Proceeding of International Conference on Intelligent Communication, Control and Devices (eBook)

Rajesh Singh received his Ph.D from University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, M.Tech (Gold Medalist) in Digital Communication from Rajeev Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal, India and received his B.E. degree in Electronics & Communication Engineering from B.R. Ambedkar University Agra, India. Rajesh Singh, is currently associated with University of Petroleum and Energy studies, Dehradun as Assistant Professor (SG) and with additional responsibility as Head Institute of Robotics Technology (R&D). He has total 14 years of teaching experience with reputed institutes. His area of expertise includes embedded systems, robotics and wireless sensor networks. He has won young scientist award in 2012. He has organized and conducted special sessions at different conferences, number of workshops, summer internships and expert lectures for students as well as faculty. Dr. Singh is an active member of syllabus designing and course development activities. He has total six patents filed. More than fifty research papers in various refereed journals/conferences. He is peer reviewer for conferences and journals and submitted eight research proposals to various funding agencies as Principal Investigator. He got Certificate of Appreciation from Texas center at NSIT, New Delhi and Laureate award of excellence in robotics engineering in Spain for his mentorship to students who has participated in national/international competitions. In last four years, he has been awarded twice with Certificate of Appreciation from University of Petroleum and Energy Studies for exemplary work. He has supervised fifteen postgraduate thesis and more than fifty undergraduate projects. His sole aim is to motivate students to come with innovative ideas and make them feel free to think and enhance their skills.Sushaban Choudhury is Head of Department of Electronics, Instrumentation and Control in University of Petroleum and Energy Studies. He has teaching experience of 26 years. He has complted his M.Tech from Tezpur Central University, Tezpur, India and received his B.E. degree from NIT, Silchar University, India. Mr. Choudhury has published more than 50 papers in various national/international conferences/journals. He has Filed 05 patents. His area of interest is Zigbee based wireless networks. He has been selected as the Outstanding Scientist of the Twenty First Century by the Cambridge Biographical Centre, UK.  He has also selected in the who’s who of the world in science by Marquis Who’s Who, USA.

Preface 6
Conference Organizing Committee 8
Keynote Speakers 13
Contents 15
About the Editors 27
1 Differential Voltage Current Conveyor-Based One-Shot Pulse Generator Circuit Implementation 29
Abstract 29
1 Introduction 29
2 Circuit Discussions and Working Ideology 30
2.1 Fundamental Idea and Construction of DVCC 30
2.2 Proposed DVCC-Based Model Discussions 32
3 Fabrication Criteria and Examined Outputs 34
4 Conclusions 35
References 35
2 Sign Language Interpretation Using Pseudo Glove 36
Abstract 36
1 Introduction 36
1.1 Background Information 37
2 Objective 37
3 Components Used 37
3.1 Flex Sensors 37
3.2 Bluetooth Module 38
3.3 Playback IC 38
3.4 16 × 2 LCD Screen 38
3.5 Microcontroller 38
4 Proposed Model 39
5 Computation, Testing, and Results 41
6 Comparison with Related Work 44
7 Conclusion 44
8 Future Scope 44
References 45
3 Commercial Aviation: The Legal Travails of Automation, Future Shock and the Zen of Machine Take Over 46
Abstract 46
1 Introduction 46
2 The Operative Concerns in Automation 47
2.1 The View at the Cockpit of the Pilot 47
2.2 Air Traffic Control 48
2.3 Aircraft Design and Maintenance Issues 49
2.4 Aircraft Maintenance and the Assembly Line 50
2.5 Passenger Handling 51
2.6 Cargo Handling 51
3 Conclusion or the Zen of Machine Takeover 51
References 53
4 Prediction Models for Global Solar Radiations, Diffused Radiations and Direct Solar Radiations Using ANFIS 54
Abstract 54
1 Introduction 54
2 Data Used and Proposed Methodology 56
2.1 Input Variables Used for Prediction Models 56
2.2 ANFIS Based Solar Radiation Prediction 56
2.3 Proposed Methodology for Solar Radiation Prediction Model 57
3 Different ANFIS Prediction Models Analysis 58
3.1 ANFIS-1 Radiation Prediction Model 58
3.2 ANFIS-2 Radiation Prediction Model 59
3.3 ANFIS-3 Radiation Prediction Model 60
4 Conclusion and Final Analysis 62
References 63
5 Forensic Analysis of Residual Artifacts from Private Browsing Sessions in Linux 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 66
1.1 Web Browsers 66
1.2 Private Browsing Mode or Incognito Mode 66
2 Related Work 67
3 Methodology 69
3.1 Tools and Techniques Required 69
3.2 Plan of Action 71
4 Implementation 72
4.1 Sanitizing and Setting up Storage Device 72
4.2 Live Memory Acquisition 73
4.3 Static or Dead Acquisition 74
5 Analysis Results 74
6 Conclusion and Future Scope 75
References 75
6 Prediction of Voltage Collapse in Power System Using Voltage Stability Indices 76
Abstract 76
1 Introduction 76
2 Formulation of Voltage Stability Indices 77
3 Description of Nine Bus Test System 78
4 Methodology to Determine Different Stability Indices 78
5 Results 79
6 Conclusion 83
References 83
7 Adaptive Routing Mechanism for Real-Time Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Two-Hop Information 84
Abstract 84
1 Introduction 84
2 Real-Time Routing Protocols for WSNs 85
3 Design of EE-ARP for RT-WSN 87
3.1 Identification and Removal of Much Delayed Packets 87
3.2 Removal of Much Delayed Packets 88
3.3 Adaptive Transmission Power Algorithm 89
3.4 Forwarding Metric 90
4 Performance Evaluation 90
5 Conclusion and Future Scope 91
References 91
8 Mitigation and Analysis of Very Fast Transient over Voltages (VFTOs) of Transformer in 1000 KV Gas-Insulated Substation (GIS) Using Wavelet Transform 94
Abstract 94
1 Introduction 95
2 Scheme of Evaluation of Very Fast Transient over Voltages 95
2.1 Wavelet Transform 96
2.2 Power Transformer 98
2.3 Disconnecting Switch (DS) 98
3 Methods of Mitigation and Analysis of Very Fast Transient over Voltages of Proposed System 99
