Humanizing Digital Reality (eBook)

Foreword 6
Acknowledgements 8
Design Modelling Symposium Paris, 16/09–20/09/2017 9
Introduction 12
Contents 15
Contributors 20
Material Practice 27
Computational Material Cultures 30
Design Computation: Material Integration 31
Design Agency: Materiality and Materialisation 32
Emerging Material Culture 36
References 36
Structural Innovation 37
Make Complex Structures Affordable 40
Think Mechanics of Material 40
Constructibility Is Mathematics 42
How May Digital and Robot Help? 43
Innovative 3D Printing Cartography 43
“ {/varvec x}_{0}^{1} {/varvec x}_{{/varvec e}}^{1} e2a4s3”, an Innovative Insulated Printed Wall 44
Smart Mason Robots 45
Conclusion 46
References 47
Data Farming 48
Data Morphogenesis 53
Introduction 53
Data Data Data 53
Filter Data 53
Strategies of Taking Control 54
Capture Data 54
Merge Data 54
From Chaos to Information 54
Interpret Information 55
Interacting with Information 57
Set Some Rules 58
Bend the Rules 59
Conclusion 60
Mutually Assured Construction 62
References 67
Seven Short Reflections on Cities, Data, Economy and Politics 68
Essay Number 1: The City of Cities 68
Essay Number 2: Monocultivation 68
Essay Number 3: The New Capitalism Is Data Driven… Digital and Totalitarian 69
Essay Number 4: The Paradoxical Now 70
Essay Number 5: Is this Going to Change? 70
Essay Number 6: The Big Questions 71
Essay Number 7: The Future Is Already Here 71
Data Shaping Cities 73
What Big Data Tell Us About Trees and the Sky in the Cities 78
References 81
Urban Sensing: Toward a New Form of Collective Consciousness? 82
Traditional Planning and the Purification of the Sensory Experience 82
Rich, Diverse, and Common Sensory Experience as a Project 85
Toward the Sentient City 88
References 90
Thermodynamic Practice 92
On the Nature of Thermodynamic Models in Architecture and Climate 103
So, What Is a Good Model? 105
The Tool(s) Versus The Toolkit 110
“Do One Thing and Do It Well” 112
Build Interoperability with Other Tools 113
Use Standardized Open Formats for Data Transfer 113
Modularize the Tool 114
Make It Easy to Start but Impossible to Master 116
References 118
Capturing the Dynamics of Air in Design 119
Scientific Contributions 127
Stone Morphologies: Erosion-Based Digital Fabrication Through Event-Driven Control 128
Abstract 128
Introduction 128
Indeterminate Fabrication Processes 128
Numerical Control and Human Machine Interaction (HMI) 129
Project Context and Technological Diffusion 129
Erosion-Based Formation Processes 129
Material Characteristics 131
Erosion Characteristics 131
Machine Augmentation, Event-Driven Control and Fabrication Interactivity 133
Non-linear Numerical Control and Material Heterogeneity 133
Machine Augmentation 134
Machine Control to Cognitive Strategy 134
Prototype Fabrication 135
Conclusion 138
Acknowledgements 139
References 139
Designing Grid Structures Using Asymptotic Curve Networks 140
Abstract 140
Introduction 140
Fundamentals 142
Geometry 142
Construction 143
Design Method 144
Design Implementation 146
Construction 148
Results 153
Conclusion 154
Acknowledgements 154
References 154
The Grand Hall of the Elbphilharmonie Hamburg: Development of Parametric and Digital Fabrication Tools in Architectural and Acoustical Design 156
Abstract 156
Sound Diffusion 157
Parametric Surface Generation 159
Digital Fabrication 159
Evaluation 164
Acknowledgements 165
References 165
Bloomberg Ramp: Collaborative Workflows, Sharing Data and Design Logics 167
Abstract 167
Introduction and Context 167
Sharing One Parametric Model 168
Geometry Method Statement 171
Utilising VR in Design of Ramp 171
Design to Fabrication 173
Laser Scanning As-Built Steelwork 174
From Point Cloud to Watertight Solid Model 177
Reconfiguring the Set Out of the Cladding Panels 177
Setting Out Panels 178
Conclusion 179
References 180
Nature-Based Hybrid Computational Geometry System for Optimizing Component Structure 181
Abstract 181
Introduction 181
The Design Problem 181
Designing for Complexity 182
Evolving Design 183
Literature Review 183
Methodology 184
Design Model 184
Model Evaluation 186
Model Optimization 187
After Optimization 188
Conclusions 190
References 190
Enabling Inference in Performance-Driven Design Exploration 191
Abstract 191
Introduction 191
A Probabilistic Representation to Enable Inference 193
