Fracture at all Scales (eBook)

Professor Guy Pluvinage was a pioneer in fracture mechanics in France. After a thesis on the critical crack opening displacement concept in 1973, he became the same year professor at the University of Metz where he extended the scope of its research to material fatigue. He is a recognized as specialist of notch effects in fracture and fatigue out, on which he has written two books and numerous reference publications. Around this theme, he created a European research network which meets annually since 2000 as part of the New Trends in Fatigue and Fracture Congress. He held many administrative roles at the University of Metz in particular Vice-President of the Scientific Council (1988-1992), Director of the Maison du Pôle Universitaire de Nancy-Metz (1995-2002) and Director of Mechanical Reliability Laboratory ( 1974-2002). He is now Professor Emeritus and heads the consulting firm Mechanical Reliability Consulting. He is the author of over 500 publications and 11 books and has supervised 94 theses. Officer of Academic Palms, he is also Professor Honoris Causa of the University of Miskolc (Hungary) and Doctor Honoris Causa from the Polytechnic University of Tirana (Albania). Associate professor Ljubica Milović teaches courses in engineering design and materials to undergraduates and postgraduates at the University of Belgrade – Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy. She has taught and performed research at various institutes and schools in Belgrade including Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Machinery (transport, construction and mining) and Laboratory for Motor Vehicles. She is member of the European Structural Integrity Society, Serbian Society of Mechanics and Serbian Welding Society. She leads a project financed by Ministry of Education, Science and Technological development. She is assembly president of the Society for Structural Integrity and Life and director of the scientific Journal Structural Integrity and Life. She has organized many international conferences on fracture mechanics and fatigue. She published around 150 scientific and conference papers and is coauthor of 5 text books.

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 48 Years of Fracture Mechanics and Structural Integrity in South East Europe 10
Abstract 10
1 Introduction—Magister Thesis 10
2 Doctoral Thesis 12
3 Later Developments 15
3.1 Origin and Analysis of Leakage Problem 16
3.1.1 Description of Cracks and Defects 17
3.1.2 Analysis of Crack Occurrence in One Spherical Storage Tanks 18
3.2 Structural Integrity Assessment 21
3.2.1 Material Crack Resistance Curves and Structural Integrity of Damaged Tanks 22
3.2.2 Conclusion 24
4 International Fracture Mechanics Summer Schools 24
5 USA-Yu Project Weldment Fracture Mechanics (1982–1990) 25
6 Conclusions 25
References 26
2 Scientific Biography and Bibliography of Professor Stojan Sedmak 27
1 Bibliography-Editors’ Choice 34
1.1 Textbooks, Practicums, Handbooks, Workbooks, Collections of Tables 34
1.2 Monographs: Professor Stojan Sedmak as the Editor 35
1.3 Monograph: Professor Stojan Sedmak as the Author 36
1.4 Papers Published in the International Journals 37
1.5 International Conference Papers 41
3 Materials as the Simplest Self-Organised Systems, and the Consequences of This 48
Abstract 48
1 Introduction 48
2 How Can a Generalised Model of Materials Be Defined? 49
3 The Role of the Ratio of Surface and Bulk Behaviours in Size Effects 50
4 Mechanical Testing of Materials 50
5 Correlation of Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance Parameters in the Paris Region 53
6 Correlation of the Manson–Coffin Parameters in the Low Cycle Fatigue Range 54
7 Correlation of the Wöhler Line (Basquin Relationship) Parameters in the Lifetime Fatigue Rang 55
8 Correlation of Material Parameters in Power Law Relationships Used to Describe Creep Processes 57
9 Power Law Relationships in the Evaluation of Other Mechanical Testing Results 59
10 Summary 61
Acknowledgments 62
References 62
4 The CTOA as a Parameter of Resistance to Crack Extension in Pipes Under Internal Pressure 65
Abstract 65
1 Introduction 65
2 Experimental Determination of CTOA on API 5L X65 Pipe Steel 68
2.1 Definition 68
2.2 Choice of Specimen to Determine CTOA 69
2.3 Different Methods of Measurements of CTOA 72
2.3.1 Direct Methods 72
2.3.2 Indirect Methods 75
2.4 CTOA Value at Stable Crack Growth for an X65 Pipe Steel 78
2.5 Influence of Thickness on CTOA 80
3 Node Release Technique for Crack Extension 81
4 Finite Element Modelling of Crack Extension 83
