Multilevel Network Analysis for the Social Sciences (eBook)

Acknowledgments 6
Contents 8
1 Introduction 10
Theory 12
Methods 13
Applications 16
References 20
Part I Theory 22
2 The Multiple Flavours of Multilevel Issues for Networks 23
Away from Atomistic Approaches 23
Multilevel Analysis 24
Origins 24
Hierarchical Linear Model 26
Non-nested Data Structures 27
Frequentist and Bayesian Estimation 28
What Is a Level? 29
Dependent Variables at Any Level 30
Models for Social Networks 31
The Basic Multilevel Nature of Social Network Analysis 32
p2 Model 33
Latent Space Models 33
Exponential Random Graph Models 34
Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models 35
Choice of Model 38
Multilevel Network Analysis 39
Why Combine Several `Parallel' Networks? 39
Two-Step Meta-for-Multilevel Network Analysis 41
Integrated Multilevel Network Analysis 42
Hierarchical Structures 43
Analysis of Multilevel Networks 44
Exponential Random Graph Models for Multilevel Networks 45
Stochastic Actor-Oriented Models for Multilevel Networks 47
A Forward Look 49
References 50
3 Synchronization Costs in the Organizational Society: Intermediary Relational Infrastructures in the Dynamics of Multilevel Networks 55
The Meso Level in Organizational Societies, Relational Infrastructure and Synchronization Costs 55
Multilevel Networks of Collective Action and Intermediary-Level Relational Infrastructure 57
Synchronization of Temporalities Within and Across Different Levels of Collective Agency 59
Multilevel Structures: Superposed Levels of Collective Agency 63
An Empirical Case of Co-constitution Without Conflation 63
Affiliations, Overlaps and Fish/Pond Relative Status 65
Relational Strategies in Cross-Level Interdependencies 65
Overlaps, Relational Infrastructures, Entrapment or Emancipation 67
Dual Opportunity Structures, Asynchronies and “Emergence” 68
Emergent Corporate Entities: The Energy for/from Organized Mobility and Relational Turnover 69
From Place to Position to a New System of Places: A Spinning Top Model of Synchronization Benefits in Collective Learning 72
Dynamics of Multilevel Networks, Synchronization Costs and Social Inequalities 79
References 82
Part II Methods 86
4 Modeling Individual Outcomes Using a Multilevel Social Influence (MSI) Model: Individual Versus Team Effects of Trust on Job Satisfaction in an Organisational Context 87
Introduction and General Context 87
The Multilevel Social Influence (MSI) Arguments: Individual Network Position and Network Structure 88
Individual Network Position 89
Centrality 89
Structural Holes/Brokerage 89
Resourcefulness of Ego's Connections 89
Heterogeneity Among Ego's Connections 90
Homophily/Heterophily on an Independent Characteristic 90
Network Level Structure 90
Cohesion 91
Centralization 91
Fragmentation 91
Why Use Multilevel Social Influence? 91
Find Persistent Results Over Groups 92
Wrongly Assume that it is Individual Effect When it is a Group Effect 92
Effects are Different in Different Situations – Cross-Level Interactions 93
Trust Networks on Employee Job Satisfaction: An Example 95
Theoretical Arguments 96
Trust and Job Satisfaction 96
Individual and Group Level Effects 97
Data and Measurement 97
Model for the Analysis of Job Satisfaction and Trust in Teams 99
Model Formulation 100
Level 2 Fixed Effects and Random Effects 100
Level 1 Fixed and Random Effects 100
Level ½ Fixed and Random Effects 101
Prior Distributions and Estimation 102
Results 102
Discussion and Conclusions 107
References 107
5 Multilevel Models for Multilevel Network Dependencies 112
Introduction 112
Network Autocorrelation Models for Single Level Networks 113
Multilevel and Multiple Membership Models 114
Multiple Membership Models for Single-Level Network Dependencies 117
Multiple Membership Multiple Classification (MMMC) Models for Multilevel Networks 120
Empirical Case Study 121
Data 122
Research Questions 122
Data Preparation 123
Model Fitting Strategy and Software Details 123
Results 124
Outgoing Tie Networks 124
Incoming Tie Networks 125
Allowing for Explanatory Variables 126
Conclusions and Further Extensions to the MMMC Model 127
References 129
6 Multilevel Network Analysis Using ERGM and Its Extension 130
Introduction 130
Multilevel Network Data Representation 131
Multilevel ERGMs 132
Multilevel Social Selection Models 136
Estimation and Goodness of Fit 139
Modeling Example: Networks of Entrepreneurial and Non-entrepreneurial Farmers in Ethiopia 139
Conclusion and Discussion 146
References 146
7 Correspondence Analysis of Multirelational Multilevel Networks 149
Introduction 149
Methodology 152
Existing Methods for Analyzing Affiliation Network Data 152
Correspondence Analysis and Multiple Correspondence Analysis 154
Illustrative Examples 158
Example 1: EverQuest II 158
Data and Sample 158
Variables 159
Analytic Method 160
Results 160
Developing Hypotheses from Preliminary Results 167
Example 2: Dragon Nest 169