3.1 RC Filter Method 99
3.2 Ferrite Ring Method 100
3.3 Nanocrystalline Method 100
4 Simulation Results of the Proposed System 101
5 Conclusions 111
Acknowledgments 112
References 112
9 Application of PSO Technique in Multiarea Automatic Generation Control 114
Abstract 114
1 Introduction 114
2 System Investigated 115
3 Simulation and Results 116
4 Conclusion 119
References 119
10 Toward EEG Spectral Analysis of Tomographic Neurofeedback for Depression 121
Abstract 121
1 Introduction 121
2 What is Neurofeedback 122
2.1 Tomographic Neurofeedback 122
2.2 z-Score sLORETA NFT 123
3 Literature Review 124
4 Methodology 124
4.1 Neurofeedback Protocol and Data Collection 124
4.2 EEG Signal Processing 124
5 Results and Discussion 125
6 Conclusion 126
References 126
11 Comparison of Performance Metrics of ModAODV with DSDV and AODV 128
Abstract 128
1 Introduction 128
2 Comparison of ModAODV Protocol with DVR Protocol 129
3 Identification and Utilization of Special Neighbors 129
3.1 Forwarding Neighbor (FN) 130
3.2 Dependent Neighbor (DN) 130
3.3 Co-Neighbor (CN) 130
4 Results and Analysis 131
4.1 Measuring Throughput 131
4.2 Measuring Packet Delivery Ratio 133
4.3 Measuring Normalized Routing Overhead 133
5 Conclusion 135
References 135
12 Detection and Location of Faults in Three-Phase 11 kV Underground Power Cables by Discrete Wavelet Transform 136
Abstract 136
1 Introduction 136
2 Strategies for Fault Detection and Localization 137
2.1 Wavelet Transform 138
3 Scheme of Evaluation of Proposed System 139
4 Simulation Results of the Proposed System 139
5 Conclusions 147
Acknowledgments 147
References 148
13 Comparative Study of the Methodologies Used in Low-Power Master–Slave Flip-Flops 149
Abstract 149
1 Introduction 149
2 Different Modes of Single Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flops 150
2.1 Transmission Gate Flip-Flop (TGFF) 150
2.2 High-Performance Flip-Flop (HPFF) 151
2.3 Push-Pull Isolation Flip-Flop (PPIFF) 151
2.4 Low-Power D Flip-Flop (LPDFF) 151
2.5 Pass Transistor Flip-Flop (PTLFF) 152
3 Result and Analysis 152
4 Conclusion 154
5 Future Scope 154
References 154
14 Wrist Pulse Signal Features Extraction: Virtual Instrumentation 156
Abstract 156
1 Introduction 157
2 Pulse Signal Preprocessing 158
3 Implementation Technique: First Derivative Method in LabVIEW 158
3.1 Implementation Technique 159
4 Time Domain Features 161
5 Conclusion 162
References 162
15 Optimized Swarm Architectures in Airborne Internet 164
Abstract 164
1 Introduction 164
2 Airborne Internet 165
3 FSO in Airborne Networks 166
4 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 167
5 Ground–Aircraft Link 167
6 Inter-Airborne Communication 168
7 Intra-Airborne Communication 168
8 Proposed UAV Architecture 168
References 170
16 Operational Amplifier-Based Fractional Device of Order s±0.5 171
Abstract 171
1 Introduction 171
2 Proposed Design Procedure 172
2.1 Continued Fraction Expansion 172
2.2 Circuit Description 173
3 Simulation Results 175
3.1 Figures 177
4 Conclusion 178
References 178
17 A Novel Approach for Designing PID Controller for Set-Point Tracking for a HVAC Process 180
Abstract 180
1 Introduction 180
2 PID Controller Tuning Formulas (Standard) 181
3 Methodology 182
4 Results 184
5 Conclusion 185
References 185
18 Performance Analysis of FSO Link Using CO-OFDM Under the Effect of Atmospheric Turbulence 186
Abstract 186
1 Introduction 186
2 Model Description 187
3 Results and Discussion 188
4 Conclusion 190
Acknowledgments 191
References 191
19 Reliable and Fast Data Transmission Mechanism for Congested Wireless Sensor Network 192
Abstract 192
1 Introduction 192
2 Transmission Control Protocol 194
3 Proposed Mechanism 194
4 Results 195
5 Conclusion 197
References 197
20 Performance Analysis of FSO System for Different Fog Conditions 199
Abstract 199
1 Introduction 199
2 Performance Parameters of FSO Link 200
3 Simulation Results 202
4 Conclusion 202
References 204
21 Performance Analysis of Multibeam WDM-FSO System in Clear and Hazy Weather Conditions 206
Abstract 206
1 Introduction 206
1.1 WDM-FSO Systems 207
1.2 Multibeam WDM-FSO System 207
2 System Design 207
2.1 System Considerations 207
2.2 Haze Effect 208
2.3 Design Parameters 209
2.3.1 System 1 (Preexisting System) 209
2.3.2 System 2 209
3 Results and Discussion 210
3.1 System 1 Versus System 2 210
4 Conclusion 211
Acknowledgments 211
References 212
22 Triangular Inset Fed C-, X-, and Ku-Band Antenna for Satellite and Radar Applications 213
Abstract 213
1 Introduction 213
2 Antenna Design 214
3 Results and Discussion 215
4 Conclusion 218
References 218
23 In-service Pipeline Inspection Crawler 219
Abstract 219
1 Introduction 219
2 Main Components of Crawler with Chosen Justification 220
3 Software and Coding Platform for Crawler 222
4 Results and Discussion 223
5 Conclusion 225
References 225
24 Femtocell-Based Load Balancing Using a Noncooperative Game 226
Abstract 226
1 Introduction 226
2 System Architecture for Femtocell Selection 227
3 Noncooperative Game 229
4 Results and Discussion 230
4.1 Comparative Study 230
5 Conclusion 232
Acknowledgments 232
References 232
25 Study of Conventional Control Algorithms for PV-Based Grid-Connected Microgrid 233
Abstract 233
1 Introduction 233
2 Design of Control Algorithms 234
2.1 Synchronous Reference Frame Theory 234
2.2 Unit Template Algorithm 235
2.3 Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory 236
2.4 Conductance Fryze Algorithm 237
3 Simulation Results 237
4 Conclusions 239
References 239
26 Design of 10.24 Tb/s DWDM System Using NRZ Modulation Format with Narrow Channel Spacing 240
Abstract 240
1 Introduction 240
2 Experimental Setup 241
3 Results and Discussion 243
4 Conclusion 246
References 247
27 Validation of ANN-Based Model for Binary Distillation Column 248
Abstract 248
1 Introduction 248
2 Lab Setup of BDC 250
3 Neural Network Model Development 250
4 Training for the Neural Network Model 252
5 Simulation Results 252
5.1 Training Performance 252
5.2 Comparison with Experimental Data 253
6 Conclusion 254
References 254
28 A VDVTA-Based Novel Configuration for Realizing Grounded Inductance 256
Abstract 256
1 Introduction 256
