Emerging Challenges for Experimental Mechanics in Energy and Environmental Applications, Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Experimental Mechanics and 9th Symposium on Optics in Industry (ISEM-SOI), 2015 (eBook)

Preface 5
Contents 6
Chapter 1: Optical Imaging Through Horizontal-Path Turbulence: A New Solution to a Difficult Problem 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Fourier Domain Imaging and Fourier Telescopy 11
1.3 Time-Average Fourier Telescopy 12
1.4 Calculating the Average Magnitude and Phase 13
1.5 Concluding Remarks 14
References 14
Chapter 2: Aluminum Strain Measurement by Beam Propagation 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Developments 16
2.2.1 Optics 16
2.2.2 Mechanics 17
2.3 Experimental Setup and Data Processing 17
2.4 Results and Discussion 18
2.4.1 Theoretical Demonstration 20
2.5 Conclusions 25
References 25
Chapter 3: The Technique of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Determination of Heavy Metals in the Receiving Body of Wa... 26
3.1 Introduction 26
3.2 Methodological Development 27
3.2.1 Samples Preparation and Calibration Curve 27
3.2.1.1 Fortified Samples for the Calibration Curve 27
3.2.1.2 Ni and Cu Fortified Samples 27
3.2.2 Experimental Facility 28
3.2.3 Application of LIBS Technique and Identification of Emission Lines 28
3.2.4 Neural Network 29
3.3 Results and Discussion 29
3.3.1 Analysis of the Spectra Obtained with the LIBS Technique 29
3.3.2 Analysis of the Spectra of the Membranes with the PAST Software 31
3.4 Conclusions 31
References 34
Chapter 4: Applications of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in the Identification of Bacteria 36
4.1 Introduction 36
4.2 Experimental Methodology 37
4.2.1 Samples Preparation 37
4.2.2 Experimental Installation 37
4.2.3 Identification of Spectral Lines 38
4.3 Results and Discussion 38
4.4 Conclusions 40
References 40
Chapter 5: Residual Stresses Measurement by the Hole-Drilling Technique and DSPI Using the Integral Method with Displacement C... 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Radial In-Plane DSPI Interferometer 41
5.3 Residual Stress Calculation 43
5.4 Experimental Verification 46
5.5 Conclusions 47
References 47
Chapter 6: On the Separation of Complete Triaxial Strain/Stress Profiles from Diffraction Experiments 48
6.1 Introduction 48
6.2 Goniometers 48
6.3 Fundamental Equations 49
6.4 Simulation 50
References 52
Chapter 7: Quantification of Slow Mechanical Displacements in Metal Samples by Optical Polarization Phase Shift DSPI 53
7.1 Introduction 53
7.2 Digital Speckle Pattern Interferometry 54
7.3 Experimental Configuration 55
7.4 Results 55
7.5 Conclusions 58
References 58
Chapter 8: Comparative Analysis of Optoelectronic Properties of Glucose for Non-invasive Monitoring 59
8.1 Introduction 59
8.2 Measuring Glucose Concentration from its Chemical Properties 60
8.3 Measuring Electrical Properties of Glucose 60
8.4 Optical Properties of Glucose 61
8.4.1 Changes of Intensity 61
8.4.2 Polarization 61
8.4.3 Absorption Spectroscopy 62
8.4.4 Fluorescence 62
8.5 Other Properties of Glucose 63
8.5.1 Thermal Properties 63
8.5.2 Acoustic Properties 63
8.6 A Summary of Emerging Methods for Glucose Detection 64
8.7 Conclusions 66
References 66
Chapter 9: Phase Shifting Interferometry Using a Coupled Cyclic Path Interferometers 68
9.1 Introduction 68
9.2 Slope of Non-Birefringent Samples 68
9.3 Four Step-Algorithm 69
9.4 Experimental Setup 70
9.5 Experimental Results 70
9.6 Conclusions 72
References 72
Chapter 10: Identification of Microorganisms Using Digital Holographic Microscopyƒ 73
10.1 Introduction 73
10.2 Determination of Phase Maps Using DHM 73
10.3 Experiments and Results by Transmission DHM 75
10.4 Conclusions 75
References 76
Chapter 11: Noise Reduction in Off-Axis Digital Holography Reconstruction from Two Reconstruction Distances Based on Talbot Ef... 77
11.1 Introduction 77
11.2 Method 78
11.2.1 Filtering Process 79
11.2.2 Talbot Effect 79