Background on Probability 193
Bayesian Probability 193
Bayesian Inference 196
Bayesian Networks to Handle Inference in Complex Domains 198
Background on Bayesian Networks 198
Performing Inference to Identify a Meaningful Design Space 199
Conclusion 201
References 202
Aspects of Sound as Design Driver: Parametric Design of an Acoustic Ceiling 203
Abstract 203
Introduction 203
Sound as Design Driver—Experimentation, Interpretation, Simulation 206
Digital Acoustic Simulation in Early Design Stages 206
Patches of Experimentation and Designerly Interpretation of Sound Phenomena 207
Digital Acoustic Simulation for Evaluating Variations and Validating the Design Intervention 208
Parametric Acoustic Ceiling—Final Design and Realization 210
Project Context 210
Design Concept 210
Modelling and Fabrication Strategies 210
Conclusion 212
Acknowledgements 213
References 213
La Seine Musicale 215
Abstract 215
Input 215
Preliminary Modeling 216
Beam Segmentation 217
Blanks 218
Detailing 219
Assembly 220
Fabrication and Pre-assembly 221
Future Challenges 222
Conclusion 222
References 223
The Design Implications of Form-Finding with Dynamic Topologies 224
Abstract 224
Introduction 224
Background 225
Physically-Based Modelling Techniques for Computational Form-Finding 225
Related Work 225
Topology-Driven Form-Finding of BATH Structures 226
Data-Structure Design 226
Discretisation 228
Interactivity 230
Decision-Making 232
Conclusion and Future Work 234
References 235
City Gaming and Participation 237
Abstract 237
Research Framework 237
Background 238
Scope and Limitations 239
Case Study A: BDD Chawls, Mumbai, India 239
Methodology and Data Collection 240
Conclusions of Case Study A 242
Case Study B: Poble Nou Superblock Pilot, Barcelona, Spain 243
Methodology, Data Collection and Data Process 243
Data Collection and Visualization Platform 245
Conclusions of Case Study B 246
Limitations 246
Conclusions 247
References 247
The Potential of Shape Memory Alloys in Deployable Systems—A Design and Experimental Approach 249
Abstract 249
Introduction 249
Shape Memory Alloys 250
Integration into Morphing Structures 250
Prototyping 251
A Bilayer-Type Actuator 251
A Buckling Actuator 253
A Torsional Buckling Actuator 255
Facade Integration 256
Conclusion 257
Acknowledgements 257
References 258
A Multi-scalar Approach for the Modelling and Fabrication of Free-Form Glue-Laminated Timber Structures 259
Abstract 259
Introduction 259
Multi-scalar Modelling and Integrating Material Performance 260
New Design-to-Fabrication Frameworks 260
Multi-scalar Modelling 260
Modelling and Data Management 261
Prototyping and Fabrication 262
Demonstrator 262
Multi-scalar Modelling in Practice 264
3D Scanning 265
Conclusion and Future Work 266
Acknowledgements 268
References 268
Assessment of RANS Turbulence Models in Urban Environments: CFD Simulation of Airflow Around Idealized High-Rise Morphologies 270
Abstract 270
Introduction 270
Numerical Setup 272
Idealized Urban Canopy Case 272
Semi-Idealized High-Rise Building Case 273
Results and Discussion 274
Vertical and Spanwise Profiles of the Idealized Urban Canopy 274
Vertical Profiles of Mean Velocity Around the Semi-idealized High-Rise Morphologies 274
Comparison of Pressure Coefficient (CP) and TKE Contours 277
Summary 278
References 278
Automated Generation of Knit Patterns for Non-developable Surfaces 281
Abstract 281
Introduction 281
Methods 283
Patching 283
Course Generation 284
Loop Generation 287
2D Knitting Pattern Generation 288
Results 289
Quarter Sphere 289
Four-Valent Node 290
Discussion and Outlook 292
Acknowledgements 293
References 293
Enlisting Clustering and Graph-Traversal Methods for Cutting Pattern and Net Topology Design in Pneumatic Hybrids 295
Abstract 295
Introduction 295
Motivation 296
Background and State-of-the-Art 297
Approaches to Cutting Pattern Generation 297
Mesh Representation and Treatments 298
Mesh Segmentation Methods 298
Methods 298
The k-Means Clustering and Graph-Traversal Approach 298
Results and Evaluation 300
Discussion and Limits 302
Conclusion and Further Work 303
Acknowledgements 303
References 304
Simulation and Real-Time Design Tools for an Emergent Design Strategy in Architecture 305
Abstract 305
Emergent Design in Morphodynamic Environments 305
Different/Citation 306