2 Proposed VDVTA-Based Grounded Inductor Simulator 258
3 Nonideal Analysis and Sensitivity Calculations 259
4 Application Example 260
5 SPICE Simulation Results 261
6 Conclusions 262
References 262
29 In-campus Generator-Substation Monitoring and Control Using LabVIEW 264
Abstract 264
1 Introduction 264
2 Related Work 265
3 System Description 266
4 Results and Conclusions 270
References 270
30 Performance Analysis of Interleaved Coupled Inductor Boost DC–DC Converter Fed Induction Motor Drive 271
Abstract 271
1 Introduction 271
2 Simulation Results 272
2.1 Proposed Circuitry with R-Load 272
2.2 Interleaved Coupled Inductor Boost DC–DC Converter Fed Induction Motor 273
2.3 Fault at Phase a MOSFET Gate Terminal 274
2.4 Phase a MOSFET Blown off Fault 274
2.5 Line to Ground Fault 275
3 Result and Conclusion 276
References 277
31 RSSI-Based Indoor Robot Localization System Using LabVIEW 278
Abstract 278
1 Introduction 278
1.1 Previous Works 279
2 System Description 280
2.1 Hardware Description 281
3 Methodology 282
4 Software Development 283
5 Results and Discussion 285
6 Conclusion 287
References 287
32 Performance Estimation of WDM Radio-over-Fiber Links Under the Influence of SRS Induced Crosstalk 289
Abstract 289
1 Introduction 289
2 Theoretical Modeling 290
3 Results and Discussions 292
4 Conclusion 293
References 294
33 Design and FPGA Implementation of 32-Point FFT Processor 295
Abstract 295
1 Introduction 296
2 FFT Processor Design 297
3 Simulation and Synthesis Results 299
4 Device Utilization Summary of 32-Point FFT 300
5 Conclusion 301
References 301
34 Performance Enhancement in WDM-FSO System Using Optical Amplifiers Under Different Rain Conditions 303
Abstract 303
1 Introduction 303
2 System Design 304
3 Analysis of Simulation Results 305
3.1 Comparison of Two Systems 306
4 Conclusion 307
References 308
35 Fuzzy-Based Multi-Objective Optimization for Subjection and Diagnosis of Hybrid Energy Storage System of an Electric Vehicle 309
Abstract 309
1 Introduction 309
2 Ultracapacitors 310
3 Hybrid Battery-Ultracapacitor 310
3.1 Comparing Systems 311
4 Fuzzy-Based Control 312
5 Simulation and Results 314
5.1 Control of Hybrid Energy Storage 314
6 Failures of Ultracapacitors 315
6.1 Fuzzy-Based Fault Detection 316
7 Conclusion 316
References 316
36 MDS3C: Modified Digital Signature Scheme for Secure Communication 318
Abstract 318
1 Introduction 318
1.1 Drawback of Digital Signature 319
2 Literature Review 319
3 Algorithm 320
3.1 Algorithm Process 320
3.2 Proposed Algorithm 320
4 Implementation 321
5 Conclusion 323
References 324
37 Autonomous Operation of Wind-Battery Hybrid Power System with Intelligent Power Management Capability 325
Abstract 325
1 Introduction 325
2 System Explanation 326
3 Mathematical Modeling of WT and PMSG 326
4 Intelligent Power Management Scheme 327
4.1 Blade Pitch Angle Controller 327
4.2 Voltage Controller 328
4.3 Switching Controller 329
5 Results and Discussion 329
6 Conclusion 331
Appendix 331
References 331
38 Performance Analysis of a Novel Text Watermarking Technique for Devanagari Text 333
Abstract 333
1 Introduction 333
2 Previous Work 334
3 Proposed Work 336
3.1 The Embedding Algorithm 336
3.2 The Extraction Algorithm 337
4 Experimental Results and Discussion 337
5 Conclusion 339
Acknowledgments 340
References 340
39 Evaluation of Entropy-Based Segmentation Techniques for Automated Skin Disease Detection 342
Abstract 342
1 Introduction 342
2 Proposed Method 343
2.1 Image Acquisition and Preprocessing 344
2.2 Segmentation Using Entropy-Based Method 344
3 Results and Discussion 345
4 Conclusion 346
Acknowledgments 347
References 347
40 Futuristic Automobile Accident and Theft Notifier with Location Tracker 349
Abstract 349
1 Introduction 349
2 Internal Subdivision of the Device 350
2.1 Internal Subdivision Is Divided into Four Units 350
3 Circuit Diagram 352
3.1 Description of the Circuit 352
4 Software Development Process 353
4.1 Description of the Program 353
5 Conclusion 355
References 355
41 Design and Comparative Analysis of Controllers for Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) 356
Abstract 356
1 Introduction 356
2 Modelling of CSTR 357
3 Controller Design 360
3.1 PID Controller 360
3.2 Fuzzy Control 362
4 Result Analysis 363
5 Conclusion 368
References 368
42 Performance Analysis of Reactive, Proactive and Hybrid Routing Protocol Used in Petroleum Tank Over Network Control Systems 371
Abstract 371
1 Introduction 371
2 Problem Formulation 372
2.1 Brief View of the Study System 372
3 QualNet 5.0 373
3.1 Protocols 373
3.1.1 DSR 373
3.1.2 Optimized Link State Protocol 373
3.1.3 Zone Routing Protocol 373
3.2 Performance Parameter 374
3.2.1 E2E Delays 374
4 Setup of Virtual Network for the Study System 374
5 Performance Evaluation of a Remote Controlled Actuator of a Petroleum Tank 375
6 Conclusions 377
References 377
43 Dead Time Compensation in Sugar Crystallization Process 379
Abstract 379
1 Introduction 379
2 Process Model 381
3 Smith Predictor Design 381
4 Improvement in Disturbance Rejection 384
5 Conclusion 384
References 385
44 Performance Analysis of AMC-Based Bowtie-Shaped Slotted Antenna for Terahertz (THz) Applications 386
Abstract 386
1 Introduction 387
2 Antenna Design 388
3 Simulated Results and Discussion 388
3.1 Return Loss of the Design 389
3.2 VSWR of the Design 389
3.3 Gain of the Design 390
3.4 Radiation Pattern of the Design 390
4 Conclusion 392
References 392
45 ANFIS-Based Fault Diagnosis Tool for a Typical Small Aircraft Fuel System 394
Abstract 394
1 Introduction 394
2 Recent Research Review 396
3 Proposed Fault Diagnosis Tool 398
3.1 Proposed Aircraft Fuel System Design 398
3.2 ANFIS Diagnosis Tool Development 400
4 Results and Discussion 403
5 Conclusions 406
References 406
46 Control of Reactive Power of RES-Based Hybrid Isolated Power System Using UPFC 409
Abstract 409
1 Introduction 409
2 Basic Structure of UPFC 410
3 Test System Configuration 412
4 Simulation Results 414
5 Conclusion 417
Appendix 417
References 418
47 Intelligent Image Interpreter: A Semi-automatic Detection of Ships by Image Analysis of Space-Borne SAR Image Using SVM 419
Abstract 419
1 Introduction 419
1.1 Objective 420
