Fracture, Fatigue, Failure and Damage Evolution, Volume 8 (eBook)

Preface 6
Contents 8
1 Reflection-Mode Digital Gradient Sensing Technique for Experimental Fracture Mechanics 10
1.1 Introduction 10
1.2 Optical Setup and Working Principle 10
1.3 Quasi-Static Mixed-Mode Experiments 11
1.4 Dynamic Mixed-Mode Experiments 13
1.5 Conclusions 15
References 16
2 Experimental and Computational Investigation of Out-of-Plane Low Velocity Impact Behavior of CFRP Composite Plates 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Experimental Method 18
2.2.1 Experimental Setup 18
2.2.2 Experimental Procedure 19
2.3 Computational Method 19
2.4 Results 20
2.4.1 Experimental Results 20
2.4.1.1 Impact Testing of [07 / 904]s Unidirectional CFRP Laminates 20
2.4.1.2 Impact Testing of Unidirectional OE [907 ? 04]s CFRP Laminates 22
2.4.2 Computational Results 22
2.5 Conclusions 24
References 24
3 Prediction of Incipient Nano-Scale Rupture for Thermosets in Plane Stress 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Methods 27
3.3 Results 27
3.4 Conclusions 32
References 33
4 Effect of Degree of Cure on Damage Development in FRP 34
4.1 Introduction 34
4.2 Manufacturing of Specimens 34
4.3 Tensile Test 35
4.3.1 Testing Method 35
4.3.2 Strength and Initial Young's Modulus 37
4.3.3 Stress-Strain Curves and Feature of Damages 37
4.3.4 Development of Cracks 37
4.4 Summary 39
References 40
5 Stochastic Discrete Damage Simulations of Laminate Composites 41
5.1 Introduction 41
5.2 Random Field Modeling for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Laminate 42
5.2.1 Cross-Correlated Multivariate Random Field Modeling 42
5.2.2 Orthotropic Spatial Auto-Covariance Function of Random Ply Strength Fields 44
5.3 Mesh-Independent Discrete Damage Modeling in Laminate Composites 44
5.4 Probabilistic Discrete Damage Analysis of Laminate Composites 44
5.4.1 Damage Patterns and Sequences 45
5.4.2 Effect of Spatial Correlation Length in Strength Properties 46
5.4.3 Effect of Variance of Matrix Strength Properties 47
5.4.4 Effect of Correlation Coefficients Between Cross-Correlated Strength Properties 47
5.5 Conclusions 48
References 49
6 Development of a Specimen for In-Situ Diffraction Planar Biaxial Experiments 50
Nomenclature 50
6.1 Introduction 50
6.1.1 Motivation 50
6.1.2 Background 51
6.2 Methods 51
6.3 Results and Discussion 51
6.3.1 First-Generation Specimen 51
6.3.2 Second-Generation Specimen 51
6.4 Conclusions 54
References 55
7 V-Notched Rail Test for Shear-Dominated Deformation of Ti-6Al-4V 56
7.1 Introduction 56
7.2 Experimental Setup and Testing Procedure 57
7.2.1 Fixture and Measurements 57
7.2.2 Preliminary Testing and Test Procedure Modifications 57
7.2.3 Compliance and Specimen Slip Characterization 58
7.3 Results and Discussion 62
7.4 Conclusion 63
References 64
8 A Statistical/Computational/Experimental Approach to Study the Microstructural Morphologyof Damage 66
8.1 Introduction 66
8.2 Numerical Damage Characterization 66
8.3 Experimental Damage Characterization 67
8.4 Discussion 68
8.5 Conclusions 69
References 70
9 Prediction of Ductile Fracture Through Small-Size Notched Tensile Specimens 71
9.1 Introduction 71
9.2 Experimental Setup 72
9.3 Results and Discussion 72
9.4 Conclusions 75
References 75
10 Development of a Generalized Entropic Framework for Damage Assessment 77
10.1 Introduction 77
10.2 Total Entropy Produced in a System 78
10.3 Reliability Assessment Using Entropy as an Index of Damage 80
10.4 Case Study 82
10.5 Conclusions 84
References 84
11 Modelling of Experimental Observations of Electrical Response of CNT Composites 86
11.1 Introduction 86
11.2 Experimental Details 87
11.3 Experimental Results 87
11.4 Theoretical Modeling 87
References 89
12 Effect of Micro-Cracks on the Thermal Conductivity of Particulate Nanocomposite 91
12.1 Introduction 91
12.2 Material and Sample Preparation 92
12.2.1 Materials Used 92
12.2.2 Sample Preparation 92
