Dedicated Mobile Communications for High-speed Railway (eBook)

Contents 6
1 Review of the Development of Dedicated Mobile Communications for High-Speed Railway 11
1.1 Railway Development in China 11
1.2 High-Speed Railway Development in the World 13
1.2.1 High-Speed Railway Development in China 15
1.3 The Active Role of Mobile Communications for Railway 18
1.4 GSM for Railway 19
1.4.1 The Development of GSM-R 20
1.4.1.1 The Standard Formulation Stage 20
1.4.1.2 The Experimental Verification Stage 20
1.4.1.3 The Project Implementation Stage 21
1.4.2 GSM-R Key Technology and Engineering Measures 21
1.4.2.1 GSM-R Wireless Network 21
The Main Differences Between GSM-R and GSM Wireless Networks 21
GSM-R Wireless Network Reliability 22
1.4.2.2 GSM-R Core Network 22
Equipment Protection Technology 22
Network Protection Technology 22
1.4.2.3 GSM-R Matching Equipment Technology 23
1.4.2.4 GSM-R Project Implementation 23
1.4.2.5 GSM-R Business and Implementation 23
1.5 Next-Generation Mobile Communication System for Railway 24
References 27
2 Key Issues for GSM-R and LTE-R 28
2.1 GSM-R Architecture 28
2.1.1 GSM-R Network Composition 28
2.1.2 Mobile Switching Subsystem 28
2.1.3 Mobile Intelligent Network Subsystem 30
2.1.4 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Subsystem 31
2.1.5 Base Station Subsystem 32
2.1.6 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) 33
2.1.7 Terminal 34
2.2 GSM-R Network Hierarchical Structure 34
2.2.1 Mobile Switching Network 34
2.2.2 Intelligent Network 35
2.2.3 General Packet Radio Service Network 35
2.3 LTE-R Architecture 36
2.4 Key Technologies for GSM-R 46
2.5 Key Technologeis for LTE-R 51
2.5.1 The Application Requirements of the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System 53
2.5.2 The Technology System and Network Architecture of the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System 54
2.5.3 Frequency and Bandwidth Requirements of the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System 55
2.5.4 The Key Technology in the Next-Generation Railway Mobile Communication System 55
2.5.5 Hybrid Networking of GSM-R and the Next-Generation Mobile Communication System 59
2.5.6 The Evaluation and Optimization of High-Speed Railway Wireless Resource Management Mechanism 60
2.6 Summary 62
References 62
3 Radio Propagation and Wireless Channel for Railway Communications 65
3.1 High-Speed Railway Propagation Scenarios 65
3.1.1 High-Speed Railway Propagation Scenarios Definition 65
3.1.2 Propagation Scenarios of Wide-Sense Vehicle-to-X Communications 68
3.1.2.1 Deterministic Channel Model for WSV2X Channels 73
3.1.2.2 Stochastic Channel Models 74
3.1.2.3 Geometry-Based Stochastic Models 74
3.1.2.4 Summary and Selecting a Suitable Modeling Approach 74
3.2 High-Speed Railway Channel Measurements 76
3.2.1 Measurement Methods and System 76
3.2.2 Measurement Campaign 79
3.2.2.1 Channel-Sounder-Based Measurements 79
3.2.2.2 Railway-Network-Based Measurements 80
3.3 Narrowband Channel Characterization of High-Speed Railways 83
3.3.1 Path Loss 83
3.3.1.1 Path Loss Model 83
3.3.1.2 Validation 84
3.3.2 Shadow Fading 86
3.3.2.1 Standard Deviation 86
3.3.2.2 Autocorrelation Characteristics 86
3.3.2.3 Cross-Correlation Characteristics 88
3.3.2.4 Discussions 89
3.3.2.5 Model 90
3.3.2.6 Model Implementation 92
3.3.2.7 Model Validation 93
3.3.3 Small-Scale Fading 94
3.3.3.1 Fade Depth 95
3.3.3.2 Level Crossing Rate and Average Fade Duration 98
3.3.3.3 Amplitude Distribution of Small-Scale Fading 100
3.3.3.4 Envelope Autocovariance of Small-Scale Fading 104
3.3.3.5 Ricean K-Factor 105
3.4 Wideband Channel Characterization of High-Speed Railways 108
3.4.1 Delay Characteristics 108
3.4.1.1 Delay Parameter Definitions 108
3.4.1.2 Coherence Bandwidth 109
3.4.1.3 Current Investigations on Delay Characteristics 110
3.4.1.4 Future Research Directions 112
3.4.2 Doppler Effect 112
3.4.2.1 The Time-Varying Two-Path Channel Model 113
3.4.2.2 Frequency Dispersion 115
3.4.2.3 Stochastic Characteristic of Doppler Effect 116
3.4.3 Angular Characteristics 117
3.4.3.1 Angular Parameter Definitions and Estimations 117
3.4.3.2 Current Investigations on Angular Characteristics 120
3.4.3.3 Future Research Directions 122
3.5 Summary 124
References 124
4 Cooperation and Cognition for Railway Communications 132
4.1 Cooperation Scenarios 132
4.1.1 Improved Channel Reliability 136
4.1.2 Improved System Throughput 137
4.1.3 Seamless Service Provision 140