2 Background 420
3 Study Area and Datasets Used 420
4 Methodology 421
4.1 Implementation of Algorithm 422
5 Results and Analysis 422
6 Accuracy Assessment 424
7 Discussion 424
7.1 Human Supervision 424
8 Conclusion 425
8.1 Future Scope 425
References 425
48 Design and FPGA Implementation of DSSS for Near-Far Effect in MANET 426
Abstract 426
1 Introduction 427
2 Near-Far Effect 428
2.1 Channel Access Mechanism 429
3 Block Diagram of DSSS MAC System 431
4 Simulation Results 432
5 Device Utilization Summary 433
6 Conclusions 434
References 434
49 Air Mouse: An Everyday Mouse for the Ease of Computing 436
Abstract 436
1 Introduction 436
2 Materials and Method 437
2.1 Design and Outlook 437
2.2 Components and Fabrication 437
3 Operation and Program Design Flow 438
3.1 Hardware Operation 438
3.2 Program Operation Flow 439
3.3 Applications 441
4 Conclusion 442
References 442
50 A Novel Approach for Continuous Pain Intensity Estimation 443
Abstract 443
1 Introduction 443
2 Feature Extraction 445
2.1 Face Registration 445
2.2 Thin Plate Spline Features 445
2.3 Local Binary Pattern 445
3 Database 446
4 Experimental Results 447
5 Conclusion 449
References 449
51 A Design and Application of Forest Fire Detection and Surveillance System Based on GSM and RF Modules 451
Abstract 451
1 Introduction 451
2 Proposed System 453
2.1 Node 453
2.2 Head 453
2.3 Main Server 454
3 Hardware Development 455
3.1 Node 455
3.2 Head 455
3.3 Main Server 456
4 Component Description 456
5 Result and Discussion 458
6 Future Scope of the Work 458
References 459
52 Generation of Electricity by Piezoelectric Crystal in Dance Floor 460
Abstract 460
1 Introduction 460
1.1 Power Generating Dance Floor 461
2 Relation Between Potential Gradient and Pressure 461
2.1 Resonator Model 463
2.2 First-Generation Model Development 463
2.3 Second-Generation Model Derivation 464
2.4 Calculation of Damping Constant (?) 465
2.5 Simulink 466
3 Conclusion 467
References 468
53 Cylindrical Metallic Pin Structure Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wideband Application 469
Abstract 469
1 Introduction 469
2 Antenna Structure and Designing 470
3 Simulation Results 473
4 Conclusions 474
References 474
54 Low THD ±0.75 V 32 nm CNFET Quadrature VCO for PLL and Costas-Loop Applications 476
Abstract 476
1 Introduction 476
2 Proposed CNFET Voltage-Controlled Current Conveyor (CNFET-VCCC) 478
3 Proposed Quadrature Vco 480
4 Nonideal and Parasitic Analysis 481
5 Simulation Results 482
6 Conclusion 484
References 484
55 Design of Quadratic Equations Multiplier (for upto 2-Bit Number) Using Vedic Technique 486
Abstract 486
1 Introduction 486
2 Design Methodology 487
2.1 Multiplying by Vedic Multiplication Method 488
3 Internal Architecture of Multiplier 489
3.1 Explanation of Architecture 489
4 Simulated Result 490
5 Conclusion and Future Scope 491
References 491
56 Design Improvement and Assessment of Efficiency of Three Phase Induction Motor Operating Under the Rated Voltage 492
Abstract 492
1 Introduction 493
1.1 Analysis of Efficiency Under the Rated Supply Voltage 494
1.2 Results and Discussions 495
2 Conclusion 498
References 498
57 Finite Element Analysis of Wing Design 500
Abstract 500
1 Introduction 500
2 Methodology 501
3 Motivation 501
4 Design Optimization 502
5 Material 503
6 Results and Discussion 503
7 Conclusion 505
References 505
58 A Minimal Realization Universal Filter Employing Third-Generation Current Conveyor and Operational Transconductance Amplifier 507
Abstract 507
1 Introduction 507
2 Introduction to Ota and CCIII 508
3 Circuit Configuration 509
4 Simulation Results 510
5 Conclusion 512
References 513
59 Design of 30 MHz CMOS Operational Amplifier 514
Abstract 514
1 Introduction 514
2 Op-amp Architecture 515
3 Design Methodology 516
4 Simulation and Results 518
5 Conclusion 519
Acknowledgment 520
References 520
60 Line Flow Indices for Placement of Distributed Energy Sources in Relieving Transmission Line Congestion 521
Abstract 521
1 Introduction 522
2 Problem Formulation 523
2.1 Congestion Management Problem Without DG Placement Considering Fixed Demand 523
2.2 Loss Flow Indexes for DG Placement 524
2.3 Congestion Management Problem Considering DG 525
3 Algorithm for Relieving Congestion in Transmission Lines 526
4 Results 526
5 Conclusion 528
References 529
61 Design and Development of Android-Based BOT for Medicine and Food Distribution to Patients 531
Abstract 531
1 Introduction 531
2 Proposed Model 532
2.1 Serial Communication Architecture 532
2.2 Bluetooth Module 533
2.3 Algorithm of VHDL Coding for Robot 533
2.4 Technical Specifications of Bluetooth-Controlled Robot 534
2.5 Android Application of BT Robot Controller 534
3 Results 534
3.1 Final Structure of Android-Based BOT 535
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 536
References 537
62 Integration of Renewable Energy Resources for Rural Electrification 538
Abstract 538
1 Introduction 538
2 Methodology 539
2.1 Reconnaissance Survey 539
2.1.1 Village Details 540
2.1.2 Resources Assessment 540
2.1.3 Village Load Estimation/Prediction 540
2.1.4 Component Assessment 540
2.1.5 Sensitive Inputs 542
2.2 Simulation Model 542
3 Results and Discussions 542
4 Conclusion 544
References 544
63 A Vision of IoT: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities with Dehradun Perspective 545
Abstract 545
1 Introduction 545
2 Smart City Concept and Services 546
2.1 Earthquake Monitoring 547
2.2 Landslide and Forest Fire Monitoring 547
2.3 Waste Management 548
2.4 Traffic Congestion 549
2.5 Energy Management 549
2.5.1 Urgency to Act 549
3 Urban IoT Architecture 550
3.1 Web Service-Based Architecture 550
3.2 Link Layer 551
3.3 IoT Peripheral Nodes 551
4 Conclusion 551
References 551
64 LQR and PID Design Technique for an Electric Furnace Temperature Control System 552
Abstract 552
1 Introduction 552
2 Electric Furnace Temperature System 553
3 Controller Design and Simulation Results 554
3.1 PID Controller 554
3.2 LQR Technique 556
4 Performance Comparison and Discussion 556
5 Conclusion 557
References 557
65 Design and Development of Low-Cost Wireless Parameter Monitoring System for Nuclear Power Plant 559
Abstract 559
1 Introduction 559
