IPv6 Fundamentals

Rick Graziani has been an instructor of computer networking and computer science courses at Cabrillo College in Aptos, California since 1994. Rick also teaches networking courses in the Computer Engineering department at the University of California, Santa Cruz and is on the Curriculum Engineering team for Cisco Networking Academy. Prior to teaching, he worked in the information technology field for Santa Cruz Operation, Tandem Computers, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, and served five years in the U.S. Coast Guard. When he is not working, he is most likely surfing at one of his favorite Santa Cruz surf breaks or hanging out with his dog, Luigi. You are welcome to use his instructional resources on his Cabrillo College website, www.cabrillo.edu/~rgraziani, for IPv6, CCNA, or CCNP information. You can email graziani@cabrillo.edu to obtain the username and password for all his materials.

Introduction xxv
Part I Introduction to IPv6 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to IPv6 3
IPv6 Is Here 3
  Why Transition to IPv6? 5
IPv4 8
  IPv4 Address Depletion 8
  CIDR 11
  NAT with Private Addresses 13
What About IPv5? 19
The Fascinating History of IPv6 19
  Some Background 20
  IPv4 Address Exhaustion and the Need for More International
  Involvement 21
  A Call for Proposals 22
  A More IP Version of IPv6 23
IPv6: More Than Just Longer Addresses 24
IPv6 Myths 25
Transitioning to IPv6 26
Summary 28
Review Questions 28
References 29
  Endnotes 29
  RFCs 29
  Websites 31
Chapter 2 IPv6 Primer 33
Hexadecimal Number System 34
IPv6 Address Types 37
  Global Unicast Address (GUA) 37
  Link-Local Unicast Address 37
  Unspecified Address 38
  Solicited-Node Multicast Address 38
Address Terminology 41
ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) 41
  Neighbor Solicitation (NS) and Neighbor Advertisement (NA) Messages 42
  Router Solicitation (RS) and Router Advertisement (RA) Messages 42
Dynamic Address Allocation 43
Summary 45
Review Questions 46
  References 48
  RFCs 48
Chapter 3 Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 49
Comparing the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers 49
  The IPv4 and IPv6 Version Fields 51
  IPv4 Internet Header Length (IHL) Field 51
  IPv4 Type of Service (ToS) and IPv6 Traffic Class Fields 52
  IPv6 Flow Label Field 54
  IPv4 Total Length Field, IPv6 Payload Length Field, and IPv6 Jumbograms 54
  IPv4 and IPv6 MTUs 56
  IPv4 Fragmentation 57
  IPv6 Fragmentation: IPv6 Source Only 58
  IPv4 Protocol and IPv6 Next Header Fields 59
  IPv4 Time to Live (TTL) and IPv6 Hop Limit Fields 62
  Checksums: IPv4, TCP, and UDP 63
  IPv4 and IPv6 Source Address and Destination Address Fields 65
  IPv4 Options and Padding Fields, IPv6 Fixed Length 65
IPv6 over Ethernet 66
Packet Analysis Using Wireshark 66
Extension Headers 69
  Hop-by-Hop Options Extension Header 72
  Routing Extension Header 74
  Fragment Extension Header 76
  IPsec: AH and ESP Extension Headers 77
  Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Extension Header 79
  Authentication Header (AH) Extension Header 81
  Destination Options Extension Header 82
  No Next Header 84
Comparing IPv4 and IPv6 at a Glance 84
Summary 86
Review Questions 86
References 86
  RFCs 86
  Websites 87
Part II IPv6 Addresses 89
Chapter 4 IPv6 Address Representation and Address Types 91
Representation of IPv6 Addresses 91
  Rule 1: Omit Leading 0s 93
  Rule 2: Omit All-0s Hextets 95
  Combining Rule 1 and Rule 2 96
Prefix Length Notation 98
IPv6 Address Types 99
  IPv6 Address Space 100
Unicast Addresses 103
  Global Unicast Address 104
  Link-Local Unicast Address 106
  Loopback Addresses 109
  Unspecified Addresses 109
  Unique Local Addresses 110
  IPv4 Embedded Address 114
Multicast Addresses 115
Anycast Addresses 118
Summary 119
Review Questions 121
References 122
  Endnote 122
  RFCs 122
  Websites 123
  Book 123
Chapter 5 Global Unicast Address 125
Structure of a Global Unicast Address 126
  Global Routing Prefix 128
  Subnet ID 129
  Interface ID 129
Manual Configuration of a Global Unicast Address 130