11.3 Simulations 79
11.4 Experimental Results 82
11.5 Conclusion 84
References 84
Chapter 12: Study of Temperature Distribution Over a Stirling Engine by Using the Schlieren Technique 86
12.1 Introduction 86
12.2 Theoretical Background 87
12.2.1 Optical Background 87
12.2.2 Stirling Engine 88
12.3 Experiment 89
12.4 Results 89
12.5 Conclusions 90
References 92
Chapter 13: On Axis Fringe Projection 93
13.1 Introduction 93
13.2 On Axis Fringe Pattern Model 94
13.3 Experiment and Results 95
13.4 Conclusions 99
References 100
Chapter 14: Instrument for Recording Purkinje Images 101
14.1 Introduction 101
14.2 Optical System to Make Purkinje Images 103
14.3 Methodology 103
14.4 Thresholding Process 104
14.5 Image Segmentation 104
14.6 Centroid Calculation 106
14.7 Results 106
14.8 Conclusions 108
References 108
Chapter 15: Ultrasonic Arc Maps and Its Potential Application in Non-destructive Testing 110
15.1 Introduction 110
15.2 Ultrasonic Arc Maps 111
15.2.1 Spatial Voting and Threshold (VT) 111
15.2.2 Morphological Processing (MP) 112
15.2.3 Triangulation-Based Fusion (TBF) 112
15.3 Potential Application at NDT 113
15.4 Experiment 113
15.5 Conclusion 114
References 114
Chapter 16: Phase-Shifting Generated by Wavelength Modulation by Means of Switching On-Off a Laser Diode 115
16.1 Introduction 115
16.2 Methodology 116
16.3 Experimental Setup 116
16.4 Phase Calculation 117
16.5 Conclusions 118
References 118
Chapter 17: Index of Refraction Measurements in Liquid Substances of Full Field Using Holographic Interferometry 120
17.1 Introduction 120
17.2 Principles and Experimental Setup 121
17.3 Experimental Method and Results 122
17.4 Conclusions 123
References 125
Chapter 18: Geometrical Thickness Measurement of Thin Films by a Transmitted Gaussian Beam 127
18.1 Propagation of the Gaussian Beam 127
18.2 Homodyne Detector 128
18.3 Experimental Section 129
18.4 Conclusions 130
References 130
Chapter 19: Topography and Color Study of an Object Using Fringe Projection and Colorimetry Techniques 131
19.1 Introduction 131
19.2 Theory 131
19.2.1 Fringe Projection 131
19.2.2 Colorimetry 132
19.3 Experimental Part 133
19.4 Results 135
19.5 Conclusions 139
References 140
Chapter 20: Temperature Measurement of a Synthetic Jet Produced by a Helmholtz Cavity 141
20.1 Introduction 141
20.2 Theoretical Background 142
20.2.1 Deflection of Rays 142
20.2.2 Fringe Deflection 143
20.3 Experimental Results 144
20.4 Conclusions 146
References 147
Chapter 21: Gates´ Interferometer as Fringe Projection System for Recovering 3D Shapes 148
21.1 Introduction 148
21.2 Fringe Projection Technique 149
21.3 Experimental Set Up 150
21.4 Results and Discussion 151
21.5 Conclusions 151
References 153
Chapter 22: Development of an Automated Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy System for Compositional Mapping of Surfaces 154
22.1 Introduction 154
22.2 Experimental Development 154
22.3 Experimental Setup 155
22.4 Visual Interface 155
22.5 Analysis of the Spectra 157
22.6 Experimental Tests 158
22.7 Conclusions 158
References 159
Chapter 23: Artificial Visual System Used for Dental Fluorosis Discrimination 160
23.1 Introduction 160
23.2 Methodology 161
23.2.1 Experimental Setup 161
23.2.2 Control and Study Case of Fluorosis Image Algorithms 162
23.2.3 ANN Analysis 163
23.2.4 Visual Diagnosis 163
23.3 Results 163
23.4 Conclusions 164
References 166
Chapter 24: Inspection of Laser Ablated Transparent Conductive Oxide Thin Films by a Multifunction Optical Measurement System 167
24.1 Introduction 167
24.2 Theory of White-Light Scanning Interferometry 168
24.3 Experimental System and Procedure 169
24.3.1 Structure of Experimental System 169
24.3.2 Experimental Procedure 169
24.4 Results and Discussions 170
24.5 Conclusions 173
References 173
Chapter 25: LIBS Technique for Identification of Crude Oils 174
25.1 Introduction 174
25.2 Experimental Methodology 175
25.2.1 Samples Preparation 175
25.2.2 Experimental Facility 175
25.2.3 Spectral Lines Identification 175