2 Proposed System 560
2.1 Sensor Node 561
2.2 Radiation Sensor 562
2.3 Control Room 562
3 Circuit and Simulation 562
4 Deployment Strategy of ‘N’ Nodes 564
5 Proteus Simulation 566
6 Analysis with LabVIEW 567
7 Results and Discussion 567
8 Conclusion 569
References 569
66 The Real-Time Hardware Design and Simulation of Thermoelectric Refrigerator System Based on Peltier Effect 571
Abstract 571
1 Introduction 571
2 Hardware Developments 572
2.1 Power Supply of 5 Volt 572
2.2 Embedded Microcontroller 572
2.3 Display Module 573
2.4 ISP Serial Programmers 573
2.5 Sensor Controller Circuit 574
2.6 LM35 Temperature Sensor 574
2.7 TEC-12706 (Solid State Device) 575
3 Software Development 576
3.1 IDE Windows 576
3.2 AVRDUDE 577
4 Conclusion and Future Scope 577
References 579
67 Smart Geyser with Usage Profiling to Reduce Electricity Consumption 580
Abstract 580
1 Introduction 580
2 Proposed System 581
3 Prototype Development 582
4 Hardware Development 583
5 Circuit Description 584
6 Software Development 585
7 Proteus Simulator 585
8 Result and Discussion 588
9 Conclusion and Future Scope 588
References 588
68 Stabilization of Underactuated Mechanical System Using LQR Technique 590
Abstract 590
1 Introduction 590
2 A Two-Link Inverted Pendulum 591
3 LQR Controller 593
4 Results and Discussion 594
5 Conclusion 597
References 597
69 A Particle Swarm Optimization Based Switching Scheme for Seven-Level Cascaded Hybrid Bridge Inverter 598
Abstract 598
1 Introduction 598
2 Seven-Level Cascaded Hybrid Bridge Inverter 599
3 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm 601
3.1 PSO Algorithm for Seven-Level CHB Inverter 601
4 Simulink Model and Results 602
5 Conclusion and Future Scope 603
References 604
70 Analysis of Wavelet Transform and ANFIS-Based Fault Detection and Classification 605
Abstract 605
1 Introduction 606
2 Detection of Faults Using Wavelet Transform 606
3 Classification of Fault Using ANFIS 607
4 Flow Chart for Detection and Classification of Faults in the Power System 607
5 Simulink Model of Proposed Fault Detection in Power System 607
6 ANFIS Results and Discussion 609
7 Conclusion 612
References 612
71 Study of Power Spectrum Estimation of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential-Based BCI System Using AR Model Approach 613
Abstract 613
1 Introduction 613
2 SSVEP System 614
2.1 Fundamentals of Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials 614
2.2 SSVEP-Based BCI System 614
3 PSD Estimation Using FFT and AR Model 615
3.1 DFT Approach to Calculate the PSD 615
3.2 AR Model to Calculate the PSD 616
4 Result and Discussion 618
References 619
72 Market-Clearing Price Forecasting for Indian Electricity Markets 621
Abstract 621
1 Introduction 621
2 Approaches 623
2.1 Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) 623
2.2 Correlation Analysis 623
2.3 Performance Evaluation 624
3 Grouping of Hours of the Day 624
3.1 Grouping Based on Correlation Matrix 624
3.2 Grouping Based on Peak and Off-Peak Values of MCP 625
4 Data Collection 626
5 Results 626
5.1 Correlation Grouping Results 626
5.2 Peak and Off-Peak Grouping Results 627
6 Conclusion 629
References 630
73 Outage Capacity Performance Analysis of Dual-Hop Multiple-Relay Decode-and-Forward System for Generalized /varvec{/eta} - /varvec{/mu} Fading Channel 631
Abstract 631
1 Introduction 631
2 System Model 632
3 Performance Analysis 634
3.1 Outage Capacity 636
4 Analytical Results 637
5 Conclusion 638
References 638
74 Design for Structured Uncertainty of Mass Spring System Using Robust Control Technique 640
Abstract 640
1 Introduction 640
2 Robust Control 641
3 Result 645
4 Conclusions 646
References 646
75 Scalable Design and Synthesis of 3D Mesh Network on Chip 647
Abstract 647
1 Introduction 648
2 System Design 648
2.1 Frame Format 649
3 Hardware Utilization on FPGA 649
4 Results and Discussions 650
5 Conclusions 651
References 651
76 Application of Remote Sensing in the Monitoring of Biogas Production 653
Abstract 653
1 Introduction 654
2 Experimental Details 655
3 Results and Discussion 656
4 Conclusion and Recommendation 657
Acknowledgments 657
References 657
77 Parallel Algorithm for LaGrange’s Interpolation on BSN-Mesh 659
Abstract 659
1 Introduction 659
2 Computational Model (BSN-MESH) 660
3 Methodology 662
4 Parallel Algorithm 662
4.1 Proposed Parallel Algorithm 663
4.2 Time Complexity Analysis 666
5 Result and Discussion 667
6 Conclusion 667
Acknowledgments 667
References 667
78 Design of Broadband Monopole Microstrip Antenna Using Rectangular Slot 669
Abstract 669
1 Introduction 669
2 Results and Discussion 670
3 Conclusion 674
References 674
79 HAAR like Feature-Based Car Key Detection Using Cascade Classifier 675
Abstract 675
1 Introduction 675
2 Methodology 676
2.1 Code Syntax 677
3 Results 678
4 Conclusion 678
Acknowledgments 679
References 679
80 Global Stability of Dynamic Model for Worm Propagation in Wireless Sensor Network 681
Abstract 681
1 Introduction 681
2 Model Formulation 684
3 Existence of Positive Equilibrium 685
4 The Stability Analysis 685
5 Simulation and Result 687
6 Conclusion 689
References 690
81 WPAN-Based Energy Efficient Automation System for Buildings 691
Abstract 691
1 Introduction 692
2 Proposed System 693
3 Prototype Development 694
4 Software Development 695
5 Result and Conclusion 698
References 698
82 An Intelligent GA-Optimized Fuzzy Controller for Automatic Generation Control for a Two-Area Interconnected System 700
Abstract 700
1 Introduction 700
2 Modeling of System 701
3 The Proposed Approach 701
3.1 PI Controller 701
3.2 Design of Fuzzy Logic Controller 702
3.3 Choice of Fitness Function 702
3.4 Length of Chromosome 702
3.5 Selection of Parameter Bounds 703
3.6 The GA Program Stopping Criterion 704
4 Results and Discussions 704
4.1 Membership Functions 705
5 Conclusion and Future Direction 706
References 706
83 Design and Verification of 16-Bit Vedic Multiplier Using 3:2 Compressors and 4-Bit Novel Adder 708
Abstract 708
1 Introduction 708
2 Existing Techniques 709
2.1 Array Multiplier 709
2.2 Vedic Multipliers: Using Urdhwa Tiryagbhyam Sutra and 4-Bit Novel Adder 710
3 Proposed Multiplier 710
4 Results 713
4.1 Simulation Results 713