Data and Sample 170
Variables 170
Analytic Method 170
Results 171
Conclusions 173
References 174
8 Role Sets and Division of Work at Two Levels of Collective Agency: The Case of Blockmodeling a Multilevel (Inter-individual and Inter-organizational) Network 177
Introduction 177
Multilevel Networks 178
Blockmodeling 179
Multilevel Blockmodeling 180
A Separate Analysis of Each Mode and a Comparison of the Results 181
Conversion of the Multilevel Problem to a Classical One-Level Blockmodeling Problem 182
The True Multilevel Approach 184
Analysis of a Multilevel Network of Cancer Researchers in France 185
Data Description 186
Separate Analysis 189
Network of Researchers 190
Network of Laboratories 193
Comparison 195
Conversion of the Multilevel Problem to a Classical One-Level Blockmodeling Problem 197
Single-Relational Network 197
Multi-relational Network 197
A True Multilevel Approach 202
Comparison of the Results Using Different Approaches 205
Discussion 208
Conclusions 209
References 211
Part III Applications 214
9 Comparing Fields of Sciences: Multilevel Networks of Research Collaborations in Italian Academia 215
Introduction 215
Multilevel Approaches to the Study of Social Networks 217
The Database of PRIN Projects 221
The Multilevel Structure of PRIN Data 224
Univariate Analysis of Micro, Macro and Meso Characteristics 228
The Micro-level: Individual Attributes 230
The Micro-level: Individual Networks 232
The Macro- and Meso-levels 234
Modeling Funding Achievements 236
Results 238
Discussion 243
Conclusions 244
References 245
10 Market as a Multilevel System 247
Reframing Embeddedness as a Multilevel Issue 249
From Embeddedness to Multilevel Hypotheses 249
The Multilevel Embeddedness Hypotheses in the Context of a Trade Fair 252
From “Same time next year”… 252
… To “Next time this year” 254
A Trade Fair for TV Programs in Eastern and Central Europe 255
Multilevel Network Data Collection During a Trade Fair… 255
…Included in a Global Series of Similar Events 258
Different Temporalities Between Levels 260
Inter-organizational Level: Same Time Next Year in an Oligopoly with Fringes 260
Inter-individual Level: Next Time This Year in a Coopetition Milieu 262
Discussion and Conclusion 265
Appendixes 267
Appendix 1: Configuration Visualization for the Interorganizational Network 267
Appendix 2: Goodness of Fit for the Interorganizational Level 268
Appendix 3: Configuration Visualization for the Interindividual Network 269
Appendix 4 269
References 270
11 Knowledge Networks in High-Tech Clusters: A Multilevel Perspective on Interpersonal and Inter-organizationalCollaboration 274
Introduction 274
Theory and Hypotheses 276
Cross-Level Assortativity in Multilevel Knowledge Networks 276
Cross-Level Closure in Multilevel Knowledge Networks 278
Data, Measures, and Analyses 279
Research Sites and Respondents 279
Network Data and Actor-Level Attributes 280
Exponential Random Graph Models for Multilevel Networks 281
Results 283
Single-Level Network Structure 284
Multilevel Network Structure 287
Discussion 288
Conclusion 291
References 292
12 Inter-organizational Network Influence on Long-Term and Short-Term Inter-individual Relationships: The Case of a Trade Fair for TV Programs Distribution in Sub-Saharan Africa 295
Relationship Creation During Trade Fairs 296
Trade Fairs, Long-Term and Short-Term Relationships 297
The Influence of Trade Fairs and Inter-organizational Partnerships on Inter-individual Relationships 298
A Study of a Trade Fair for TV Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa 301
A Multilevel Social Network Study 302
Independent Variables 304
Control Variables 304
Analysis of the Structures of Long-Term and Short-Term Relationships 306
Method 306
Results 306
Conclusion and Discussion 309
Appendices 311
Appendix 1: Visualization of Long-Term Information Exchange Network Between Individuals 311
Appendix 2: Visualization of Short-Term Information Exchange Network Between Individuals 311
Appendix 3: Visualization of Deal Network Between Companies 312
References 312
13 Multilevel Bilateralism and Multilateralism: States' Bilateral and Multilateral Fisheries Treaties and TheirSecretariats 315
Introduction 315
Bilateralism and Multilateralism 317
Bilateralism or Multilateralism 317
Managed or Unmanaged Multilateralism 318
Data 321
Bilateral Fisheries Agreements 321
Multilateral Fisheries Agreements 323
Ties Between MFAs 325
One Multilevel Network 326
Results 326
Discussion 329
References 331
14 Knowledge Sharing in Organizations: A Multilevel Network Analysis 333
Introduction 333
General Background and Questions 335
Organizations as Multilevel Network Systems 335
Social Networks and Organizational Structure 337
Models for Multilevel Networks 339
Empirical Illustration 340
Data 340
Model Specification and Estimation 343
Results 347
Discussion and Conclusions 350
References 351
15 General Conclusion 354
References 359
Author Index 361
Subject Index 369