25.3 Results and Discussion 176
25.4 Conclusions 178
References 178
Chapter 26: 3D Displacement Distribution Measurement Using Sampling Moire Method with Multiple Cameras 179
26.1 Introduction 179
26.2 Principle 180
26.2.1 Sampling Moire Method 180
26.2.2 3D Displacement Measurement Method with Multiple Cameras 181
26.3 Experiment of 3D Displacement Distribution Measurement with a Cantilever 183
26.4 Conclusions 186
References 186
Chapter 27: Automatic Generation of Codes for Routine of CNC Machining Based on Three-Dimensional Information Obtained by Frin... 187
27.1 Introduction 187
27.2 Fringe Projection Theory 188
27.2.1 Least Squares Algorithm 188
27.2.2 Unwrapping Phase 189
27.3 System Developed 190
27.4 Results 190
27.5 Comments and Conclusions 192
References 193
Chapter 28: Automatic Generation of Movement Sequences to Robotic Arm Based on Three-Dimensional Data Obtained Through Fringe ... 194
28.1 Introduction 194
28.2 Fringe Projection Theory 195
28.2.1 Least Squares Algorithm 195
28.2.2 Unwrapping Phase 197
28.3 System Developed 197
28.4 Results 198
28.5 Comments and Conclusions 198
References 199
Chapter 29: Application of Optomecatronics Load Cell for Measuring Work Force and Efforts in Industrial Machinery 201
29.1 Introduction 201
29.2 Description 202
29.3 Experimental Part 202
29.4 Conclusions 204
References 204
Chapter 30: ASE Noise Attenuation for Signal at 1548.4nm Through a Sagnac Interferometer Using High-Birefringence Fiber Which ... 205
30.1 Introduction 205
30.2 Experimental Setup 206
30.3 Methodology 206
30.4 Results and Analysis 207
30.5 Conclusions 209
References 210
Chapter 31: Single-Shot Phase Shifting Interferometry for Microscopic Measurements of Non-Birefringent Transmissive Phase Samp... 211
31.1 Introduction 211
31.2 Phase Processing Algorithm 212
31.3 Experimental Setup 212
31.4 Experimental Results 212
31.5 Final Remarks 214
References 215
Chapter 32: Design of a Customized Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis 216
32.1 Introduction 216
32.2 Methodology 217
32.3 Discussion 219
32.4 Conclusions 220
References 221
Chapter 33: Finite Element Static Analysis Simulation for a Grain Dispenser Mechanism 222
33.1 Introduction 222
33.2 Methodology 223
33.3 Results 226
33.4 Conclusions 228
References 228
Chapter 34: Controlling Bounce of Vacuum Circuit Breakers´ Contacts 229
34.1 Introduction 229
34.2 Theory 231
34.2.1 Estimation of Collision Forces 231
34.2.2 Estimation of Reaction Forces Between Contacts 232
34.2.3 Control of Bounce Occurrence 232
34.3 Experiments 233
34.3.1 Modal Testing 234
34.3.2 Accelerations and Forces in VCB Closing Process 234
34.4 Discussion 235
34.4.1 Validity of FRF From Coupling Analysis 235
34.4.2 Prediction of Reaction Forces Between Contacts 235
34.5 Conclusions 236
References 236
Chapter 35: Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Effects of Fiber Orientation of Wood Stiffness 237
35.1 Introduction 237
35.2 Digital Image Processing 237
35.3 Materials and Experimental Procedure 238
35.4 Finite Element Method 238
35.5 Results and Discussions 239
35.6 Conclusions 242
References 242
Chapter 36: Auto-Calibration and Micro-Flow Injection Procedure Based on Automated Hydrodynamic System for Spectrophotometric ... 243
36.1 Introduction 243
36.2 Hydrodynamic System 244
36.3 Electronic Control and Wireless Communication 245
36.4 Reagents and Microanalyzer 245
36.5 Procedure 245
36.5.1 Cobalt Spectrophotometric Measurement 245
36.5.2 Auto-Calibration Process 246
36.5.3 Automation Process 247
36.6 Results 248
36.6.1 Precision and Accuracy of Automated Hydrodynamic System 248
36.6.2 Analytical Results 248
36.6.3 Electrical Result 249
36.7 Conclusion 249
References 250
Chapter 37: Mathematical Model to Predict the Stress Concentration Factor on a Notched Flat Bar in Axial Tension 252
37.1 Nomenclature 252
37.2 Introduction 252
37.3 Method 254
37.4 Development 256
37.5 Results 257
37.6 Conclusions 258
References 258