4.2 Delay Tables and Graphs 714
4.3 RTL Schematics 715
5 Conclusion 716
6 Future Scope 716
References 717
84 Brain Tumor Segmentation in Glioma Images Using Multimodal MR Imagery 718
Abstract 718
1 Introduction 719
2 Methodology 720
2.1 Image Acquisition 720
2.2 Preprocessing 720
2.3 Segmentation and Tumor Extraction 721
2.4 Evaluation 721
3 Results and Discussion 722
4 Conclusion 723
References 723
85 Design and Sizing of Decentralized Grid-Connected Solar Power Plant 725
Abstract 725
1 Introduction 725
2 Solar Photovoltaic Energy 726
2.1 Components of Photovoltaic System 726
2.1.1 PV Panels 726
2.1.2 Inverter 726
3 Rooftop Grid-Connected Solar Power Plant 727
4 PVsyst and Proposed Work 727
5 Conclusion 729
References 730
86 Effect of Faults on Power Electronic Devices for ZSI-Fed Induction Motor Drive System 731
Abstract 731
1 Introduction 731
2 Methodology 732
2.1 Three-Phase ZSI-Fed Induction Motor Load 732
2.2 Line to Ground Fault of Z-Source Inverter 732
2.3 Faults at the One of the Phase of the MOSFET Gate 734
2.4 Faults at the One of the Phase of the MOSFET Gate 735
3 Conclusion 736
References 736
87 Design of a Multiband Filter for Future Wireless Communication 737
Abstract 737
1 Introduction 737
2 Literature Overview 738
2.1 Main Contribution of This Paper 738
3 Quadband Filter Design 738
4 Mathematical Analysis of Proposed Filter 739
4.1 Preliminary Design of Filter 739
5 Fabricated and Simulated Results of Proposed Filter 741
6 Conclusion 743
References 744
88 Gait-Based Human Recognition by Multiple Wavelet Coherence 745
Abstract 745
1 Introduction 745
2 Literature Overview 746
2.1 Wavelet Coherence Overview 747
2.2 Main Contribution of this Paper 747
3 Multiple Wavelet Coherence Based Human Recognition 748
3.1 Wavelet Coherence of 1D Signals 748
3.2 Multiple Wavelet Coherence 749
3.3 Proposed Gait Recognition Method 749
3.4 Pre-processing 749
3.5 1D Signal Extraction 749
3.6 MWC of Dynamic Body Parts 750
4 Conclusion 752
Acknowledgments 752
References 753
89 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Automatic Segmentation of Brain MRI of Newborn and Premature Infants Using Neural Network 754
Abstract 754
1 Introduction 754
2 Method and Material 756
2.1 First Segmentation Stage 756
2.2 Second Segmentation Stage 756
2.3 Third Segmentation Stage 758
3 Results 758
4 Conclusion 758
References 759
90 An Efficient Handoff Using RFID Tags 761
Abstract 761
1 Introduction 762
2 Related Works 762
3 System Architecture 762
4 Handoff Procedure 764
5 Performance Evaluation 765
5.1 Results and Discussion 766
6 Conclusion 767
Acknowledgments 767
References 767
91 A Robust and Fast Technique to Detect Copy Move Forgery in Digital Images Using SLIC Segmentation and SURF Keypoints 769
Abstract 769
1 Introduction 769
2 Proposed Method 770
2.1 SLIC Superpixel Segmentation 771
2.2 SURF Keypoints Detection 771
2.3 Feature Points Matching 772
3 Experiments and Analysis 773
4 Conclusion 774
References 774
92 VPBC: A Varying Probability-Based Clustering for Energy Enhancement in WSN 776
Abstract 776
1 Introduction 777
2 Existing Hierarchical Routing Techniques 777
3 First-Order Radio Model 778
4 Proposed Methodology 779
5 Results 780
6 Conclusion 782
References 783
93 Biosignal Acquisition of Stress Monitoring Through Wearable Device 784
Abstract 784
1 Introduction 784
1.1 GSR 785
1.2 GSR Schematic 785
1.3 Proteus Simulation 785
2 Materials and Methods 786
2.1 Methods 786
3 Results and Discussion 787
4 Conclusion 789
References 789
94 Implementation of Heartbeat Sensing Using PSoC3 791
Abstract 791
1 Introduction to ECG 791
2 Materials and Methods 792
2.1 Instrumentation Amplifier 792
2.2 Gain Stage with Feedback 793
2.3 DC Restorer 793
2.4 Low-Pass Filter 793
2.5 Notch Filter 793
3 PSoC Hardware and Software Implementation 794
4 Results 794
Acknowledgments 795
References 795
95 Design and Implementation of Wearable Device for Water Management System for Household Usage 797
Abstract 797
1 Introduction 797
2 Proposed System 798
2.1 Block Diagram 798
2.2 Prototype Development 798
2.3 Circuit Diagram 799
2.4 Algorithm 801
3 Software Development 801
3.1 Proteus Simulation 801
4 Result and Conclusion 803
References 803
96 High Speed-Low Power Divide-by-16/17 Dual Modulus Prescaler Using C2MOS 804
Abstract 804
1 Introduction 804
2 Prescaler Design 805
2.1 C2MOS D-Flip Flop 805
2.2 Divide-by-16/17 CMOS Prescaler 806
2.3 Divide-by-16/17 C2MOS Prescaler 807
2.4 Divide-by-16/17 C2MOS Prescaler Operation 808
3 Analysis and Simulation 809
4 Conclusion 810
References 811
97 Design and Optimization of Luggage Tracking System on Airport 812
Abstract 812
1 Introduction 812
2 Proposed System 813
2.1 Block Diagram 813
2.2 Prototype Development 814
2.3 Circuit Diagram 814
3 Proteus Simulation 814
4 Result and Conclusion 816
References 816
98 Contact Thickness Variation Effect on Performance of Novel Organic Thin Film Transistor 818
Abstract 818
1 Introduction 818
2 Simulation Setup 820
3 Results and Discussion 820
4 Conclusion 823
References 823
99 Comparative Analysis of Various Adaptive Filter Structures Using Simulink 825
Abstract 825
1 Introduction 825
1.1 Adaptive Filters 826
1.2 NLMS Algorithm 826
1.3 RLS Algorithm 827
1.4 BLMS Algorithm 827
2 Implementation 827
3 Results 828
4 Conclusion 831
References 831
100 Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Dust Fouling on PV Module 833
Abstract 833
1 Introduction 833
2 Experimental Analysis 834
2.1 Apparatus Description 834
2.2 PV Module Specification 835
2.3 Dust Samples 835
3 Results and Discussion 836
4 Conclusion 837
References 839
101 Study of Parametric Effects on Solid Oxide Fuel Cell 840
Abstract 840
1 Introduction 840
2 Modeling of SOFC 841
3 Results and Discussion 842
3.1 Effect of Temperature, Reactants Flow Pressure, and Membrane Resistance 842
3.2 Effect of Activation Voltage Drop Constants k1, k2, k3, and k4 843
3.3 FC Efficiency, Power Density, and Voltage at Fixed Temperature and Different Reactants Flow Pressure 843
3.4 FC Efficiency, Power Density, and Voltage at Fixed Reactants Flow Pressure and Different Operating Temperature 845
4 Conclusion 846
References 846