4.2 Key Techniques for Cooperation 140
4.2.1 Relay Protocol 140
4.2.1.1 Amplify and Forward 142
4.2.1.2 Decode and Forward 144
4.2.1.3 Compress-and-Forward Cooperation 148
4.2.1.4 Coded Cooperation 148
4.2.2 MIMO and Cooperative Communication 151
4.2.3 Distributed Space–Time Coding 154
4.2.4 Physical Layer Network Coding and Cooperative Communication 158
4.2.4.1 The Two-Way Relay Channels 159
4.2.4.2 The Multi-way Relay Channels 160
4.2.4.3 Physical Layer Network Coding 161
4.3 Signal Classification in Cognitive Radio 162
4.3.1 Spectrum Sensing 166
4.3.2 Automatic Modulation Classification 172
4.3.3 Specific Emitter Identification 179
4.4 Cooperation and Cognition for High-Speed Railway 183
4.4.1 Relay Selective Cooperation in Railway Network 185
4.4.2 A Cooperative Handover Scheme for High-Speed Railway 188
4.4.3 Cognition for High-Speed Railway 192
4.5 Summary 197
4.5.1 Cooperative Diversity in Wireless Sensor Networks 201
4.5.2 Cooperative Diversity in Cognitive Radio 201
4.5.3 Summary of Cognitive Radio 205
References 206
5 Resource Management for High-Speed Railway Mobile Communications 211
5.1 Introduction 211
5.2 Overview and Survey 213
5.2.1 Admission Control 213
5.2.2 Level-Based Admission Control 214
5.2.3 Handover-Based Admission Control 215
5.2.4 Priority-Based Admission Control 215
5.2.5 Resource Allocation 216
5.2.6 Interference-Aware Resource Allocation 217
5.2.7 QoS-Aware Resource Allocation 218
5.2.8 Cross-Layer Dynamic Resource Allocation 219
5.2.9 Power Control 220
5.3 Resource Allocation and Power Control 222
5.3.1 System Model 222
5.3.2 Time-Distance Mapping 223
5.3.3 BS-RS Link Capacity 224
5.3.4 Utility-Based Resource Allocation 224
5.3.5 Problem Formulation 225
5.3.6 PAT Problem 226
5.3.7 PAS Problem 227
5.3.8 Problem Transformation 229
5.3.9 The Greedy Algorithm 232
5.3.10 Numerical Results and Discussions 234
5.4 Dynamic Resource Management 241
5.4.1 System Model 241
5.4.2 Problem Formulation 244
5.4.3 Dynamic Resource Management Schemes 246
5.4.4 Lyapunov Drift-Plus-Penalty Approach 247
5.4.5 Dynamic Resource Management Algorithm 248
5.4.6 Dual Optimization Framework 251
5.4.7 Simulation Results 253
5.5 Challenges and Open Issues 257
5.5.1 Location-Aware Resource Management 258
5.5.2 Cross-Layer Based Resource Management 258
5.5.3 Energy-Efficient Resource Management 259
5.5.4 Robust Resource Management 259
5.5.5 Resource Management for 5G Communications 260
5.6 Summary 260
References 261
6 LTE-R Network 264
6.1 LTE-R Network Services 264
6.2 LTE-R Network Architecture 267
6.3 LTE-R Network Performance Evaluation 270
6.3.1 Queueing Theory 270
6.3.2 Petri Nets 271
6.3.3 Network Calculus 271
6.3.4 System Model 275
6.3.4.1 LTE-R Architecture for Train Control System 275
6.3.4.2 Stochastic Network Calculus 277
6.3.5 Stochastic Arrival Curve for Train Control Service 282
6.3.6 Stochastic Service Curve for HSR Fading Channel 283
6.3.6.1 Mobility Model 283
6.3.6.2 Data Rate Process 285
6.3.6.3 Stochastic Service Curve 287
6.3.7 Performance Evaluation 289
6.3.7.1 Derivation of Delay Bound 289
6.3.7.2 System Parameter 290
6.3.7.3 Numerical and Simulation Results 291
References 297
7 Security of Dedicated Mobile Communications for Railway 300
7.1 Security Threats of Mobile Communications for Railway 300
7.1.1 Security Threats 300
7.1.2 Security Issues in GSM-R 301
7.1.3 Problems Still Existing in GSM-R 305
7.2 Security Enhancement for GSM-R 308
7.2.1 Security Measures Taken by GSM-R System 308
7.2.2 Bidirectional Authentication 312
7.2.3 End-to-End Encryption 315
7.2.4 Anti SIM Card Clone 317
7.3 Security of Wireless Heterogeneous Networks for Railway 320
7.3.1 Fast Re-authentication in Hot Spots 321
7.3.2 Wlan and Cellular Authentication 328
7.3.3 Relay Security 330
7.3.4 Access Authentication for Mobile Trusted Computing 334
7.4 Future and Challenges 337
References 337
8 Channel Simulation Technologies for Railway Broadband Mobile Communication Systems 339
8.1 Simulation Approaches 339
8.2 Simulation Scenario for Railway 340
8.2.1 Scenario 1: Open Space SFN 340
8.2.2 Scenario 2: Tunnel Environment 341
8.2.3 Scenario 3: Open Space ENB to RP 342
8.2.4 Scenario 4: Public Network 342
8.3 Channel Model in Simulation 343
8.3.1 Single-Tap HST Channel Model 343
8.3.2 Two-Tap HST Channel Model 344
8.3.3 WINER Channel Model 346
8.4 Hardware-in-Loop Simulation Testbed 351
8.4.1 Architecture 351
8.4.2 HIL Simulation Results 352