Complex Systems 307
CUDA Real-Time Simulation Tool for Designing in Dynamical Systems 307
Simulation Setup and Calibration 308
Non-linear Design and Reproducibility 309
Emergent Simulation Parameters 309
Identity Parameters of Emergent Wholes 309
Intensive Parameters of Fluids 311
Fluid Simulation Parameters 312
[E] Enzymatic Parameters 312
[A] Aggregation Parameters 313
Emergent Tendencies and Tidal Patterns 313
Evaluation and Outlook to Post-natural Ecologies 313
References 318
Robotic Fabrication Techniques for Material of Unknown Geometry 320
Abstract 320
Introduction 320
Methods 321
Design Modelling and Performance Analysis 321
Real-Time Robotic Communication and Setup 324
Demonstrator Project 326
Results 327
Conclusion 328
Acknowledgements 329
References 330
Locally Varied Auxetic Structures for Doubly-Curved Shapes 332
Abstract 332
Introduction 332
Related Works 334
Regular and Irregular Auxetic Structures 334
Global Variation: Two-Dimensional Deformation 334
Local Deformation—Global Variation 335
Local Variation—Three-Dimensional Deformation 336
Methodology 337
Creating an Auxetic Structure from a Mesh 337
Digital Workflow 337
Fabrication and Materiality 340
Conclusion 344
References 344
This Room Is Too Dark and the Shape Is Too Long: Quantifying Architectural Design to Predict Successful Spaces 346
Abstract 346
Introduction 346
The Challenge of Workplace Design 346
Related Work 347
Methodology 349
Data Collection 349
Input Variables 349
Success Metrics 349
Dimensionality Reduction 352
Model Selection 353
Support Vector Machines 353
Model Training 354
Results 354
Model Predictions 354
Discussion 355
Conclusion 357
References 357
Modelling and Representing Climatic Data in the Tropics: A Web Based Pilot Project for Colombia 358
Abstract 358
Introduction 358
Goals for Visualisation Tools 359
Impact 360
Background 361
Work-in-Progress 362
climaJSON 362
Climate Visualisation 362
Summary 366
Conclusions 366
References 367
Thermally Informed Bending: Relating Curvature to Heat Generation Through Infrared Sensing 370
Abstract 370
Introduction 370
Related Work 374
Process Overview 375
Results and Discussion 377
Conclusion 379
Acknowledgements 380
References 380
Localised and Learnt Applications of Machine Learning for Robotic Incremental Sheet Forming 381
Abstract 381
Introduction 381
Background 381
Methods 383
Localised Method 383
Learnt Method 384
Results 387
Future Work 388
Conclusion 389
Acknowledgements 390
References 390
Energy Efficient Design for 3D Printed Earth Architecture 391
Abstract 391
Introduction—3D Printing with Mud 391
Research Context 392
Simulation and Performance Monitoring 393
Performance Results 394
Structural Performance 394
Thermal Performance 396
Ventilation Performance 398
Daylight Performance 398
Full Scale Wall Prototype 399
Conclusions 400
Acknowledgements 401
References 401
Ice Formwork for Ultra-High Performance Concrete: Simulation of Ice Melting Deformations 402
Abstract 402
Context—Fabrication of Complex Geometry in Concrete 402
A Strategy for Efficient Use of Ultra-High Performance Concrete in Architectural Constructions 402
A Strategy for Minimizing Formwork-Related Material Waste 404
Arriving to the Concept of Ice-Formwork 404
Research in the Material Science of Concrete 404
The Ice Machining Techniques—Imposing Geometry onto Ice 405
The Basic Types of Automated Methods of Processing Ice Shape 405
Arriving to the Concept of Simulation-Based Hybrid Method of Processing Ice 407
Underlying Physical Principles of Ice Melting in Saline Water Solution 408
A Preliminary Framework for Iterative Digital Simulation of Melting Deformations 409
Conclusion 410
Acknowledgements 412
References 413
Toward a Spatial Model for Outdoor Thermal Comfort 414
Abstract 414
Introduction 414
Methods 415
Identification of Parameters and Parameter Classes 415
Data Recording 415
Preliminary Analysis of Thermal Comfort Data 416
Single Variable Linear Regression and Best-Fit Curves 416
Analysis of Parameter Spatiality 419
Discussion 420
Future Outlook 422
Thermal Comfort as an Urban Design Tool 422
Thermal Comfort as an Urban Analysis Tool 422
Conclusions 422
References 423
Survey-Based Simulation of User Satisfaction for Generative Design in Architecture 424
Abstract 424
Introduction 424
A Humanist Design Approach 424