Chapter 38: Mechanical Implementation of Kinematic Synergy for Multi-Point Grasping 260
38.1 Introduction 260
38.2 Development Objectives 261
38.3 Proposed Mechanism 262
38.4 Movement Dynamics 262
38.5 Kinetics Study 263
38.6 Conclusions and Further Work 267
References 267
Chapter 39: Cascaded Ultra-Low Reflective Fiber Points for Distributed Sensing 268
39.1 Introduction 268
39.2 Experimental Setup 269
39.3 Processing of the Sensor Signal 271
39.4 Experimental Results 272
39.5 Conclusion 274
References 274
Chapter 40: Object Surface Representation Via NURBS and Genetic Algorithms with SBX 275
40.1 Introduction 275
40.2 Basic Theory 275
40.3 Surface Representation via NURBS and GA 276
40.4 Experimental Results of Object Representation via NURBS Based on GA 278
40.5 Conclusions 279
References 279
Chapter 41: Photo-Oxidation of Polystyrene Film Irradiated with UV-B 280
41.1 Introduction 280
41.2 Theory 281
41.3 Materials and Methods 281
41.3.1 Material 281
41.3.2 Exposure to UV-B Radiation 281
41.3.3 Spectroscopy IR 281
41.4 Results 281
41.5 Conclusions 283
References 284
Chapter 42: Dynamic Analysis of Trawl Doors Applied in Bottom Trawls to Catch Shrimp 285
42.1 Introduction 285
42.2 Description of the Trawl Door ``INAZTECA´´ 286
42.3 Mathematical Model 287
42.3.1 Analysis of Forces on the Trawl Door 287
42.3.2 Matrix Form of the Mechanical Structure 289
42.4 Conclusions 293
References 293
Chapter 43: Simulator of an Adaptive Optics System Using Matlab 294
43.1 Introduction 294
43.2 Materials and Methods 295
43.2.1 Shack-Hartmann Sensor 295
43.2.2 Deformable Mirror (DM) 296
43.3 Results 298
43.4 Conclusions 301
References 301
Chapter 44: Design, Development and Validation of an Artificial Muscle Biomechanical Rig (AMBR) for Finite Element Model Valid... 302
44.1 Introduction 302
44.2 Design and Development 303
44.2.1 Requirements 303
44.2.2 Mechanical Layout 303
44.2.3 Optical Measuring System 305
44.2.4 Mechatronic Design 305
44.2.4.1 Artificial Muscles System 306
44.2.4.2 Control System 306
44.3 Evaluation 306
44.3.1 Validation of the Actuation System 307
44.3.2 Validation of the Motion Capture System 307
44.3.3 Biomechanical Studies 307
44.4 Discussion and Outlook 309
References 309
Chapter 45: Application of Laser Light on the Development of Equipment for the Study of Proteins 311
45.1 Introduction 311
45.2 Experimental Procedures 312
45.2.1 Reagents and Antibodies 312
45.2.2 Cell Culture 312
45.2.3 Incubation with Wnt Ligands and Pharmacological Inhibition of PKCzeta 312
45.2.4 Flow Cytometry 312
45.3 Results 313
45.4 Conclusions 313
References 314
Chapter 46: Organic Solar Photovoltaic Cells 316
46.1 Introduction 316
46.2 Theory OPVs 317
46.3 OPVs Fabrication Procedure 317
46.3.1 Experimental Procedure 317
46.3.2 Spin Coating Method 318
46.4 Results and Characterization 319
46.5 Conclusions 320
References 321
Chapter 47: Fiber Bragg Gires-Tournois Interferometer Etalons as Fiber Sensor 322
47.1 Introduction 322
47.2 Experimental Setup 322
47.3 Results and Discussion 323
47.4 Conclusion 323
References 324
Chapter 48: Cleaning of Tantalum Capacitor Electrode Surface by Laser in Multipulse Regime 325
48.1 Introduction 325
48.2 Experimental Development 326
48.2.1 LIBS Facility 326
48.2.2 Samples of Study 326
48.2.3 Application of LIBS Technique and Identification of Spectral Lines 327
48.2.4 Optical Coherence Tomography 327
48.3 Results and Discussion 328
48.3.1 Analysis of the Capacitor 328
48.3.2 Analysis of the Resin 328
48.4 Conclusions 332
References 332
Chapter 49: High Quality Polishing Procedure of Glass Substrates: Application in Integrated Optics 334
49.1 Introduction 334
49.2 Materials and Tools 334
49.3 Procedure Details 335
49.3.1 Cut of Glass Substrate 335
49.3.2 Assembly of the Glass Substrates Over a Plane Surface 335
49.3.3 Grinding Stage 336
49.3.4 Polishing Stage 336
49.3.5 Flatness Testing 338
49.3.6 Unblocking and Cleaning 339
49.4 Results and Discussion 339
49.5 Conclusion 340
References 342
Index 343