102 Performance Investigation of ANN Controller-Assisted Small Hydro Power Generation System 847
Abstract 847
1 Introduction 847
2 System Description 848
3 Mathematical Modeling of System 848
3.1 Small Hydro-Turbine 848
3.2 Synchronous Machine 850
4 ANN-Based Water Flow Rate and Gross Head Control Strategy 850
5 Results and Discussion 850
5.1 Steady-State Analysis 850
5.2 Dynamic Analysis 851
6 Conclusions 853
Appendix 853
References 853
103 GA-Tuned 2DOFPID-Based Biomass Concentration Control of Bioreactor 854
Abstract 854
1 Introduction 854
2 Problem Formulation and Mathematical Modeling of Bioreactor 855
3 Two Degree of Freedom PID (2DOFPID) Controller 856
4 Genetic Algorithm (GA) 857
5 Results and Discussion 858
6 Conclusion 860
References 860
104 Microcontroller and FPGA-Based Analysis of 8 × 48 LED Matrix Display with Keyboard Interface 861
Abstract 861
1 Introduction 861
2 System Description 862
3 Flow Chart of Simulation Model 865
4 FPGA Synthesis 865
5 Results and Discussions 867
6 Conclusion 868
References 868
105 Software Reliability Prediction Based on Ensemble Models 869
Abstract 869
1 Introduction 869
2 Literature Survey 870
3 Proposed Work 871
3.1 Ensemble Model 871
3.2 FFNN Component 872
3.3 RBFN Component 873
3.4 Performance Measures 873
4 Experimental Results and Comparison 874
4.1 Performance Comparison 875
5 Conclusion 875
References 876
106 Wireless Sensor Network Based Patient Health Monitoring and Tracking System 877
Abstract 877
1 Introduction 878
2 Related Works 878
3 Proposed System 880
3.1 Hardware Development 881
3.2 Algorithm and Software Development 885
3.3 Patient Module 885
3.4 Data Receiver Module 885
3.5 Central System Module 887
3.6 Graphical User Interface (GUI) Development 887
4 Results and Discussions 887
5 Conclusion and Future Work 888
References 889
107 Maple Leaf Planar Fractal Antenna for Energy Harvesting Applications 892
Abstract 892
1 Introduction 892
2 Antenna Structure Design 893
3 Discussions and Results 894
4 Conclusions 897
References 897
108 Performance of Dual Metal-Double Gate Tunnel Field Effect Transistor with Different Dielectrics 899
Abstract 899
1 Introduction 899
2 Schematic of DMG-DGTFETs 900
3 SMG-DGTFET’s 901
4 DMG-DGTFET’s 901
5 DMG-DGTFET with Different Dielectrics 903
6 Conclusion 905
References 905
109 An In-Memory-Based Big Data Analytics with Two-Level Storage on Private Cloud 906
Abstract 906
1 Introduction 906
2 Literature Review 908
2.1 Apache Hadoop 908
2.2 Apache Spark 908
2.3 Tachyon 908
2.4 Survey 909
3 Proposed Idea 909
4 Proposed Architecture 910
5 Experimental Evaluation and Preliminary Result 911
6 Conclusion 912
References 913
110 Drive Current Boosting Using Pocket Implant Near to the Strained SiGe/Si Source with Single-Metal/ Dual-Metal Double-Gate Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor 914
Abstract 914
1 Introduction 915
2 Schematic of DMG-DGTFET Based on SiGe/Si Source and Pocket Implant 915
2.1 Simulation Model and Structure Parameters 915
2.2 SMG-DGTFET Based on Strained SiGe/Si Source and Pocket Implant 916
3 DMG-DGTFET Based on Strained SiGe/Si Source and Pocket Implant 916
4 Effect of Ge(x) Mole Fraction in Strained SiGe Source 919
5 Conclusion 920
References 920
111 Distributed Intrusion Detection System for TCP Flood Attack 922
Abstract 922
1 Introduction 923
1.1 Distributed DoS 923
1.2 Classification of DDoS 923
1.2.1 Network Layer Attacks 923
1.2.2 Transport Layer Attacks 924
1.2.3 Application Layer Attacks 924
2 Related Work 924
2.1 Network IDS 924
2.2 Distributed IDS 925
3 Proposed Intrusion Detection Mechanism 926
3.1 Packet Sniffer 926
3.2 Feature Extraction 926
3.3 Detection Policy 926
3.4 Message Exchange 926
4 System Implementation 926
5 Comparative Analysis 927
6 Conclusions 928
References 928
112 An Optimized Approach: Air Energy Trap System in Railways for Power Generation 930
Abstract 930
1 Introduction 931
2 Theory and Principle Involved 932
2.1 EMF Equation 932
3 Fabrication and Methodology 933
4 Mathematical Calculation 934
4.1 System Efficiency 934
5 Conclusion 935
References 935
113 Implementation of Ladder Logic for Control of Pipeline Inspection Robot Using PLC 936
Abstract 936
1 Introduction 937
2 Hardware System 938
3 Software Algorithms 939
4 Visualization and HMI 940
5 Result and Discussions 941
References 942
114 Design of Wearable Device for Muscle Fatigue Monitoring 943
Abstract 943
1 Introduction 943
1.1 Proposed System 944
2 Methodology 944
3 Algorithm 945
4 Result and Simulation 945
5 Discussion and Conclusion 946
References 948
115 A Novel Design of Inexpensive, Heavy Payload and High Mobility ORQ Robot 949
Abstract 949
1 Introduction 950
2 Mechanical Design of ORQ Robot 950
2.1 Body and Driving System 950
2.2 2-DOF Flippers and Driving System 952
2.3 Mechanical Joints 953
3 Working Methodology of ORQ Robot 953
3.1 Off Road Terrain 953
4 Mathematical Operation of the Design Response 954
4.1 Maximum Speed of ORQ Robot 955
4.2 Energy of the ORQ Robot 955
4.2.1 Potential Energy 955
4.3 Kinetic Energy 955
5 Experimental Result 956
5.1 Normal Terrain 957
5.2 Rough Terrain 957
5.3 Staircase 957
6 Comparison with Other Quadruped Robot 958
7 Conclusions 958
References 958
116 Hindi Dialect (Bangro) Spoken Language Recognition (HD-SLR) System Using Sphinx3 960
Abstract 960
1 Introduction 960
2 Literature Review 961
3 Hindi Dialect Spoken Language Recognition System 962
3.1 Training Phase 962
3.1.1 Acoustic Analyzer 962
3.1.2 Language Model Builder 963
3.1.3 Acoustic Model Builder 964
3.2 Testing Phase 964
3.2.1 Decoder 964
4 Result 965
5 Conclusion 966
Acknowledgments 967
References 967
117 Fingerprint-Based Attendance System Using MATLAB 968
Abstract 968
1 Introduction 968
2 Related Works 969
3 Methodology 969
3.1 Feature Extraction and False Feature Detection and Removal 970
3.2 Region of Interest and Validation 970
4 Result 971
5 Conclusion 972
References 973
118 Investigations on the Effects of Partial Shading and Dust Accumulation on PV Module Performance 974
Abstract 974
1 Introduction 974
2 Experimental Setup 975
3 PV System 976
4 Results and Discussion 976
4.1 Partial Shading 977
4.2 Dust Accumulation 977
5 Conclusion 979
References 980