  Manual GUA Configuration for Cisco IOS 131
  Manual GUA Configuration with EUI-64 for Cisco IOS 135
  Manual GUA Configuration with IPv6 Unnumbered for Cisco IOS 137
  Manual GUA Configuration for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS 137
  Implementing Static Routing and Verifying Connectivity with Ping 141
Recognizing the Parts of a GUA Address and the 3—1—4 Rule 142
  Examining Other Prefix Lengths 144
Subnetting IPv6 145
  Extending the Subnet Prefix 148
  Subnetting on a Nibble Boundary 149
  Subnetting Within a Nibble 150
  Subnetting /127 Point-to-Point Links 151
  ipv6gen: An IPv6 Subnetting Tool 155
Prefix Allocation 156
  Provider-Aggregatable (PA) and Provider-Independent (PI) Address
  Space 158
General Prefix Option 160
Dynamic Addressing Methods with SLAAC and DHCPv6 162
Summary 162
Review Questions 163
References 164
  Endnote 164
  RFCs 164
  Websites 165
Chapter 6 Link-Local Unicast Address 167
Structure of a Link-Local Unicast Address 169
Automatic Configuration of a Link-Local Address 170
  EUI-64 Generated Interface ID 170
  Randomly Generated Interface ID 175
Manual Configuration of a Link-Local Address 179
Link-Local Address and Duplicate Address Detection 182
Link-Local Addresses and Default Gateways 183
ipv6 enable: Isolated Link-Local Address 184
Pinging a Link-Local Address 186
Summary 189
Review Questions 190
References 191
  RFCs 191
Chapter 7 Multicast Addresses 193
Scope 195
  Multicast with Link-Local Scope Versus Link-Local Unicast
  Addresses 197
Well-Known Multicast Addresses 198
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 202
  Mapping Unicast Address to Solicited-Node Multicast Address 204
  Mapping to the Ethernet MAC Address 206
  Verifying the Address Mappings on Cisco IOS, Windows, and Linux 210
  Multiple Devices Using the Same Solicited-Node Multicast Address 212
  One Solicited-Node Multicast Address for Multiple Unicast
  Addresses 214
Multicast Listener Discovery 216
  MLD Snooping 220
Summary 221
Review Questions 222
References 222
  RFCs 222
  Websites, Videos, and Books 223
Part III Dynamic IPv6 Addressing 225
Chapter 8 Basics of Dynamic Addressing in IPv6 227
Dynamic IPv4 Address Allocation: DHCPv4 227
Dynamic IPv6 Address Allocation 229
  ICMPv6 Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement Messages 230
  Router Advertisement Methods and the A, O, and M Flags 233
  Method 1: Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 235
  Method 2: SLAAC with Stateless DHCPv6 237
  Method 3: Stateful DHCPv6 238
DHCPv6 Services 240
  DHCPv6 Terminology and Message Types 241
  DHCPv6 Communications 245
Summary 248
Review Questions 249
References 250
  RFCs 250
  Website 250
Chapter 9 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC) 251
The RA Message and SLAAC 252
  On-Link Determination 258
Generating an Interface ID 260
  Generating the Interface ID Using the EUI-64 Process 261
  Privacy Extension for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration 266
  Privacy Extension and Generating Randomized Interface IDs 267
  Privacy Extension and Temporary Addresses 268
Autoconfigured Address States and Lifetimes 270
  Example: Autoconfigured Address States and Lifetimes 272
Router Advertisement Fields and Options 279
  Examining the Router Advertisement with Wireshark 279
  Modifying the Valid Lifetime and Preferred Lifetime in the RA
  Message 282
  Including the DNS Address in the Router Advertisement 282
  Router Advertisement Configuration Options 284
Default Address Selection 288
Configuring the Router’s Interface as a SLAAC Client 290
Summary 290
Review Questions 292
References 294
  RFCs 294
  Websites 295
  Other 295
Chapter 10 Stateless DHCPv6 297
SLAAC with Stateless DHCPv6 298
Implementing Stateless DHCPv6 300
  Configuring the RA Message’s Other Configuration Flag 300
  Configuring a Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server 303
  Verifying Stateless DHCPv6 on a Windows Client 304
  Verifying the Router as a Stateless DHCPv6 Server 305
DHCPv6 Options 306
  rapid-commit Option 306
  Relay Agent Communications 308
Summary 312