Measuring Performance 425
Office Design and Productivity 426
Quantification of Preference 426
Related Work 428
Adjacency 428
Work Style Preference 428
Methodology 429
Data Gathering 429
Designing Measures 431
Validation 433
Results 433
Conclusions 435
References 436
Navigating the Intangible Spatial-Data-Driven Design Modelling in Architecture 438
Abstract 438
Context 438
First Prototype 439
Data Capture 440
Data Visualization and Processing 442
Conclusion 445
References 446
Tailoring the Bending Behaviour of Material Patterns for the Induction of Double Curvature 447
Abstract 447
Introduction 447
Poisson’s Ratio and Its Influence on Curvature 448
Cellular Patterns 450
Auxetic Patterns 450
The Regular Honeycomb 451
The Zero Poisson Pattern 451
Bending and Its Effects on Gaussian Curvature 452
Methodology 453
Test Cases 455
Physical Prototyping 455
Numerical Simulation 456
Conclusions 457
References 457
Design of Space Truss Based Insulating Walls for Robotic Fabrication in Concrete 459
Abstract 459
Introduction 459
Masonry with Robotic Mortar Extrusion 460
Design Criteria 461
Grid Comparison 462
Results and Discussion 465
Acknowledgements 466
References 466
Collaborative Models for Design Computation and Form Finding—New Workflows in Versioning Design Processes 468
Abstract 468
Introduction 468
Background and Experiment 469
Initial Framework and Workflow Conventions 471
Process Development 473
Design System 475
Cloud-Based Data Transfers 475
Graphic Conventions 476
Process Management 477
Findings and Applications in Practice 479
Concluding Remarks 481
Acknowledgements 482
References 482
Modelling Workflow Data, Collaboration and Dynamic Modelling Practice 484
Abstract 484
Introduction 484
Modelling Workflow 485
Cognitive Ecology 486
Case: IOC Façade Model 487
Modelling Ecology 488
Iterative Computation 490
Discussion: Collaborative Workflow and Cognitive Ecology 493
Conclusion 496
Acknowledgements 497
References 497
Equilibrium-Aware Shape Design for Concrete Printing 498
Abstract 498
Motivation 498
Large Scale 3D Printing and Lack of Tools for Design Exploration 498
Compatibility of Funicular Structures and Concrete Printing 499
Objectives and Contributions 499
Related Work 500
Design Paradigm Aspects 500
Computational Aspects 501
Equilibrium of Soft-Rigid Material 501
Computational Framework 502
Synthesis of Task Graphs 502
Stability of Task Graphs 503
Procedural Shape Design 504
A Forward Approach to Synthesize Feasible Geometries 504
Fabrication Constraints 504
Interactivity 504
Static Equilibrium Model 504
Rigid-Block Equilibrium 505
Equilibrium Formulation 506
Soft-Rigid Body Equilibrium (SRBE) 507
Implementation 507
Contact Interfaces and Collisions 507
Results 508
Discussion and Future Work 508
Extension to 3D 510
Exploration of Design Space and Unification of Synthesis and Evaluation 510
Extension to Other Materials 511
Conclusions 511
References 511
Monolithic Earthen Shells Digital Fabrication: Hybrid Workflow 514
Abstract 514
Mud Shell Construction 514
Hybrid Workflow for Mud Shell Additive Manufacturing 515
Placement, Consolidation, and Finishing Loops 515
Case Studies 516
Next Steps for Mud Shell Digital Fabrication 522
Acknowledgements 524
References 525
Application of Machine Learning Within the Integrative Design and Fabrication of Robotic Rod Bending Processes 527
Abstract 527
Background 527
Introduction 528
Methods 529
Design Process 529
Fabrication Process (Toolheads and Software) 532
Machine Learning for Material Control 536
Results and Discussion 538
Final Note 539
Acknowledgements 539
References 539
Data and Design: Using Knowledge Generation/Visual Analytic Paradigms to Understand Mobile Social Media in Urban Design 541
Abstract 541
Introduction 541
First Approach: Problem Formation and Selective Data Acquisition 542
Second Approach: Large Scale Data and Selective Query 543
Third Approach: Interactive Visual Analytics and Large Data Sets 546
Future Work and Conclusions 547
Acknowledgements 548
References 548
Simulating Pedestrian Movement 550
Abstract 550
Introduction 550
Observing and Tracking Movement 551
Analysing Movement 553
Simulating the Movement of Individual Pedestrians 556
Conclusions 559
References 560
Structural Patterning of Surfaces 561
Abstract 561
Introduction 561
Background and Motivation 562