119 Design and Development an Embedded System for Multichannel Data Acquisition for Use in Networked Monitoring System 982
Abstract 982
1 Introduction 982
1.1 The Overall Design of the System 983
1.2 RS-422 Serial Communication Over RS-232 983
1.3 Interfacing DAQ with RS-422 984
1.4 Nios II Processor 984
2 Design Implementation 985
2.1 Hardware Generation System 985
2.2 Software Generation System 985
3 Result 986
References 987
120 Early Stage Identification of Localized Brain Atrophy Using Bioimage Processing Algorithms 988
Abstract 988
1 Introduction 988
1.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging 989
1.2 DICOM Images 989
2 Challenges in Bioimages Handling and Processing 989
3 Proposed Approaches for Atrophy Detection 990
4 Applied Methodologies 991
5 Results 991
6 Conclusion 993
Acknowledgments 994
References 994
121 Dual Gate Organic Inverter Circuit Behavior Analysis Based on Diode Load Logic Configuration 995
Abstract 995
1 Introduction 995
2 Simulation Setup 996
3 DG-OTFT: The Electrical Characteristics and Extraction of Parameter 997
4 DG-OTFT Inverter Circuit 997
5 Conclusion 999
References 1000
122 Substrate Integrated Waveguide Leaky Wave Antenna with Backward to Forward Scanning Capability 1002
Abstract 1002
1 Introduction 1002
2 Design of SIW-Based LWA Design 1003
2.1 Proposed Structure 1003
2.2 SIW and Unit Cell Design 1003
3 Simulated Results 1005
3.1 S Parameters 1005
3.2 Radiation Patterns 1006
4 Conclusion 1007
Acknowledgments 1007
References 1007
123 Optimal Power Dispatch in Competitive Market 1009
Abstract 1009
1 Introduction 1009
2 Dynamic Energy Dispatch 1010
2.1 Objective Function 1010
2.2 Inequivalent Constraints 1011
2.3 Equality Constraints 1011
3 Particle Swarm Optimizing 1011
4 Result and Discussion 1012
5 Conclusions 1015
References 1015
124 Improvement in Performance of OLED by Introducing Additional Hole Blocking Layer 1017
Abstract 1017
1 Introduction 1017
2 Simulation Setup 1018
3 Results and Discussion 1020
4 Conclusion 1021
References 1022
125 Background Subtraction Method for Object Detection and Tracking 1023
Abstract 1023
1 Introduction 1023
2 Related Work 1024
3 Proposed Method 1025
3.1 Background Subtraction and Object Extraction 1025
3.2 Object Tracking Using Kalman Filtering 1026
4 Experimental Analysis 1027
5 Conclusion 1029
References 1029
126 Impact of Gate Thickness Variation and Dielectric on the Performance of Vertical Organic Thin Film Transistor 1030
Abstract 1030
1 Introduction 1031
2 Organic Static Induction Transistor—A Type of VOTFT 1031
3 Simulation Setup, Device Dimensions, and Material Properties 1033
4 Results and Discussion 1033
4.1 Influence of Gate Electrode Thickness on OSIT Transfer Characteristics 1034
4.2 Influence of Using Gate Dielectric on OSIT Transfer Characteristics 1035
5 Conclusion 1036
References 1036
127 Depth Analysis of Organic Bilayer Solar Cell and Their Performance Parameters Extraction 1038
Abstract 1038
1 Introduction 1038
2 Simulation Setup 1039
3 Results and Discussion 1040
4 Conclusion 1043
References 1043
128 Four-Stage Telecommunication Switching Design and Synthesis 1044
Abstract 1044
1 Introduction 1044
2 Four-Stage Switching 1045
3 Design Considerations 1046
4 Simulation Results and Synthesis 1048
5 Conclusions 1049
References 1050
129 Nanoferrite Embedded in Poly(O-Toluidine) and Polyaniline Matrix for EMI Shielding 1051
Abstract 1051
1 Introduction 1051
2 Experimental 1052
2.1 Formation of BaFe12O19 1052
2.2 Formation of PANI/BF Nanocomposite 1052
2.3 Preparation of Poly(O-Toluidine)/BF Nanocomposite 1052
3 Characterizations 1053
4 Results Analysis 1053
5 Electromagnetic Shielding Studies 1055
6 Conclusions 1056
Acknowledgments 1056
References 1057
130 Design and Performance Analysis of Bowtie-Shaped Slotted Rectangular Patch Antenna for Terahertz (THz) Applications 1058
Abstract 1058
1 Introduction 1058
2 Antenna Design 1060
3 Simulated Results and Discussions 1060
3.1 Return Loss 1061
3.2 VSWR 1061
3.3 Gain 1061
3.4 Radiation Pattern 1062
4 Conclusion 1064
References 1064
131 FPGA Implementation of UDP/IP Stack Using TSE IP Core and Transfer Data at 1 Gbps 1066
Abstract 1066
1 Introduction 1066
2 Ethernet Communication 1067
2.1 OSI MODEL and TCP/IP MODEL 1067
2.2 UDP/IP Protocol 1068
2.3 Internetwork Protocol (IP) 1068
3 Structure of Core 1068
3.1 PHY Management (MDIO) 1069
3.2 Triple-Speed Ethernet (MAC) 1069
3.3 Qsys Interconnects 1070
4 Evaluation and Results 1070
5 Conclusion 1073
References 1074
132 Channel Capacity in MIMO OFDM System 1075
Abstract 1075
1 Introduction 1075
2 Block Diagram of OFDM 1076
3 MIMO OFDM 1077
4 Results and Discussions 1079
5 Conclusions 1081
References 1082
133 Digital Image Processing-Based Water Pollution Control System 1083
Abstract 1083
1 Introduction 1084
2 Pathogens 1084
3 Morphology 1085
4 Other Helpful Algorithms 1085
4.1 Image Deblurring 1085
4.2 Image Segmentation 1086
4.3 Image Enhancement 1086
5 Functions Used in System 1087
6 Flow Chart of System 1087
7 Result and Discussion 1087
7.1 Input Image 1088
7.2 Output Image 1088
8 Conclusion 1088
References 1090
134 Switched Capacitor Circuit Realization of Sigma-Delta ADC for Temperature Sensor 1091
Abstract 1091
1 Introduction 1091
2 Sigma-Delta Analog to Digital Converter 1093
3 Result and Discussion 1094
4 Conclusion 1097
Acknowledgments 1097
References 1097
135 Calculation of Aircraft Altitude Using RADAR Dataset: A Basic Study and Implementation of FM Concept 1098
Abstract 1098
1 Introduction 1098
2 RADAR Altimeter Principle 1099
3 2-D RADAR Concept 1100
3.1 Consideration 1101
3.2 Using a 2-D RADAR for Altitude Estimation 1102
4 Results and Discussion 1103
5 Conclusion 1104
References 1104
136 Development and Analysis of FSR and RFID Based Authentication System 1105
Abstract 1105
1 Introduction 1105
2 Proposed System 1106
2.1 Initializing the System 1107
2.2 Block Diagram of Helmet Node 1107
2.3 Block Diagram of Receiver Section 1108
3 Software Development 1108
3.1 Proteus Simulation 1109
4 Results and Discussion 1110
5 Conclusion 1110
References 1110
137 Retraction Note to: Automatic Segmentation of Brain MRI of Newborn and Premature Infants Using Neural Network 1112
Retraction Note to: & #6
Author Index 1113