Review Questions 313
References 314
  RFCs 314
  Websites 314
Chapter 11 Stateful DHCPv6 315
Stateful DHCPv6 Messages and Process 316
Implementing Stateful DHCPv6 317
  Configuring the RA Message M Flag and A Flag 318
  Configuring a Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server 323
  Verifying Stateful DHCPv6 on a Windows Client 326
  Verifying the Router as a Stateful DHCPv6 Server 327
  DHCPv6 Options 329
IPv6 Prefix Delegation Options for DHCPv6 329
  Sample Configuration: Prefix Delegation with DHCPv6 331
Summary 340
Review Questions 341
References 343
  RFCs 343
  Websites 343
Part IV ICMPv6 and ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery 345
Chapter 12 ICMPv6 347
General Message Format 348
ICMP Error Messages 352
  Destination Unreachable 352
  Packet Too Big 355
  Time Exceeded 357
  Parameter Problem 360
ICMP Informational Messages 361
  Echo Request and Echo Reply 361
Summary 368
Review Questions 369
References 371
  RFCs 371
Chapter 13 ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery 373
Neighbor Discovery Options 374
Default Router and Prefix Determination 375
  Router Solicitation Message 375
  Router Advertisement Message 378
Address Resolution 384
  The Address Resolution Process 385
  Characteristics of the Neighbor Solicitation Message 388
  Format of the Neighbor Solicitation Message 391
  Format of the Neighbor Advertisement Message 393
Neighbor Cache 396
  Destination Cache 401
Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) 402
Neighbor Unreachability Detection (NUD) 404
Redirect Message 405
Summary 407
Review Questions 408
References 411
  RFCs 411
Part V Routing IPv6 413
Chapter 14 IPv6 Routing Table and Static Routes 415
Configuring a Router as an IPv6 Router 416
Understanding the IPv6 Routing Table 418
  Codes: NDp and ND 420
  Code: Connected 422
  Code: Local 423
Configuring IPv6 Static Routes 424
  Static Routes with a GUA Next-Hop Address 426
  Static Routes with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address 427
  Static Routes with Only an Exit Interface 428
  Default Static Routes with Link-Local Next-Hop Addresses 429
Verifying IPv6 Static Routes 430
Summarizing IPv6 Routes 433
  IPv6 Summary Static Route 435
CEF for IPv6 436
Summary 438
Review Questions 439
References 441
  RFCs 441
  Websites 441
  Books 441
Chapter 15 EIGRP for IPv6 443
Comparing EIGRPv4 and EIGRPv6 444
Classic EIGRP for IPv6 446
  Configuring Classic EIGRP for IPv6 447
  Verifying Classic EIGRP for IPv6 450
EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 456
  Configuring EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 457
  Verifying EIGRP Named Mode for IPv6 464
  Comparing EIGRP Named Mode for IPv4 and IPv6 468
Summary 470
Review Questions 472
References 473
RFC 473
  Websites 473
  Books 473
Chapter 16 OSPFv3 475
Comparing OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 476
Traditional OSPFv3 479
  Configuring Traditional OSPFv3 480
  Verifying Traditional OSPFv3 485
OSPFv3 with Address Families 492
  Configuring OSPFv3 with AF 493
  Verifying OSPFv3 with AF 499
  Configuring OSPFv3 for an IPv4 Island 507
Summary 509
Review Questions 511
References 513
  RFCs 513
  Websites 513
  Books 513
Part VI Implementing IPv6 515
Chapter 17 Deploying IPv6 in the Network 517
IPv6 Address Plan Considerations 518
  Encoding Information in the Subnet ID 521
  VLAN-Mapped Subnet ID 523
  IPv6 Address Plans 524
IPv6 VLANs 525
IPv6 First Hop Redundancy Protocols 529
  ICMPv6 Neighbor Discovery 530
  HSRP and VRRP 533
  GLBP 534
  Selecting an FHRP 536
Dual Stack 536
  IPv6 Address Format in URL Syntax 538
DNS 539
  DNS Query and Response 543
  Happy Eyeballs 545
IPv6 Access Control Lists 546
  Configuring IPv6 ACLs 546
Transition Technologies 550
  Translation with NAT64 551
  Other Translation Techniques 559
Tunneling IPv6 560
Conclusion 566
Summary 566
Review Questions 568
References 570
  RFCs 570
  Websites 571
Appendixes
Appendix A Configuring NAT64 and IPv6 Tunnels 573
Appendix B IPv6 Command Quick Reference 601
Appendix C Answers to Review Questions 615
9781587144776, TOC, 5/10/2017