4.1 Meshing 83
4.2 Boundaries Conditions 84
4.3 Loading 84
4.4 Strain Rate Effect 85
5 Results 86
5.1 Crack Velocity 87
5.2 Arrest Pressure 87
5.3 Crack Extension at Arrest 89
6 Discussion 89
7 Conclusions 91
References 92
5 Is Substituting P91 for P22 Justified? 95
Abstract 95
1 Introduction 95
2 Development of Materials for Elevated Temperature Application 96
3 Uniaxial Creep 97
4 Experimental Procedures 99
5 Results and Discussions 101
6 Reduction of Thickness 107
7 Summary 108
Acknowledgments 108
References 108
6 The Two-Parameter Approach for Fracture Mechanics: Some Industrial Applications 110
Abstract 110
1 Introduction and Background on the Master Material Failure Curve 111
2 Some Industrial Applications of the Two Fracture Mechanics Approach 114
2.1 Assess a Gouge Defect in a Pipe Submitted to Internal Pressure 114
2.2 The Crack Paths and Hydrogen Embrittlement 119
2.3 Analysis of Constraint Effect in the Influences of Notch Radius on the Material Failure Master Curve (MFMC) 125
2.4 The Two Fracture Mechanics Approach for Mixed Mode (I + II) Loading 129
2.5 Sandblating Test with the Presence of the Constraint 134
3 Conclusion 137
References 138
7 Determination of Mechanical Properties of Operating Components Using Instrumented Hardness Testing, Small Punch and Small Size Tensile Testing Techniques 140
Abstract 140
1 Introduction 141
2 Small Punch Testing 142
3 Parameter Sensitivity Analyses by FEA Simulation 146
4 Instrumented Hardness Test 148
5 Test Parameters and Evaluation Method 149
6 Numerical Results 150
7 Small Size Tensile Test 152
8 Comparison of the Tests 153
9 Summary 154
References 155
8 Characterization of Tube Repair Weld in Thermal Power Plant Made of a 12%Cr Tempered Martensite Ferritic Steel 156
Abstract 156
1 Introduction 157
2 Background and Experimental Procedure Details 159
3 Results and Discussion 162
3.1 Visual Testing and Tube Dimensional Measurements 162
3.2 Chemical Analysis 163
3.3 Mechanical Properties 164
3.4 Microstructural Characterization 166
3.4.1 SH Tube Sample 1—“Cold” Process 166
3.4.2 SH Tube Sample 2—FBW Process 168
3.4.3 SH Tube Sample 3—GTAW Process 170
4 Conclusions 171
References 171
9 Modelling Crack Propagation and Arrest in Gas Pipes Using CTOA Criterion 175
Abstract 175
1 Introduction 175
2 The Resistance to Crack Extension 178
3 Numerical Simulation of Crack Extension in Pipes 180
3.1 Cohesive Zone Model 181
3.2 Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman Model 181
3.3 Strain Rate Dependent Damage Model (SRDD) 183
4 CTOA Model 184
5 Numerical Simulation of Crack Propagation and Arrest Based on CTOA 185
6 Influence of Geometrical and Material Parameters on Crack Arrest and Velocity 189
6.1 Influence of Thickness 190
6.2 Influence of Yield Stress 192
6.3 Influence of CTOA 192
7 Two Curves Method Based on CROA 193
7.1 Crack Velocity Versus Decompression Pressure 194
7.2 Arrest Pressure Equation 195
8 Conclusion 197
References 198
10 Experimental Determination of Chloride Penetration in Concrete with Real Cracks 199
Abstract 199
1 Introduction 200
2 Experimental Program 201
2.1 Details of Specimen 201
2.2 Testing Method 202
2.3 Penetration Depth 202
3 Experimental Investigations and Discussions on Chloride Diffusivity in Non-steady State Migration Test 204
3.1 Early Stage: Experimental Modeling by Factorial Experiment 204
3.2 Influence of the Existence of Cracks by Two Samples Comparison 206
3.3 Influence of Crack Widths by One-Way ANOVA 208
4 Conclusions 210
Acknowledgments 211
References 211
11 Cleavage Fracture in Continuously Cooled V-Microalloyed Medium Carbon Steel 213
Abstract 213
1 Introduction 213
2 Material and Experiment 214
3 Results and Discussion 216
4 Conclusion 222
References 222
12 Experimental Determination of Mixed-Mode Fracture Toughness for Rigid Polyurethane Foams 224
Abstract 224
1 Introduction 225
2 Experimental Procedure 226
2.1 Materials and Methods 226
2.2 Micromechanical Analysis 228
2.3 Experimental Setup 229
3 Fracture Toughness/Crack Path Investigation 230
3.1 Numerical Solutions for SIFs 230
3.2 Fracture Toughness and Crack Path on ASCB Specimens 232
3.3 Fracture Toughness and Crack Path on SEC Specimens 235
4 Conclusion 237
Acknowledgments 238
References 238
13 Fatigue Damage Assessment of Bolted Joint Under Different Preload Forces and Variable Amplitude Eccentric Forces for High Reliability 241
Abstract 241
1 Introduction 242
2 Modeling 244
3 42CrMo4 Heat Treatable Steel Properties 247
4 Fatigue Damage Calculation 249
5 Results 254
6 Discussion 260
7 Conclusions 266
References 266