12.3 Experimental Method 92
12.3.1 Thermal Conductivity 92
12.3.2 Fatigue Loading 93
12.4 Results and Discussion 94
12.4.1 Modulus of Elasticity 94
12.4.2 Thermal Conductivity 95
12.5 Summary 96
References 96
13 Fatigue Tests on Fiber Coated Titanium Implant–Bone Cement Interfaces 97
13.1 Background 97
13.2 Materials and Methods 98
13.2.1 Materials 98
13.2.2 Deposition of Aligned Fiber on Titanium Implant 98
13.2.3 Preparation of Titanium/Cement Samples 98
13.2.4 Mechanical Testing on Titanium/Cement Samples 99
13.2.5 Finite Element Modeling 99
13.3 Results 101
13.4 Conclusions 104
References 104
14 Fatigue Behavior of Carburized Steel at Long Lives 106
14.1 Introduction 106
14.2 Experimental Procedure 107
14.3 Experimental Results 109
14.4 Discussion 112
14.5 Conclusions 113
References 114
15 Fatigue Behavior of Fluid End Crossbore Using a Coupon-Based Approach 116
15.1 Introduction 116
15.2 Approach 117
15.2.1 Geometrical Design 117
15.2.2 Fatigue Analysis 117
15.2.3 Manufacturing 120
15.2.4 Elastoplastic Analysis 120
15.3 Results and Discussion 121
15.4 Conclusions 122
References 123
16 Notch Strain Analysis of Crossbore Geometry 125
16.1 Introduction 125
16.1.1 Finite Element Modeling 126
16.1.2 Notch Strain Analysis 127
16.1.2.1 Notch Strain Analysis Equations 128
16.1.2.2 Elastic Stress Concentration Factor 128
16.2 Results and Discussion 129
16.2.1 Autofrettage Overload 130
16.2.2 Autofrettage Unload 131
16.2.3 Operating Pressure Cycles 133
16.3 Conclusions 133
References 133
17 Opto-acoustic and Neutron Emissions from Fracture and Earthquakes 134
17.1 Fracture and Acoustic Emission: From Hertz to TeraHertz Pressure Wave Frequencies 134
17.2 Seismic Precursors: Acoustic, Electromagnetic, Neutron Emissions 135
17.3 Chemical Evolution of Our Planet and Its Reproduction in the Fracture Mechanics Laboratory 135
17.4 Chemical Evolution in the Solar System 136
17.5 A Plausible Explanation of the So-Called Cold Nuclear Fusion 137
17.6 A Catastrophic Earthquake Behind the Mystery of the Shroud 137
17.7 Future Applications Also to Biology? 137
References 138
18 Field Theoretical Description of Shear Bands 140
18.1 Introduction 140
18.2 Theoretical 141
18.2.1 Plastic Deformation Wave 141
18.2.2 Shear Band Formation 143
18.2.3 Hypothesis 143
18.3 Experimental 145
18.4 Conclusions 147
References 147
19 Measuring the Effective Fracture Toughness of Heterogeneous Materials 149
19.1 Introduction 149
19.2 Experiment Configuration 149
19.3 Data Analysis 150
19.4 Results 151
19.5 Conclusion 152
References 153
20 Local Strain Analysis of Nitinol During Cyclic Loading 154
20.1 Introduction 154
20.2 Materials and Methods 155
20.2.1 Specimen Geometry and Fabrication 155
20.2.2 Dynamic Test System and Data Acquisition 155
20.2.3 Phase-Shifting Moiré Interferometry 156
20.2.4 Loading Sequences and Cyclic Test Parameters 157
20.3 Results 158
20.4 Conclusions 160
References 161
21 Environmental Protection by the Opto-acoustic and Neutron Emission Seismic Precursors 162
21.1 Introduction 162
21.2 Material and Methods 163
21.2.1 Acoustic Piezoelectric Transducer 163
21.2.2 Dedicated Loop and Telescopic Antennas 163
21.2.3 Radon-Monitor: Ramon 2.2 164
21.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Meter CO210 164
21.2.5 3He Proportional Counter 164
21.3 Experimental Results 164
21.3.1 Laboratory Tests on Cylindrical Gypsum Specimens 164
21.4 In-Situ Environmental Monitoring: San Pietro Prato Nuovo Gypsum Mine 166
21.5 Conclusions 168
References 169
22 Neutron Emissions from Hydrodynamic Cavitation 171
22.1 Introduction 171
22.2 Experimental Set Up and Measurement Devices 172
22.3 Neutron Emission Measurements 174
22.4 Chemical Analysis of the Cavitated Solutions: Preliminar Remarks 176
22.5 Conclusions 177
References 177
23 From Dark Matter to Brittle Fracture 179
References 181
24 Compositional Variations in Palladium Electrodes Exposed to Electrolysis 183
