduling Model 759
3.2.1 Proposed Steps 760
3.2.2 Proposed Rules for Firing 760
4 Simulations and Result Analysis 761
4.1 Illustration 762
4.2 Performance 763
4.3 Results 764
5 Conclusions and Future Work 765
References 766
80 Opportunistic Selection of Threshold Using Double Threshold in Cognitive Radio Networks 767
Abstract 767
1 Introduction 767
2 Overview of Energy Detection 769
3 The Overview of Double Threshold 771
4 The Proposed Model 772
5 Simulations and Analysis 772
6 Conclusion 773
References 774
81 X-Band Patch Array Antenna 775
Abstract 775
1 Introduction 775
2 Antenna Design 776
3 Summary/Conclusion 780
References 780
82 A Compact Pentagonal Textile Microstrip Antenna for Wide Band Application 782
Abstract 782
1 Introduction 782
2 Antenna Design Configuration 783
3 Optimization of Proposed Microstrip Antenna 784
4 Radiation Pattern 785
5 Conclusion 787
References 787
83 Similarity Measurement of Gene Using Arc Tan Function in Gene Ontology 789
Abstract 789
1 Introduction 790
2 Proposed Model of Gene Ontology 791
2.1 Gene Ontology—Relational Similarity 792
2.2 Gene Exponential Relational 792
2.3 Arc Tan-Based Shortest Path 792
3 Performance Metric 793
3.1 Exponential Relational Rate 793
3.2 Arc Tan Shortest Path 794
3.3 Similarity Ratio 795
4 Conclusion 795
References 795
429151_1_En_84_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 1
84 Correction to: An Approach for Visual Cryptography Scheme on Color Images 797
Correction to: Chapter “An Approach for Visual Cryptography Scheme on Color Images” in: A. Kalam et al. (eds.), Advances in Electronics, Communication and Computing, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 443, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4765-7_53 797