Designing with Patterns 563
Design Heuristics and Force Flow Interruption 563
Outline 563
Pattern Mapping and Isogeometric Analysis 563
Mapping Patterns 564
Isogeometric Analysis of Patterned Structures 564
Structural Patterning and Optimization 565
Pattern Operations and Workflow Integration 566
Design Parameters and Automatic Geometry Parametrization 567
Optimization 568
Conceptual Design Examples 569
Perforated Beam 569
Doubly Curved Shell 569
Conclusions 569
Future Perspectives 571
Closing Remark 573
Acknowledgements 573
References 573
Free-Form Wooden Structures: Parametric Optimization of Double-Curved Lattice Structures 575
Abstract 575
Introduction 575
A Subsection Sample 575
Design Development 577
Geometry 577
Structural Feasibility 579
Fabrication 585
Process Selection 585
Grain Orientation 586
Material Selection 587
Design Workflow 587
Approach 587
Implementation 589
Conclusion 589
References 590
The Mere Exposure Effect in Architecture 591
Abstract 591
Theory 591
Introduction 591
The Problem: Schelling’s Model of Segregation 592
The Solution: Mere Exposure Effect 593
Understanding the Impact of Circulation 597
The Foundation of the Design Modeling Tool 598
Development of a Computational Tool 599
Analyzing the Texas Donut, a Multifamily Model 599
Using the Tool 600
Models from Other Architects 602
Conclusion 603
References 604
[Kak-Tos]: A Tool for Optimizing Conceptual Mass Design and Orientation for Rainwater Harvesting Facades 605
Abstract 605
Introduction 605
Tool Logic 607
Tool Analysis 608
Implementation 612
Conclusion 613
References 613
Redundancy and Resilience in Reciprocal Systems 615
Abstract 615
Introduction 615
Redundancy: A Topological Approach 617
Graph Notation 617
From Directed Graphs to Interlocking Element Geometry 619
Redundancy and First Construction 619
Two Closely Related Constructions 620
Experimentation Phase 622
Geometry Definition 622
Tolerance and Play 623
Test Definition 623
Results 623
Observations and Qualitative Results 623
Quantitative Results 625
Exploitation of the Results: Failure Graphs 625
Conclusion 626
References 628
Negotiating Sound Performance and Advanced Manufacturing in Complex Architectural Design Modelling 629
Abstract 629
Introduction 629
General Framework 630
Overall Geometric Exploration 631
Aesthetic and Brief Requirements 631
Acoustic Requirements 632
Tectonic System 633
Materiality 633
Metal Cells 634
Oculus 635
Fabrication System 635
5-1-Geometric Tessellation 635
Construction and Folding Methods 636
Oculi Fabrication 637
Conclusion 639
Acknowledgements 639
References 640
Pneu and Shell: Constructing Free-Form Concrete Shells with a Pneumatic Formwork 641
Abstract 641
Introduction 641
Research Objective 643
Methodology 644
Applied Computational Workflow 644
Suspended Model 646
Inflated Model 648
Finite Element Analysis 648
Pneumatic Restraint Cast (PneuReCa) 649
Prototype 649
Pneuform 649
Reinforcement 652
Concrete 653
Discussion 654
Conclusion 655
Acknowledgements 656
References 656
A Computational Approach to Methodologies of Landscape Design 658
Abstract 658
Introduction 658
Towards an Integrated Urban—Natural Model Through Computation 659
The Local Eco-Region Model 659
Shanghai Case Study: Guannong Park 660
Proposed Methodology 660
Stage 1—Mapping: Guannong Park Digital Model 660
Stage 2: Site Analysis 662
Planting Analysis 662
Environmental Simulation: Solar Incidence, Wind Flow and Water Runoffs 663
Stage 3: Data Overlay 667
Stage 4 Eco-Modeling: From Micro-Climates to Eco-Climates. A Parametric Modelling Approach to Landscape Design 669
Conclusions 669
References 671
Design Tools and Workflows for Braided Structures 672
Abstract 672
Introduction—Context, Motivation and Objectives 672
Braid Representation Method 674
Design Workflows 676
Workflow 1: Modelling Target Geometries 676
Workflow 2: Generating Fabrication Instructions 677
Workflow 3: Analysing Mechanical Properties 678
Workflow 4: Generative Design 679
Evaluation 679
Conclusion and Further Work 681
Acknowledgements 681
References 681
Author Index 684
446795_1_En_56_Chapter_OnlinePDF.pdf 1
Erratum to: Humanizing Digital Reality 683
Erratum to: K. De Rycke et al., Humanizing Digital Reality, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6611-5 683
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