Energy Management of Internet Data Centers in Smart Grid (eBook)

Preface 6
Acknowledgments 8
Contents 9
About the Authors 12
1 Introduction 14
1.1 Smart Grid 14
1.2 Internet Data Centers 17
1.3 Energy Management of Internet Data Centers in Smart Grid and Challenges 18
1.4 Related Works 20
1.4.1 Existing Works 20
1.4.2 Observations 21
1.5 Contents and Organizations 22
References 23
2 Energy Cost Minimization for Internet Data Centers Considering Power Outages 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 System Model 27
2.2.1 Models Related to Front-End Servers and Internet Data Centers 28
2.2.2 Models Related to Smart Microgrids 30
2.2.3 Models Related to Main Grids 32
2.2.4 Energy Cost Model 33
2.2.5 Some Discussions About Models 33
2.3 Problem Formulation and Algorithm Design 34
2.3.1 Relaxed Problem 34
2.3.2 Proposed Operation Algorithm 36
2.3.3 Solution 38
2.4 Analysis and Simulations 40
2.4.1 Analysis 40
2.4.2 Simulations 43
2.5 Summary 47
References 47
3 Carbon-Aware Energy Cost Minimization for Internet Data Centers 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 System Model 50
3.2.1 Models Related to Front-End Servers and Internet Data Centers 51
3.2.2 Models Related to Smart Microgrids 53
3.3 Problem Formulation and Algorithm Design 56
3.3.1 Relaxed Problem 57
3.3.2 Proposed Operation Algorithm 59
3.4 Analysis and Simulations 61
3.4.1 Analysis 61
3.4.2 Simulations 64
3.5 Summary 67
References 67
4 Joint Workload and Battery Scheduling for Data Center Energy Cost Minimization 70
4.1 Introduction 70
4.2 System Model 72
4.2.1 Internet Data Center Capacity 72
4.2.2 Workload Model 72
4.2.3 Battery Model 73
4.2.4 Energy Cost Model 74
4.3 Problem Formulation and Algorithm Design 75
4.3.1 Relaxed Problem 76
4.3.2 Proposed Operation Algorithm 77
4.4 Analysis and Simulations 81
4.4.1 Analysis 81
4.4.2 Simulations 83
4.5 Summary 88
References 88
5 Risk-Constrained Operation for Internet Data Centers in Deregulated Electricity Markets 90
5.1 Introduction 90
5.2 Proposed Decision Framework 93
5.2.1 Electricity Forward Markets 93
5.2.2 Risk-Constrained Decision Framework 93
5.2.3 Uncertainty Characterization 94
5.3 System Model 95
5.3.1 Models Related to Front-End Servers and Internet Data Centers 96
5.3.2 Model Related to Electricity Forward Contracts 97
5.3.3 Expected Energy Cost 98
5.3.4 Operation Risk 98
5.4 Problem Formulation and Algorithm Design 99
5.4.1 The First-Stage Problem 99
5.4.2 The Second-Stage Problem 100
5.4.3 Deterministic Equivalent Programming Problem 100
5.4.4 Algorithm Design 101
5.5 Simulations 104
5.5.1 Simulation Settings 105
5.5.2 Simulation Results 106
5.6 Summary 108
References 108
6 Conclusions 111