24.1 Introduction 183
24.2 Experimental Set Up 184
24.3 Neutron Emission Measurements 185
24.4 Compositional Analysis of the PD Electrode 186
24.5 Nickel Electrode Composition Analysis 188
24.6 Heat Generation and Energy Balance Evaluation 189
24.7 Conclusions 189
References 190
25 Strain-Rate-Dependent Yield Criteria for Composite Laminates 192
25.1 Introduction 192
25.2 Lamina Failure 193
25.3 Northwestern University Yield Criteria 193
25.4 Strain-Rate-Dependent Yielding of Lamina 194
25.5 Yielding in Angle-Ply Laminates 196
25.6 Angle-Ply Rate Dependence 200
25.7 Conclusion 201
References 202
26 Experimental Fatigue Specimen and Finite Element Analysis for Characterization of Dental Composites 204
26.1 Introduction 204
26.2 Experimental Method 205
26.2.1 Specimen Design and Rapid Prototyping 205
26.2.2 Fatigue Testing 205
26.3 Finite Element Analysis 205
26.4 Results and Discussion 206
26.4.1 FEA Visualization of Crack Tip 206
26.4.2 Fatigue Testing 207
26.5 Conclusions 207
References 207
27 Fracture Toughness and Impact Damage Resistance of Nanoreinforced Carbon/Epoxy Composites 208
27.1 Introduction 208
27.2 Material Processing 208
27.3 Mode-II Fracture Testing 210
27.4 Mixed-Mode Testing 212
27.5 Impact Testing 214
27.6 Conclusions 218
References 218
28 Compression Testing of Micro-Scale Unidirectional Polymer Matrix Composites 220
28.1 Introduction 220
28.2 Experimental 221
28.2.1 Materials and Sample Preparation 221
28.2.2 In-Situ Micro-Compression Set Up 222
28.2.3 In-Situ CT Compression Set Up 222
28.3 Results and Discussion 223
28.3.1 Micro-Scale Compression Testing 223
28.3.2 Meso-Scale Compression Testing 224
28.4 Summary 227
References 228
29 Crack Analysis of Wood Under Climate Variations 229
29.1 Introduction 229
29.2 Experimental Setup 230
29.2.1 Sample Preparation 230
29.2.2 Mechanical Loading for Characterization Static Test in Constant Humidity Environment 231
29.2.3 Mechanical Loading for Creep Test in Variable Humidity Evironment 231
29.3 Results and Discussions 232
29.3.1 Characterization Static Test in Constant Humidity Environment 232
29.3.2 Creep Test in Variable Humidity Environment 235
Conclusion and Outlook 236
References 236
30 Numerical Fracture Analysis Under Temperature Variation by Energetic Method 237
30.1 Introduction 237
30.2 Analytical Formulation of the Invariant Integrals T and A 238
30.3 Background of Mixed Mode Crack Growth specimen 240
30.3.1 MMCG Wood Specimen 240
30.3.2 Viscoelastic Crack Growth Routine with Thermal Fields 240
30.4 Numerical Results 241
30.4.1 Finite Element Meshes 241
30.4.2 Viscoelastic Energy Release Rate 242
Conclusion 244
References 244
31 Use of a Multiplexed Photonic Doppler Velocimetry (MPDV) System to Study Plastic Deformation of Metallic Steel Plates in High Velocity Impact 246
31.1 Introduction 246
31.2 Experimental Setup 247
31.2.1 Two-Stage Light Gas Gun 247
31.2.2 Materials 247
31.2.3 Projectile Velocity Determination 248
31.2.4 MPDV System 248
31.2.5 Data Reduction Technique 250
31.3 Results 250
31.3.1 Physical Observation of the Target Plates 250
31.3.2 Free Surface Velocity 250
31.4 Conclusion 251
References 252
32 In-service Preload Monitoring of Bolted Joints Subjected to Fatigue Loading Using a Novel `MoniTorque' Bolt 254
32.1 Introduction 254
32.2 Theory of FBG Sensor Operation 255
32.3 Specimen Preparation 255
32.3.1 MoniTorque Bolt Fabrication 255
32.3.2 Bolted Joint Assembly 256
32.4 Experimental Results and Discussion 256
32.4.1 MoniTorque Bolt Calibration 256
32.4.2 Static Shear Tests 257
32.4.3 Monitoring of Preload Levels During Fatigue Loading 258
32.5 Conclusions 259
References 259
33 Fatigue Behavior of Novel Hybrid Fastening System with Adhesive Inserts 261
33.1 Introduction 261
33.2 Materials 262
33.3 Fabrication of Bolted Joints 262
33.4 Experimental Setup 263
33.5 Result Discussion 264
33.5.1 Static Tests 264
33.5.2 Fatigue Tests 265
33.6 Conclusion 267
References 268